Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PACAT > Pre-Matriculation Biochemistry Part I Summative Exam > Flashcards

Pre-Matriculation Biochemistry Part I Summative Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Question:
A ligand binds to an external domain, causes a conformational change to a protein, and enables calcium to pass through.

Which type of receptor facilitates this process?

Answer Choices:
1. Enzyme-linked receptor
2. G-protein–coupled receptor
3. Intranuclear receptor
4. Ionotropic receptor

A
  1. Ionotropic receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Question:
The Michaelis-Menten equation for enzyme kinetics determines the velocity of an enzymatic reaction. What must be assumed in the reaction for this equation to be accurate?

Answer Choices:
1. The intermediate molecule must last for a brief duration.
2. The reaction must have only two substrates.
3. There is only one enzyme cofactor.
4. There is only one product of the reaction.

A
  1. There is only one product of the reaction.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Question:
The pH of biochemical systems is regulated by buffers. In the bicarbonate/carbonic acid system, what molecule represents the weak base?

Answer Choices:
1. Bicarbonate
2. Carbonic acid
3. Carbon dioxide
4. Hydronium ion

A
  1. Bicarbonate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Question:
A patient presents with a disease caused by the destruction of beta-cells of the pancreas and hyperglycemia.

What outcome is likely to result as a direct consequence of the beta-cell impairment?

Answer Choices:
1. Decreased glucagon secretion
2. Decreased insulin secretion
3. Increased glucagon secretion
4. Increased insulin secretion

A
  1. Decreased insulin secretion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Question:
What process involves carcinogenesis and new blood vessel growth from existing blood vessels, inherent to protooncogenes?

Answer Choices:
1. Angiogenesis
2. Intravasation
3. Metastasis
4. Proliferation

A
  1. Angiogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Question:
Allosteric moderators influence the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.

A decrease of which regulator results in a shift towards T-state (tense state) and oxygen release?

Answer Choices:
1. Bisphosphoglycerate
2. Carbon dioxide
3. pH
4. Temperature

A
  1. Temperature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Question:
A double-stranded helical polymer provides the necessary instructions for an organism to direct activities.

What composes the monomers of this polymer?

Answer Choices:
1.
Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.
2. Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil.
3. Ribose, phosphate group, and adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.
4. Ribose, phosphate group, and adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil.

A
  1. Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Question:
A mutation in the D-amino acid oxidase gene, replacing an arginine residue with tryptophan, is correlated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Transgenic mice with this mutation exhibit motor neuron loss. The mutated protein is known to form protein aggregates. What difference between arginine and tryptophan causes the wildtype and mutated D-amino acid oxidase proteins to behave differently?

Answer Choices:
1. Aroma
2. Chirality
3. Hydrophobia
4. Polarity

A
  1. Polarity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Question:
A molecule is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and four different nitrogenous bases.

What type of bond links two of these molecules?

Answer Choices:
1. Phosphodiester bond between 3’ phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl group
2. Phosphodiester bond between 3’ phosphate and 5’ hydroxyl group
3. Phosphodiester bond between 5’ phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl group
4. Phosphodiester bond between 5’ phosphate and 5’ hydroxyl group

A
  1. Phosphodiester bond between 5’ phosphate and 3’ hydroxyl group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Question:
What is the process of adding phosphates to an enzyme to change its activity?

Answer Choices:
1. Acetylation
2. Glycosylation
3. Methylation
4. Phosphorylation

A
  1. Phosphorylation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Question:
What type of model discusses enzymes and substrates interacting after conformation changes?

Answer Choices:
1. Transition state model
2. Induced fit model
3. Lock and key model

A
  1. Induced fit model
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Question:
A patient with diabetes demonstrates improper production of insulin.

What consequence may occur?

Answer Choices:
1. Decreased interleukin-8
2. Decreased TNF-alpha
3. Increased blood glucose
4. Increased nitric oxide

A
  1. Increased blood glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Question:
What product is produced by the liver to aid in the breakdown and digestion of fats?

Answer Choices:
1. Bile
2. Cortisol
3. Gastrin
4. Insulin

A
  1. Bile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Question:
In the biochemical process that makes red blood cells, what molecule acts as the hormone that stimulates these reactions?

Answer Choices:
1. Erythropoietin
2. Folic acid
3. Iron
4. Vitamin B12

A
  1. Erythropoietin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Question:
What type of RNA is responsible for encoding genetic DNA that specifies a sequence of amino acids?

