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PACAT > Pre-Matriculation Physiology Summative Exam > Flashcards

Pre-Matriculation Physiology Summative Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Case:
Contractility of the atria is decreasing, promoting cardiac relaxation.

Question:
Input supplied by what system promotes this process?

Answer Choices:
1. Enteric nervous system
2. Parasympathetic nervous system
3. Somatic nervous system
4. Sympathetic nervous system

A
  1. Parasympathetic nervous system
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2
Q

Question:
What is the name of the phase of the action potential where the membrane potential decreases to -90 mv?

Answer Choices:
1. Depolarization
2. Hyperpolarization
3. Isopolorization
4. Repolarization

A
  1. Hyperpolarization
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3
Q

Case:
A cell utilizes diapedesis to migrate to infected tissue and perform phagocytosis.

Question:
What is characteristic of this cell’s histology?

Answer Choices:
1. Auer rods
2. Azurophilic granules
3. Biconcave shape
4. Kidney-shaped nucleus

A
  1. Kidney-shaped nucleus
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4
Q

Case:
Deoxygenated blood is flowing in a low-pressure reservoir of the lower half of the body. Smooth muscle cells are constricting to maintain pressure.

Question:
What circuit is blood flowing through?

Answer Choices:
1. Arterial circulation
2. Microcirculation
3. Pulmonary circulation
4. Venous circulation

A
  1. Venous circulation
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5
Q

Case:
A spike in blood glucose triggers production and release of a chemical produced by beta cells in the pancreas.

Question:
On what type of receptor will this chemical act?

Answer Choices
1. Beta-1 receptor
2. G protein-coupled receptor
3. Tyrosine kinase receptor
4. Volume-sensitive receptor

A
  1. Tyrosine kinase receptor
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6
Q

Case:
A glucocorticoid is acting to maintain blood glucose levels by increasing resistance to insulin.

Question:
Secretion of what chemical, stimulated by adrenocorticotrophic hormone, is upstream of this phenomenon of increased insulin resistance?

Answer Choices:
1. Aldosterone
2. Cortisol
3. Dehydroepiandrosterone
4. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

A
  1. Cortisol
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7
Q

Question:
A resting neuron has an intraneuronal potential of -65 mV. What is true regarding a neuron that has an intraneuronal potential at -45 mV?

Answer Choices:
1. Hyperpolarization has occurred.
2. The presynaptic terminal has secreted an inhibitory transmitter into the synaptic cleft.
3. This neuron has increased permeability to sodium ions.
4. There has been an influx of chloride into the cell.

A
  1. This neuron has increased permeability to sodium ions.
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8
Q

Case:
The membrane potential of a cell is at -70 mV when an influx of ions begins.

Question:
What is the minimum increase of potential necessary to cause an action potential?

Answer Choices:
1. 0 to 5 mV
2. 10 to 20 mV
3. 30 to 35 mV
4. 45 to 55 mV

A
  1. 10 to 20 mV
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9
Q

Case:
Protein components within a cell membrane are conducting transportation of substances that are unable to diffuse passively.

Question:
What can be transported in this manner?

Answer Choices:
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Ions
3. Oxygen
4. Steroid hormones

A
  1. Ions
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10
Q

Case:
A patient with bradykinesia and resting tremor demonstrates loss of dopamine in the basal ganglia controlling muscle tone and movement.

Question:
What accumulates to cause this degeneration?

Answer Choices:
1. Alpha-synuclein
2. Beta-amyloid
3. Neurofibrillary tangles
4. Ubiquitinated proteins

A
  1. Alpha-synuclein
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11
Q

Question:
Which component of the fluid mosaic of the cell membrane is largely lipophilic (or hydrophobic), having little contact with the outside of the cell membrane?

Answer Choices:
1. Cholesterol
2. Glycoprotein
3. Phospholipid
4. Receptor protein

A
  1. Cholesterol
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12
Q

Case:
Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids within a cell membrane are influencing permeability of lipid-soluble compounds.

Question:
Passive diffusion of what substance is inhibited by these components?

Answer Choices:
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Glucose
3. Oxygen
4. Steroid hormones

A
  1. Glucose
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13
Q

Case:
A blood vessel receives trauma. During the first 30 minutes of damage, vasoconstriction occurs and allows collagen and the extracellular matrix to come into contact with blood components.

