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PACAT > Anatomy Subject Review > Flashcards

Anatomy Subject Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is scoliosis?

a. excessive curvature of the thoracic spine

b. reduced size of intervertebral foramina

c. a lateral curvature of the spine

d. excessive curvature of the lumbar spine

A

c. a lateral curvature of the spine

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2
Q

Case: The vertebrae are connected by a series of ligaments that limits movement and creates a cohesive spinal column.

Question: Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the spinal cord?

a. ligamentum flavum

b. anterior longitudinal ligament

c. posterior longitudinal ligament

d. supraspinous ligaments

e. interspinous ligaments

A

b. anterior longitudinal ligament

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3
Q

An obese 65-year-old woman with a history of osteoporosis reports acute onset low back pain that radiates down the back of the right thigh to the lower right leg. What vertebral injury would most likelycause her symptoms?

a. anterolateral herniation of the L5-S1 IV disc

b. L3 vertebral body fracture

c. L5 vertebral body fracture

d. posterolateral herniation of the L2-L3 IV disc

e. posterolateral herniation of the L4-L5 IV disc

A

e. posterolateral herniation of the L4-L5 IV disc

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4
Q

A 65-year-old man with a history of long-standing atherosclerotic disease slowly develops an atherosclerotic blockage of the right axillary artery below the level of the first rib but above the level of the subscapular artery. What is most likely to be true in this patient?

a. direction of blood flow in the subscapular artery will be reversed

b. duplex ultrasound will show no blood flow in the distal axillary artery

c. fingertips of the right hand show signs of gangrene

d. patient will hav pain in the right forearm and right hand when elevated

e. right forearm and right hand are white and cold to the touch

A

a. direction of blood flow in the subscapular artery will be reversed

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5
Q

Case:
A breast cancer survivor patient with a history of axillary node dissection presents with symptoms consistent with scapular winging: primarily, inability to abduct the arm above the horizontal plane. She describes pain that radiates the length of her arm and numbness and tingling that extend into the hand.

Question:
What portion of the brachial plexus has been damaged?

a. Lower trunk

b. Posterior cord

c. Roots

d. Upper trunk

A

c. Roots

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6
Q

Case:
An infant with a history of upward force on arm during delivery presents with total claw hand. The lumbricals appear to be flexing the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints, as well as extending the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints.

Question:
These findings result from damage to which aspect of the brachial plexus?

a. Lower trunk

b. Posterior cord

c. Roots

d. Upper trunk

A

a. Lower trunk

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7
Q

When the forearms are extending at the elbow, which muscle is the prime mover?

a. Brachialis

b. Biceps brachii

c. Brachioradialis

d. Triceps brachii

A

d. Triceps brachii

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8
Q

You are caring for a patient who sustained an injury to the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle. Based on this data, the injury is closest to which structure?

a. Elbow

b. Clavicle

c. Humerus

d. Shoulder

A

a. Elbow

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9
Q

Case:
A patient presents with injury to the left upper limb. On physical exam, the patient shows inability to flex the forearm at the elbow and loss of sensation to the lateral forearm.

Question:
What nerve has been damaged?

a. Axillary

b. Musculocutaneous

c. Radial

d. Ulnar

A

b. Musculocutaneous

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10
Q

A patient presents with characteristics of carpal tunnel syndrome. Which nerve is most likely damaged?

a. Extensor carpi ulnaris

b. Median nerve

c. Thenar

d. Trapezius

A

b. Median nerve

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11
Q

If the trapezius were paralyzed, the patient is still able to raise the arm above the head, albeit with difficulty. Which muscle aids this action?

a. Infraspinatus muscle

b. Pectoralis major muscle

c. Latissimus dorsi muscle

d. Serratus anterior muscle

e. Rhomboid major muscle

A

d. Serratus anterior muscle

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12
Q

In human beings, the lower respiratory system divides into the right and left lungs. Which of the following is true about the number of lobes in each lung?

a. The right lung has 2 lobes, while the left lung has 3.

b. The right lung has 3 lobes, while the left lung has 2.

c. Both lungs have 2 lobes.

d. Both lungs have 3 lobes.

A

b. The right lung has 3 lobes, while the left lung has 2.

