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PACAT > Behavioral Sciences Subject Review > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences Subject Review Flashcards

1
Q

A child can tell you their age and weight. This child is displaying operational thought. Which stage of Piaget’s theory is the child in?

a. Concrete operational stage

b. Sensorimotor stage

c. Preoperational stage

d. Formal operational stage

A

a. Concrete operational stage

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2
Q

What type of rhythm refers to the individual’s sleep-wake cycle?

a. Biological rhythm

b. Circadian rhythm

c. Phase delay

d. Phase advance

A

b. Circadian rhythm

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3
Q

Case:
One of the most famous psychological experiments was the “Bobo doll experiment.” In this experiment, it was discovered that children observing the behavior of others are more likely to reproduce the behavior if it is gender-appropriate and if the behavior is consistently and positively rewarded.

Question:
Which theorist conducted this study?

a. B. F. Skinner

b. Sigmund Freud

c. Albert Bandura

d. John Watson

A

c. Albert Bandura

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4
Q

You see someone biting their nails. According to Freud’s psychosexual model, what can you interpret?

a. The person has an oral fixation.

b. The person is anal-retentive.

c. The person has an Oedipus complex.

d. The person has an Electra complex.

A

a. The person has an oral fixation.

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5
Q

Case:
A young boy being observed at his daycare. The observer noted that he was quite relaxed, even in settings where other children are screaming or upset.

Question:
According to the EAS Temperament Model, how would the child have scored?

a. Low on emotionality

b. Low on sociability

c. Low on activity

d. Low on affection

A

a. Low on emotionality

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6
Q

Case:
A student must memorize a speech in Spanish for a final exam tomorrow, but they are only starting to study today. They begin reciting the speech.

Question:
What will most likely happen next?

a. They will forget part of the beginning of the speech.

b. They will have it stored in long-term memory, so they will remember it.

c. They will remember the beginning of the speech but not the end.

d. They will forget the entire speech.

A

a. They will forget part of the beginning of the speech.

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7
Q

What behavior describes a child’s cognitive capacities in the preoperational stage according to Piaget?

a. Speaking for the first time

b. Recognizing faces of primary caregivers

c. Solving problems logically

d. Beginning to be intuitive and egocentric

A

d. Beginning to be intuitive and egocentric

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8
Q

What are the guidelines that govern the proper use of the components and symbols of language?

a. Semantics

b. Phonology

c. Grammar

d. Syntax

A

c. Grammar

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9
Q

Which of the following statements describes empirical research?

a. It has all the types of data.

b. It compares subjects at different periods of time.

c. It must be studied outside the laboratory.

d. It is based on observation and experimentation.

A

d. It is based on observation and experimentation.

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10
Q

What is the general definition of psychology?

a. Study of mental health and illnesses

b. Study of the future based on the personality of the person

c. Study of behavior and mental processes

d. Study of the minds of humans and animals

A

c. Study of behavior and mental processes

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11
Q

According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, what is needed to resolve the conflict of the phallic phase?

a. The child must identify with and adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parent.

b. The child must foster a sexual attraction towards the same-sex parent.

c. The child must engage in masturbation as a way of experiencing pleasure.

d. The child must become more competitive toward the same-sex parent.

A

a. The child must identify with and adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parent.

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12
Q

What is a risk factor for insomnia?

a. Female sex

b. Age under 60

c. Having a set sleep/wake schedule

d. Male sex

A

a. Female sex

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13
Q

You encounter someone who displays the following characteristics: they perceive reality efficiently and can tolerate uncertainty; they accept themselves and others for what they are; and they are able to look at life objectively. Which of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs have they fulfilled?

a. Self-actualization needs

b. Biological and physiological needs

c. Safety needs

d. Love and belongingness needs

e. Esteem needs

A

a. Self-actualization needs

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14
Q

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for regulating internal organ processes such as the endocrine and cardiovascular systems?