Question:
What chemical was released?

Answer Choices:
1. Prostacyclin
2. Prostaglandin A2
3. Thromboxane A2
4. von Willebrand factor

A
  1. Thromboxane A2
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14
Q

Case:
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is improving the clinical outcome of a liver transplantation surgery by reducing the magnitude of the inflammatory response.

Question:
What pleiotropic outcome might also be affected by this cytokine?

Answer Choices:
1. Decreased mortality of bacterial sepsis
2. Decreased T-cell apoptosis
3. Increased antimicrobial function
4. Increased graft rejection

A
  1. Decreased T-cell apoptosis
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15
Q

Case:
Analysis of a patient’s blood reveals high levels of parathyroid hormone.

Question:
What may prematurely occur?

Answer Choices:
1. Interstitial cystitis
2. Osteoporosis
3. Tinnitus
4. Vasculitis

A
  1. Osteoporosis
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16
Q

Question:
What neuron is directly inhibited to allow deep tendon reflex to occur as a result of tapping the knee?

Answer Choices:
1. Afferent neuron
2. Extensor motor neuron
3. Flexor motor neuron
4. Interneuron

A
  1. Flexor motor neuron
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17
Q

Case:
A patient presents with a tingling sensation around the mouth and weakness after reported consumption of shellfish. Hypotension is noted, and muscular paralysis develops.

Question:
What phase of the action potential is this patient’s condition preventing?

Answer Choices:
1. Depolarization
2. Hyperpolarization
3. Refractory period
4. Resting state

A
  1. Depolarization
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18
Q

Case:
Sodium chloride is traveling to the distal tubule, regulated by the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of the macula densa.

Question:
What modulation will result?

Answer Choices:
1. Increased angiotensin II release
2. Increased atrial natriuretic peptide excretion
3. Reduced fluctuation of renal salt excretion
4. Reduced renal blood flow

A
  1. Reduced fluctuation of renal salt excretion
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19
Q

Question:
What symptom is most likely in a patient with hypothyroidism?

Answer Choices:
1. Cold intolerance
2. Diarrhea
3. Increased libido
4. Weight loss

A
  1. Cold intolerance
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20
Q

Question:
What autoimmune disease is primarily treated with propylthiouracil?

Answer Choices
1. Celiac disease
2. Graves’ disease
3. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
4. Scleroderma

A
  1. Graves’ disease
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21
Q

Question:
What is the hallmark pathology seen in neurodegenerative diseases that are also proteopathies?

Answer Choices:
1. Abnormal breakdown of normal brain proteins
2. Abnormal production of normal brain proteins
3. Buildup of misfolded proteins
4. Foreign proteins found in the brain

A
  1. Buildup of misfolded proteins
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22
Q

Case:
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus and travels to the pituitary gland through the infundibulum.

Question:
Secretion of what hormone may result?

Answer Choices:
1. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
2. Luteinizing hormone
3. Prolactin
4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A
  1. Luteinizing hormone
23
Q

Question:
A patient with nephrotic syndrome experiences puffiness around the eyes when waking in the morning. What is the primary cause for their edema?

Answer Choices:
1. Decreased oncotic pressure
2. Increased capillary permeability
3. Increased hydrostatic pressure
4. Obstruction of lymph nodes

A
  1. Decreased oncotic pressure
24
Q

Case:
A cell activated by immunoglobulin E stimulation is causing the secretion of cytokines.

Question:
What is characteristic of this cell’s histology?

Answer Choices:
1. Azurophilic granules
2. Biconcave shape
3. Lack of organelles
4. Lack of nucleus

A
  1. Azurophilic granules
25
Q

Case:
Molecules are flowing from high concentration to low concentration through the membrane of a cell maintaining membrane potential homeostasis.

Question:
What structure facilitates this process?

Answer Choices:
1. Adhesion anchors
2. Electrogenic pumps
3. Potassium leak channels
4. Transverse tubular systems

A
  1. Potassium leak channels
26
Q

Case:
An action potential originates in the hypothalamus and synapses in the posterior pituitary.

Question:
What hormone may be secreted as a result?

Answer Choices:
1. Anti-diuretic hormone
2. Growth hormone
3. Luteinizing hormone
4. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A
  1. Anti-diuretic hormone
27
Q

Case:
A patient with Graves’ disease is currently symptomatic. Laboratory analysis demonstrates abnormal TSH and TSH receptor antibody levels, despite patient compliance of antithyroid drug use.