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12
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of respiratory structures of the bronchial tree?

a. Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles

b. Bronchioles, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi

c. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles

d. Tertiary bronchi, secondary bronchi, primary bronchi, bronchioles

A

c. Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles

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13
Q

The lymphatic vessels from the spleen directly drain to which lymph nodes?

a. Hepatic lymph nodes

b. Pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes

c. Phrenic lymph nodes

d. Superior mesenteric lymph nodes

A

b. Pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes

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13
Q

Case:
A 35-year old man is brought to the emergency department after a stab wound to his chest. Palpation of the radial pulse is rapid at 150 and the blood pressure is low at 75/30. The neck veins are also visibly engorged.

Question:
The patient is suffering from cardiac tamponade. Which of the following is causing this patient’s condition?

a. Fluid accumulation between the fibrous pericardium and parietal serous pericardium

b. Fluid accumulation between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium

c. Fluid accumulation in the right atrium and ventricle

d. Fluid accumulation in the left atrium and ventricle

A

b. Fluid accumulation between the parietal and visceral serous pericardium

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14
Q

A 32-year-old man with a history of tricuspid valve replacement with a prosthetic valve as a child has been managed without complications for years on baby aspirin. He suddenly develops a toothache and finds that he needs a root canal. His history is a significant risk factor for developing what cardiac condition?

a. Endocarditis

b. Heart attack

c. Myocarditis

d. Pericarditis

A

a. Endocarditis

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15
Q

Which of the following anatomical landmarks indicates where the navel is situated?

a. Cranial

b. Ventral

c. Dorsal

d. Inferior

A

b. Ventral

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16
Q

A patient with difficulty swallowing is evaluated with a barium swallow study. The result is considered normal, although there are 3 areas of the esophagus that appear narrowed. These normal constrictions in the esophagus are formed by the compression of which structures on the esophagus?

a. Aortic arch, left main bronchus, diaphragm

b. Brachiocephalic trunk, left pulmonary artery, T10 vertebra

c. Left main bronchus, sternal notch, azygos vein

d. Sternal notch, tracheal carina, inferior vena cava

A

a. Aortic arch, left main bronchus, diaphragm

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17
Q

Despite our necessary balance of homeostasis, there are parts of the body that thrive in extreme environments. Where in our body can the highly-erosive hydrochloric acid be found?

a. Esophagus

b. Large intestine

c. Mouth

d. Stomach

A

d. Stomach

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18
Q

The blood supply to the entire small intestine comes from branches of a single artery. Which artery is this?

a. Coeliac artery

b. Inferior mesenteric artery

c. Left gastric artery

d. Superior mesenteric artery

A

d. Superior mesenteric artery

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19
Q

A patient presents with a small bowel obstruction. The obstruction is located in a region of the small intestines that under histological examination contains numerous Paneth cells and Peyer’s patches. Where is this obstruction located?

a. Duodenum

b. Jejunum

c. Ileum

d. Cecum

e. Rectum

A

c. Ileum

20
Q

A patient comes to the emergency department due to abdominal pain. After questioning the patient, the physician orders imaging scans to be done, as they suspect the patient just has severe constipation. Upon arrival of the scans, where should the doctor look to see if their diagnosis is correct?

a. Ascending colon

b. Descending colon

c. Rectum

d. Sigmoid colon

A

d. Sigmoid colon

21
Q

Case:
A 67-year-old man presents to his physician for an annual checkup. He has no acute complaints but does admit to increased fatigue, an unintentional 20-pound weight loss over the last year, and worsening constipation. He has never had a prior colonoscopy. On physical exam, he appears pale and fatigued but not acutely ill. His abdomen is soft and non-tender. His rectal exam is heme-occult negative. He is referred for a colonoscopy where the endoscopist discovers a circumferential mass in his sigmoid colon. He undergoes resection of the sigmoid colon, Hartmann’s pouch creation, and diverting colostomy.