a. Autonomic nervous system

b. Somatic nervous system

c. Central nervous system

d. Peripheral nervous system

A

a. Autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

According to the American Psychological Association, psychology is defined as the study of ____ and ____.

a. Body; soul

b. Mind; soul

c. Mind; behavior

d. Body; behavior

A

c. Mind; behavior

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16
Q

How would an expert on experimental validity assess Kohlberg’s theory of moral development and why?

a. It has low predictive validity; he only studied responses to hypothetical situations.

b. It has high predictive validity; by using hypothetical situations, Kohlberg could predict real-life responses in a controlled environment.

c. It has low predictive validity; he only studied responses to real-world situations.

d. It has high predictive validity; by using real-world situations, Kohlberg could predict responses to most hypothetical situations.

A

a. It has low predictive validity; he only studied responses to hypothetical situations.

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17
Q

What mode of learning is not dependent on the formation of association with events and stimuli?

a. Spatial and discrimination learning

b. Imprinting and instrumental learning

c. Classroom learning and common sense

d. Reinforcement and habituation

A

a. Spatial and discrimination learning

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17
Q

Case:
A female child follows her mother into the bathroom. She sees her mom using the toilet and glances towards her toilet. She then pulls down her shorts and sits on her toilet as well. Her mother gives her great praise for initiating such an action of her own accord.

Question:
Understanding Freud’s psychosexual theory and stages, indicate which stage the child is exhibiting.

a. Oral

b. Anal

c. Phallic

d. Latency

e. Genital

A

b. Anal

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18
Q

Individuals do not learn at the same pace. Which pairs of factors affect the rate of learning?

a. Conditioning and contiguity

b. Contiguity and habituation

c. Preparedness and blocking

d. Auto-shaping and blocking

A

c. Preparedness and blocking

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19
Q

In 1968, Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a structural model of memory known as the multistore model of memory (the modal model). They proposed that memory consisted of 3 stores: a sensory register, short-term memory, and ____.

a. Long-term memory

b. Visuospatial sketchpad

c. Phonological loop

d. Central executive

A

a. Long-term memory

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20
Q

Case:
A teacher evaluates a student’s behavior in the classroom: “Shows an extreme interest in how and why things work. Loves starting new games or projects and is very persistent in seeing the project through to completion. Very proud once a project is completed.”

Question:
According to Erik Erikson, which stage does this student’s noted behavior occupy, and what dynamic of that stage is the student exhibiting?

a. Initiative versus guilt; initiative

b. Initiative versus guilt; guilt

c. Industry versus inferiority; industry

d. Industry versus inferiority; inferiority

A

c. Industry versus inferiority; industry

21
Q

What is the definition of the primacy effect?

a. Information given first is remembered better than information given later.

b. Information given more often is remembered better than information given less often.

c. Information given last is remembered better than information given with more time in between.

d. Information given less often is remembered better than information given more often.

A

a. Information given first is remembered better than information given later.

22
Q

Case:
A man is starting to branch out of his inner circle. He is beginning to make friends with other children his age within the tribe.

Question:
This individual is exhibiting which level of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

a. Need for safety and security

b. Need for love, acceptance, and belonging

c. Need to realize our fullest potential

d. Need for achievement, education, competence, and respect

A

b. Need for love, acceptance, and belonging

23
Q

What are the mediational processes proposed by Bandura in his social learning theory?

a. Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

b. Attention, retention, reproduction, repercussion

c. Attention, retention, detention, reproduction

d. Attention, retention, reproduction, extension

A

a. Attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

24
Q

Why does a dim star in the sky seem to disappear when directly looked at?

a. There are not enough rods in the fovea to process the dim light.

b. There are not enough cones in the fovea to process the dim light.

c. There are too many rods in the fovea, interfering with the processing of the dim light.

d. There are too many cones in the fovea, interfering with the processing of the dim light.

A

a. There are not enough rods in the fovea to process the dim light.