Question:
What condition may the patient develop?

Answer Choices:
1. Cystitis
2. Orbitopathy
3. Sebum overproduction
4. Systemic lupus erythematosus

A
  1. Orbitopathy
28
Q

Case:
A person is successfully repeating alternating right and left muscle contractions and extensor and flexor muscle contractions.

Question:
Diversification of what element during early development enables this process?

Answer Choices:
1. Cerebellum mossy fibers
2. Lateral reticular nucleus
3. Spinal interneurons
4. Spinocerebellar neurons

A
  1. Spinal interneurons
29
Q

Case:
A small, conical organ located deep within the central nervous system releases a chemical synthesized from tryptophan in response to absence of light.

Question:
What are the receptors for this chemical?

Answer Choices:
1. Angiotensin II type 1 receptors
2. M1, M2, and M3
3. T3 nuclear receptors
4. V1 and V2

A
  1. M1, M2, and M3
30
Q

Question:
What substance crosses the cell membrane through simple diffusion?

Answer Choices:
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Glucose
3. Potassium
4. Sodium

A
  1. Carbon dioxide
31
Q

Question:
How does exhalation contribute to increasing the pressure in the venous system?

Answer Choices
1. Blood flows from the thoracic region into veins outside the thorax.
2. Decreased pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases thoracic vein pressure.
3. Increased pressure in thoracic veins increases the flow of blood into the heart.
4. Increased thoracic volume causes increased blood pressure in the thoracic veins.

A
  1. Increased pressure in thoracic veins increases the flow of blood into the heart.
32
Q

Case:
A patient presents with weight loss, palpitation, tremor, and heat intolerance. Laboratory analysis demonstrates a low level of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Question:
Negative feedback provided by what chemical leads to these results?

Answer Choices:
1. Thyroglobulin
2. Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin
3. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
4. Thyroxine

A
  1. Thyroxine
33
Q

Case:
Release of a single-chain polypeptide hormone stimulates conversion of vitamin D into its active metabolite, and it targets the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Question:
This chemical causes decreased reabsorption of what ion?

Answer Choices:
1. Calcium
2. Glucose
3. Phosphate
4. Uric acid

A
  1. Phosphate
34
Q

Case:
A chemical is secreted from the islets of Langerhans and begins to increase the rate of glycogenolysis.

Question:
Release of this chemical may be inhibited by ingestion of what substance?

Answer Choices:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Vitamins

A
  1. Carbohydrates
35
Q

Case:
Fluid is traveling between capillaries and interstitial fluid. The postcapillary vascular resistance (R) is lower than the precapillary R.

Question:
What change will result from arteriolar dilation?

Answer Choices:
1. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased driving force of fluid out of capillaries
3. Increased postcapillary vascular resistance
4. Increased viscosity of fluid

A
  1. Increased postcapillary vascular resistance
36
Q

Question:
What immune system cell is primarily responsible for releasing cytokines as part of the immune response?

Answer Choices:
1. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
2. Memory B cells
3. Regulatory T cells
4. T helper cells

A
  1. T helper cells
37
Q

Case:
A sample of blood is taken from a patient for a standard agglutinin assay. Laboratory analysis demonstrates that the patient has blood type B.

Question:
What does this patient’s plasma contain?

Answer Choices:
1. A antigens
2. Anti-A antibodies
3. Anti-B antibodies
4. B antigens

A
  1. Anti-A antibodies
38
Q

Question:
What hormone is stored in the posterior pituitary gland and is not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer Choices:
1. Follicle-stimulating hormone
2. Growth hormone
3. Luteinizing hormone
4. Oxytocin

A
  1. Oxytocin
39
Q

Case:
A chemical is produced by supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus and transported through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary.

Question:
What function does this chemical influence?

Answer Choices:
1. Stress response
2. Serum osmolarity
3. Milk production
4. Linear growth

A
  1. Serum osmolarity
40
Q

Question:
A cell’s membrane potential is -70 millivolts (mv) at rest, which means that the inside of the cell is negatively charged compared to the outside.

Which cell membrane component maintains this membrane potential?