Answer Choices:
1. Messenger RNA
2. Ribosomal RNA
3. Small nuclear RNA
4. Transfer RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Question:
Which of the following altered conditions will increase the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Answer Choices:
1. Decreased temperature
2. Decreased enzyme concentration
3. Increased substrate concentration
4. Decreased substrate concentration
5. Increased pH
6. Decreased pH

A
  1. Increased substrate concentration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Question:
Many bacteria must transmit effector proteins into host cells for successful bacterial infection. Some bacteria assemble syringe-like structures to inject virulent proteins into host cells. One of these proteins in Escherichia coli, EscR, has several transmembrane domains that anchor the protein in the membrane and have other functional roles. Which amino acids would you expect to constitute the majority of the transmembrane domains?

Answer Choices:
1. Hydrophilic amino acids like glutamine and lysine
2. Hydrophilic amino acids like isoleucine and leucine
3. Hydrophobic amino acids like glutamine and lysine
4. Hydrophobic amino acids like isoleucine and leucine

A
  1. Hydrophobic amino acids like isoleucine and leucine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Question:
A double-stranded helical polymer provides the necessary instructions for an organism to direct activities.

What describes the complementary base pairing arrangement of this molecule?

Answer Choices:
1. 2 hydrogen bonds between 2 purines
2. 2 hydrogen bonds between 2 pyrimidines
3. 3 hydrogen bonds between 1 purine and 1 pyrimidine
4. 3 hydrogen bonds between 2 purines

A
  1. 3 hydrogen bonds between 1 purine and 1 pyrimidine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Question:
What cellular organelle reads the mRNA and creates proteins?

Answer Choices:
1. Endoplasmic reticulum
2. Mitochondria
3. Nucleus
4. Ribosome

A
  1. Ribosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Question:
Enzymes end with the term “-ase” and are described by their main function. Which type of enzyme is known for breaking up fats?

Answer Choices:
1. Amylase
2. Carboxypeptidase
3. Lipase
4. Protease

A
  1. Lipase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Question:
Regarding clotting factors, which of the following participates in forming the intrinsic tenase complex?

Answer Choices:
1. Factor VIIIa
2. Factor Xa
3. Factor VII
4. Factor VIIa

A
  1. Factor VIIIa
22
Q

Question:
Which of the following groups is responsible for the peptide bond interaction between amino acids that links one amino acid to the amino group of the other?

Answer Choices:
1. Carboxyl
2. Double
3. Hydrogen
4. Sulfur

A
  1. Carboxyl
23
Q

Question:
Eukaryotic DNA is used in a three-step process that generates mRNA.

What is encountered by transcription machinery that results in the termination of this process?

Answer Choices:
1. Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor
2. Cleavage stimulation factor
3. Poly(A) binding protein
4. Polyadenylation signal

A
  1. Polyadenylation signal
24
Q

Question:
Many drugs interact with cytochrome (CYP) 450 enzymes. The antibiotic ciprofloxacin is known to be a strong inhibitor of CYP1A2, and the antipsychotic clozapine is a substrate of CYP1A2. A patient who is well controlled on clozapine presents with a respiratory infection. It is important for the patient’s doctor to be aware of all medications the patient is taking. What pharmacokinetic clozapine would be altered by ciprofloxacin?

Answer Choices:
1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Elimination
4. Metabolism

A
  1. Metabolism
25
Q

Question:
Hemoglobinopathies may affect the structure or production of hemoglobin molecules.

Which of these diseases occurs as a result of substitution from glutamic acid to valine?

Answer Choices
1. Methemoglobinemia
2. Porphyria
3. Sickle cell anemia
4. Thalassemia

A
  1. Sickle cell anemia
26
Q

Question:
What part of the phospholipid molecule is hydrophobic and remains in the middle of the bilayer?

Answer Choices:
1. Fatty acid side chain
2. Glycerol
3. Peptide head group
4. Phosphate

A
  1. Fatty acid side chain
27
Q

Question:
The central dogma describes the flow of genetic material from DNA, to RNA, to protein.

Which type of RNA specifies the amino acid sequence used to create proteins?

Answer Choices:
1. mRNA
2. rRNA
3. siRNA
4. tRNA

A
  1. mRNA
28
Q

Question:
A fluid mosaic structure separates the extracellular and intracellular space.

What is primarily facilitated by the proteins that extend completely across this structure?

Answer Choices:
1. Communication
2. Recognition
3. Signaling
4. Transport

A
  1. Transport
29
Q

Question:
Eukaryotic DNA is used in a three-step process that uses an enzyme that can generate the three largest types of rRNA.