25
Q

What pair of psychoactive drugs are most alike in their effect on consciousness?

a. Caffeine and alcohol

b. Opium and cocaine

c. Nicotine and cocaine

d. LSD and cocaine

A

c. Nicotine and cocaine

26
Q

Case:
A young boy has extremely proud parents. While meeting new family friends and their dog, the boy exclaimed, “Doggy is big!” The child’s parents were very excited to hear this new phrase from their son.

Question:
What milestone in the stages of language development is the boy exhibiting?

a. Multiple-word sentences

b. More complex grammatical structures

c. Two-word sentences

d. Holophrasing

A

a. Multiple-word sentences

27
Q

A child realizes a toy is still there even after their parent hides it. This child is displaying object permanence. Which stage of Piaget’s theory is the child in?

a. Sensorimotor stage

b. Preoperational stage

c. Concrete operational stage

d. Formal operational stage

A

a. Sensorimotor stage

28
Q

Case:
A man and his family live on a 50-acre farm in Wisconsin. When their friends come over, the friends complain about the horrid smell coming from the barn. He states that he does not smell what they are complaining about.

Question:
What phenomenon is taking place within this man?

a. Sensory adaptation

b. Perceptual constancy

c. Phantosmia

d. Parosmia

A

a. Sensory adaptation

28
Q

What best represents the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?

a. Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior happening; negative reinforcement decreases the likelihood of a behavior happening.

b. Positive reinforcement introduces a positive reward; negative reinforcement involves punishment.

c. Positive reinforcement aims to alter a behavior; negative reinforcement does not.

d. Positive reinforcement introduces a positive reward; negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus.

A

d. Positive reinforcement introduces a positive reward; negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus.

29
Q

Case:
A boy and a girl are in the same class at school. The boy was praised for having built a “pirate ship” out of blocks for him and his friends to play in. He begins to feel more secure in his ability to lead his peers. The girl, on the other hand, was criticized for always wanting to play pretend. She stopped wanting to make up games and just followed her peers’ lead.

Question:
Choose the psychosocial stage these children are in and differentiate between them, deciding which side of the spectrum each is on.

a. Initiative vs Guilt; he is showing initiative while she is showing guilt.

b. Initiative vs Guilt; he is showing guilt while she is showing initiative.

c. Industry vs Inferiority; he is showing industry while she is showing inferiority.

d. Industry vs Inferiority; he is showing inferiority while she is showing industry.

A

a. Initiative vs Guilt; he is showing initiative while she is showing guilt.

30
Q

Which stage of sleep is thought to play a role in memory consolidation?

a. Stage 1 (introduction to sleep)

b. Stage 2 (beginning of sleep)

c. Stage 4 (slow wave sleep)

d. Stage 5 (REM)

A

d. Stage 5 (REM)

31
Q

You are hungry, so you make a sandwich. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (5-tier), which needs are you fulfilling?

a. Biological and physiological needs

b. Safety needs

c. Love and belongingness needs

d. Esteem needs

e. Self-actualization needs

A

a. Biological and physiological needs

32
Q

In understanding Freud’s theory, what is the third stage of psychosexual development that children experience?

a. Latency

b. Anal

c. Oral

d. Genital

e. Phallic

A

e. Phallic

33
Q

What is the definition of perception?

a. The process by which our senses gather information and send it to the brain

b. The process by which sensory stimulation is organized into usable experience

c. The state of being awake and aware of surroundings

d. The awareness of or familiarity with objects, events, ideas, or ways of doing things

A

b. The process by which sensory stimulation is organized into usable experience

34
Q

Which theory explains how a child constructs a mental model of the world, suggesting that intelligence is not a fixed trait?

a. Piaget’s theory

b. Freud’s theory

c. Erikson’s theory

d. Bowlby’s theory

e. Bandura’s theory

A

a. Piaget’s theory

35
Q

Which psychologist is credited with proposing operant conditioning?