Answer Choices:
1. Active glucose and sodium cotransporter
2. Diffusing potassium and water cotransporter
3. Electron/hydrogen exchange transporter
4. Sodium/potassium exchange transporter

A
  1. Sodium/potassium exchange transporter
41
Q

Case:
A cell is placed into a solution and shrinks as water travels across the cellular membrane.

Question:
What is the nature of the solution with respect to the cell?

Answer Choices:
1. Hypertonic
2. Hyposmotic
3. Hypotonic
4. Isosmotic

A
  1. Hypertonic
42
Q

Case:
A neonate presents with delayed sloughing of the umbilical cord. Biopsy of the tissue shows loose edematous tissue. Measurement of peripheral blood demonstrates elevated levels of leukocytes.

Question:
What may demonstrate a markedly low presence in the infected tissue?

Answer Choices:
1. Erythrocytes
2. Ganglia
3. Myocytes
4. Neutrophils

A
  1. Neutrophils
43
Q

Case:
A chemical acting to elevate levels of glucose in the body is increasing gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis.

Question:
What disease is caused by high levels of this chemical?

Answer Choices:
1. Cushing disease
2. Diabetes insipidus
3. Diabetes mellitus
4. Hypertension

A
  1. Diabetes mellitus
44
Q

Question:
What component of the vessel wall is unique to large arteries?

Answer Choices:
1. Internal elastic membrane
2. Tunica externa
3. Tunica interna
4. Tunica media

A
  1. Internal elastic membrane
45
Q

Case:
A mineralocorticoid is produced in the zona glomerulosa and is stimulated by a pathway involving angiotensin II.

Question:
What effect will occur when this chemical acts on its receptor in renal cells?

Answer Choices:
1. Deactivation of sodium channels
2. Potassium reabsorption
3. Stimulation of Na/K pumps
4. Water excretion

A
  1. Stimulation of Na/K pumps
46
Q

Question:
A patient is seen in the emergency department due to an allergic reaction to bee stings. Laboratory testing reveals an elevated white blood cell count. In this situation, what types of leukocyte will be elevated?

Answer Choices:
1. Basophils and eosinophils
2. Macrophages and Kupffer cells
3. Neutrophils and monocytes
4. T cells and NK cells

A
  1. Basophils and eosinophils
47
Q

Case:
The final steps of the clotting cascade are occurring in injured tissue. A zymogen is converted to a monomer, which polymerizes to a mesh and forms a cross-linked clot.

Question:
What is produced during these steps?

Answer Choices:
1. Fibrin
2. Fibrinogen
3. Plasmin
4. Plasminogen

A
  1. Fibrin
48
Q

Case:
A patient with bitemporal vision loss is found to have an adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma.

Question:
What chemical will have elevated circulation levels?

Answer Choices:
1. Cortisol
2. Epinephrine
3. Melatonin
4. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

A
  1. Cortisol
49
Q

Question:
What hypothalamic hormone indirectly acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the release of thyroid hormone through the action of the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer Choices:
1. GHIH
2. GHRH
3. GnRH
4. TRH

A
  1. TRH
50
Q

Case:
A sample of blood is taken from a patient for a standard agglutinin assay. Laboratory analysis demonstrates that the patient has the most prevalent blood type.

Question:
What is unique about the plasma of the patient?

Answer Choices
1. Contains A antigens
2. Contains B antigens
3. Contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
4. Contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

A
  1. Contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
51
Q

Question:
A hospital patient presents with a traumatic brain injury. The physician on call notes that the patient’s digestion is not functioning at all and that the patient has persistent tachycardia. What cranial nerve may have been damaged leading to this condition?

Answer Choices:
1. Optic nerve
2. Accessory nerve
3. Facial nerve
4. Trigeminal nerve
5. Vagus nerve

A
  1. Vagus nerve
52
Q

Question:
What protein component of the cell membrane is mostly hydrophilic?

Answer Choices:
1. Channel protein
2. Integral protein
3. Lipoprotein
4. Peripheral protein

A
  1. Peripheral protein
53
Q

Case:
Potassium is moving down a chemical gradient from the interior of a cell to the extracellular space through a channel. This movement influences transmembrane electrical potential.

Question:
What facilitates this process?

Answer Choices:
1. Active transport
2. Antiport transport
3. Facilitated diffusion
4. Simple diffusion

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion

PACAT (20 decks)

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