Question:
What vessel was divided to complete this sigmoid resection and what is its embryological origin?

a. Superior mesenteric artery; foregut

b. Superior mesenteric artery; midgut

c. Superior mesenteric artery; hindgut

d. Inferior mesenteric artery; hindgut

e. Inferior mesenteric artery; midgut

A

d. Inferior mesenteric artery; hindgut

22
Q

What vessel is adjacent to the head of the pancreas?

a. Left renal artery

b. Short gastric vein

c. Splenic vein

d. Superior mesenteric artery

A

d. Superior mesenteric artery

23
Q

The liver has 4 lobes. Which lobes of the liver are directly separated by the falciform ligament?

a. Caudate lobe and left lobe

b. Left lobe and right lobe

c. Quadrate lobe and caudate lobe

d. Right lobe and caudate lobe

A

b. Left lobe and right lobe

23
Q

The portal triad, made up of the hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein, and common bile duct, is often clamped to control bleeding from the liver in trauma surgery. If bleeding stops with this maneuver, it indicates injury to the hepatic artery or portal vein that may be causing bleeding. If the liver continues to bleed with clamping of the portal triad, what structure is likely injured?

a. Common hepatic duct

b. Gastroduodenal artery

c. Hepatic vein

d. Right hepatic artery

A

c. Hepatic vein

24
Q

The hepatic circulation is controlled by the hepatic buffer control system. How does the hepatic buffer control system make adjustments to blood flow?

a. Increases blood flow in the portal vein in response to increased blood flow to the hepatic artery.

b. Decreases blood flow in the hepatic artery in response to increased blood flow to the portal vein.

c. Increases blood flow in the hepatic artery in response to decreased blood flow to the portal vein.

d. Decreases blood flow in the portal vein in response to decreased blood flow to the hepatic artery.

A

c. Increases blood flow in the hepatic artery in response to decreased blood flow to the portal vein.

25
Q

Which of the following kidney structures houses the renal pyramids?

a. Renal sinuses

b. Renal medulla

c. Renal cortex

d. Renal pelvis

A

b. Renal medulla

26
Q

Which of the following urinary system sequences is the exact urine excretion pathway?

a. Bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, urethra

b. Renal pelvis, bladder, ureters, urethra

c. Ureters, renal pelvis, bladder, urethra

d. Renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra

A

d. Renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra

27
Q

A patient dislocated their hip in a car accident. Anatomically, the head of the femur slipped out of a structure, leaving them in intense pain.

What is the structure?

a. Acetabulum

b. Coccyx

c. Iliac crest

d. Sacral prominence

A

a. Acetabulum

28
Q

Which of the following bodily structures is possibly defective if a person is incontinent?

a. Trigone

b. Transversus abdominis

c. Urethral sphincter muscles

d. Detrusor muscle

A

c. Urethral sphincter muscles

29
Q

What male reproductive structure completely encircles the urethra?

a. Epididymis

b. Scrotum

c. Seminal vesicle

d. Prostate

A

d. Prostate

30
Q

Case:
After delivering twins, a G4P4005 patient presents to the OB/GYN 2 weeks postpartum with constipation and pressure in the vagina and pelvis. Upon digital examination, the OB/GYN feels a bulging mass deep within the vaginal cavity.

Question:
What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. Internal hemorrhoids

b. Perineal laceration

c. Rectocele

d. Uterine prolapse

A

c. Rectocele

31
Q

Case:
A 49-year-old man presents due to groin pain. At his next appointment, the physician tells him the bulging is medial to the inferior epigastric vessels.

Question:
What type of hernia is he diagnosed with?

a. Direct

b. Femoral

c. Indirect

d. Umbilical

A

a. Direct

32
Q

What muscle helps to flex the thigh at the hip and is located somewhere other than one of the thigh compartments?

a. Iliopsoas

b. Pectineus

c. Quadriceps femoris

d. Sartorius

A

a. Iliopsoas

33
Q

The sacral plexus forms nerves that supply many of the muscles of the gluteal region. What nerve from this plexus branches off to supply the gluteus maximus muscle?

a. Inferior gluteal nerve

b. Posterior femoral nerve

c. Pudendal nerve

d. Superior gluteal nerve

A

a. Inferior gluteal nerve

34
Q

The superior and inferior gluteal arteries are branches of the internal iliac artery. What muscle separates these two arteries as they exit the greater sciatic foramen?

a. Gluteus medius

b. Gluteus minimus

c. Piriformis

d. Quadratus femoris

A

Piriformis

35
Q

There are four major muscles located in the anterior compartment of the leg.