a. Skinner

b. Freud

c. Erikson

d. Bowlby

e. Pavlov

A

a. Skinner

36
Q

A child is good in order to avoid being disciplined and believes that if they are disciplined, they must have done wrong. Which stage of Kohlberg’s Moral Theory would this behavior represent?

a. Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation

b. Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange

c. Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships

d. Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order

e. Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights

A

a. Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation

37
Q

You are working as a psychologist, and you have a new client who is a young boy. After interviewing his parents, it becomes clear that the child is struggling emotionally, largely because he is struggling to learn age-appropriate skills of reading, writing, and mathematics. This appears to be influencing his self-esteem and his sense of his own competence. According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development, with which stage would the child most likely be struggling?

a. Industry versus inferiority

b. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

c. Initiative versus guilt

d. Identity versus role confusion

A

a. Industry versus inferiority

38
Q

The axons of some neurons are missing myelin (the insulating substance that forms a sheath around the axon).

There may be a problem with which type of glial cells?

a. Oligodendrocytes

b. Astrocytes

c. Microglia

d. Ependymal

A

a. Oligodendrocytes

38
Q

Case:
A man was riding his motorcycle when he was hit head-on by another vehicle. After recovering slightly in the hospital, the neurologist ran a specific set of tests to check brain function. After running the tests, the doctor briefed the family and told them that he had suffered damage to his parietal lobe.

Question:
Considering each lobe’s functions, which tests would the neurologist have run to discover this type of damage?

a. Pain and pressure tests

b. Visual tests

c. Motor tests

d. Memory tests

A

a. Pain and pressure tests

39
Q

What determines a person’s temperament?

a. Biology

b. The environment

c. Social norms

d. Human emotion

A

a. Biology

40
Q

A boy is 6 years old, and like many children his age, he is able to use words to represent objects. He also enjoys pretend play, such as playing cops and robbers with his classmates; however, he struggles to put himself in others’ shoes to see things from their perspective. Within which stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development is he most likely to fall?

a. Sensorimotor

b. Preoperational

c. Concrete operational

d. Formal operational

A

b. Preoperational

41
Q

What brain structure controls and regulates emotions?

a. Limbic system

b. Thalamus

c. Medulla oblongata

d. Cerebellum

A

a. Limbic system

42
Q

A young man avoids affection and fears both commitment and relationships. This causes him to feel detached, lonely, and sometimes depressed. In which stage of Erikson’s psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development is this person having difficulty?

a. Stage 6. Intimacy vs Isolation

b. Stage 5. Identity vs Role Confusion

c. Stage 1. Trust vs Mistrust

d. Stage 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

e. Stage 4. Industry (competence) vs Inferiority

A

a. Stage 6. Intimacy vs Isolation

43
Q

When you touch a hot pan, which neurons are activated first?

a. Sensory neurons

b. Motor neurons

c. Interneurons

d. Mirror neurons

A

a. Sensory neurons

44
Q

What phenomenon refers to the minimum level of stimulus required by an individual to discriminate senses?

a. Absolute threshold

b. Difference threshold

c. Sensation

d. Perception

A

a. Absolute threshold

45
Q

During Stage 4 of sleep, which type of brain waves are almost exclusively produced?

a. Alpha

b. Beta

c. Delta

d. Theta

A

c. Delta

46
Q

Which stage of sleep is considered light sleep and occurs right before deep sleep? Note: during this light sleep stage heart slows down and body temperature drops; however, you can still easily be woken.

a. Stage 1 (introduction to sleep)

b. Stage 2 (beginning of sleep)

c. Stage 3 (slow wave sleep)

d. Stage 5 (REM)

A

b. Stage 2 (beginning of sleep)

47
Q

Slow wave sleep actually consists of two similar stages. What are they?

a. Stages 1 and 5

b. Stages 2 and 3

c. Stages 3 and 4

d. Stages 4 and 5

A

c. Stages 3 and 4

PACAT (20 decks)

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