Which muscle is the strongest of these muscles responsible for dorsiflexion of the foot?

a. Extensor digitorum longus

b. Extensor hallucis longus

c. Fibularis tertius

d. Tibialis anterior

A

d. Tibialis anterior

36
Q

Avascular necrosis of the head of the femur can be caused by specific damage to what crucial artery supplying the hip joint?

a. Femoral artery

b. Lateral circumflex femoral artery

c. Medial circumflex femoral artery

d. Profunda femoris artery

A

c. Medial circumflex femoral artery

37
Q

A 17-year-old male high school soccer player quickly changed direction during a game and averted a defensive player, scoring a goal, but also injuring himself. What type of injury might he have sustained with his quick start-stop directional change movement?

a. Anterior cruciate ligament tear

b. Chondromalacia

c. Knee fracture

d. Meniscus tear

A

a. Anterior cruciate ligament tear

38
Q

When positioning a patient in the supine position for an extended time, what intervention helps prevent problems (contractures) with the ankle?

a. Dorsiflexion of 30°

b. Dorsiflexion of 60°

c. Dorsiflexion of 90°

d. Dorsiflexion of 180°

A

c. Dorsiflexion of 90°

39
Q

In an exam for peripheral vascular disease, the pulses of which arteries in the foot are normally palpated?

a. Anterior tibial artery, arcuate artery

b. Anterior tibial artery, posterior tibial artery

c. Deep plantar artery, lateral tarsal artery

d. Dorsalis pedis artery, posterior tibial artery

A

d. Dorsalis pedis artery, posterior tibial artery

40
Q

Surgical removal of the parotid gland is often performed to treat salivary gland tumors, 80% of which occur in the parotid glands. The branches of which nerve should be preserved during this surgery?

a. Facial nerve

b. Glossopharyngeal nerve

c. Hypoglossal nerve

d. Vestibulocochlear nerve

A

a. Facial nerve

40
Q

Case:
A 20-year-old man is seen due to difficulty hearing in the right ear that started shortly after blunt force trauma to the head. An examination reveals a normal tympanic membrane without rupture, infection, or excess fluid. After further evaluation with advanced imaging, there is a disruption of the lenticular process.

Question:
Which of the ossicles has been affected, causing hearing loss?

a. Stapes

b. Incus

c. Vestibule

d. Malleus

e. Cochlea

A

b. Incus

41
Q

Which of the following bones make up the lambdoidal suture?

a. Right and left parietal bones

b. Temporal bones and frontal bone

c. Parietal bones and occipital bone

d. Parietal bones and the frontal bone

A

c. Parietal bones and occipital bone

42
Q

Orthostatic hypotension is a common side effect of many medications, causing a sudden decrease in blood pressure upon standing. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for such sudden changes in blood pressure seen in this condition?

a. Autonomic nervous system

b. Central nervous system

c. Somatic nervous system

d. Sympathetic nervous system

A

a. Autonomic nervous system

43
Q

The brain and the spinal cord make up the human central nervous system. Which region of the spine does the lower end of the spinal cord itself stop?

a. Cauda equina

b. Conus medullaris

c. Groups of nerve roots

d. Sensory tracts

A

b. Conus medullaris

43
Q

A child reports increased back pain and an uneven gait that gives the healthcare provider the impression that one limb is shorter than another (but they are equal when directly measured)?

What is the most likely diagnosis?

a. Kyphosis

b. Lordosis

c. Scoliosis

d. Spina bifida

A

c. Scoliosis

44
Q

When positioning a patient, what intervention helps prevent problems (contractures) with the axilla?

a. Abduction

b. Adduction

c. Internal rotation

d. Neutral rotation

A

a. Abduction

45
Q

Case:
A 55-year-old male patient with a 20-year smoking history is experiencing pain, swelling, and weakness in the right arm and hand, with slight difficulty seeing out of the right eye. Computerized tomography (CT) imaging confirms the diagnosis of a Pancoast tumor.

Question:
What structure is being compressed?

a. Common carotid artery

b. Recurrent laryngeal nerve

c. Sympathetic trunk

d. Trachea

e. Vagus nerve

A

c. Sympathetic trunk

PACAT (20 decks)

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