What enzyme facilitates this process?

Answer Choices:
1. DNA polymerase
2. RNA polymerase I
3. RNA polymerase II
4. RNA polymerase III

A
  1. RNA polymerase I
30
Q

Question:
In bone metabolism, what cell is most responsible for bone resorption during bone remodeling?

Answer Choices:
1. Osteoblast
2. Osteoclast
3. Osteocyte
4. Osteoprogenitor cell

A
  1. Osteoclast
31
Q

Question:
A molecule is composed of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and four different nitrogenous bases.

What is attached to the 5’ carbon?

Answer Choices:
1. Deoxyribose
2. Hydroxyl group
3. Nitrogenous base
4. Phosphate group

A
  1. Phosphate group
32
Q

Question:
Mutation of a regulatory sequence has occurred.

What is most likely to be mutated if a transcription factor cannot bind to it?

Answer Choices:
1. Cofactor
2. Enhancer
3. Non-coding RNA
4. RNA polymerase

A
  1. Enhancer
33
Q

Question:
What is a characteristic of the active site of an enzyme?

Answer Choices:
1. Binds allosteric inhibitors
2. Binds competitive inhibitors
3. Consists of only adjacent amino acid residues
4. Consists of only a catalytic site

A
  1. Binds competitive inhibitors
34
Q

Question:
What enzyme is responsible for the joining of two molecules?

Answer Choices:
1. Isomerase
2. Ligase
3. Lyase
4. Transferase

A
  1. Ligase
35
Q

Question:
Proteins must be properly folded to properly perform their cellular functions; misfolded or denatured proteins are unable to carry out their cellular functions. Early in diabetes, human islet amyloid peptide misfolds and forms aggregates, making it unable to carry out its typical cellular functions. Researchers are working to develop therapeutics that can stop the aggregation process of this peptide or stabilize the properly folded peptide. What would these experimental therapeutics be called?

Answer Choices:
1. Antibodies
2. Chaperones
3. Enzymes
4. Hormones

A
36
Q

Question:
Allosteric moderators influence the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.

An increase of what regulator results in an increase of hydrogen ions and a shift towards T-state (tense state)?

Answer Choices:
1. Bisphosphoglycerate
2. Carbon dioxide
3. pH
4. Temperature

A
  1. Carbon dioxide
37
Q

Question:
Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a detergent used to disrupt cell membranes and denature proteins. How does SDS denature proteins?

Answer Choices:
1. Disrupting disulfide bonds in proteins
2. Disrupting peptide bonds within proteins
3. Disrupting the primary structure of proteins
4. Disrupting the tertiary structure of proteins

A
  1. Disrupting the tertiary structure of proteins
38
Q

Question:
A double-stranded helical polymer provides the necessary instructions for an organism to direct activities.

Which unit of this polymer represents the segment of DNA used to produce a single protein?

Answer Choices:
1. Chromosome
2. Gene
3. Histone
4. Nucleosome

A
  1. Gene
39
Q

Question:
A fluid mosaic structure separates the extracellular and intracellular space.

What movement of ions most heavily influences the transmembrane potential established by this structure?

Answer Choices:
1. Inward movement of potassium due to charge
2. Inward movement of potassium due to concentration
3. Outward movement of sodium due to charge
4. Outward movement of sodium due to concentration

A
  1. Inward movement of potassium due to charge
40
Q

Question:
What cytokine is primarily involved in T cell development?

Answer Choices:
1. IL-2
2. IL-5
3. IL-12
4. TGF-Beta

A
  1. IL-2
41
Q

Question:
The first step of gene expression is carried out by RNA polymerase.

Which part of this enzyme is bound by rifampicin?

Answer Choices:
1. Alpha
2. Beta
3. Omega
4. Sigma

A
  1. Beta
42
Q

Question:
A researcher seeks to design an antibiotic targeting transcription.

What target might they explore if they want to prevent release of the sigma factor?

Answer Choices:
1. Closed complex
2. Holoenzyme
3. Initiating abortive
4. Open complex

A
  1. Initiating abortive
43
Q

Question:
Steroid hormones are derived from which of the following molecules?

Answer Choices:
1. Amino acids
2. Cholesterol
3. Peptides
4. Proteins

A
  1. Cholesterol
44
Q

Question:
A cancer-associated variant has been discovered in a sequence of regulatory DNA.

Which type of sequence is most likely to be mutated if histone modification has become aberrant?

Answer Choices:
1. Chromatin regulator
2. Long non-coding RNA
3. Mediator coactivator
4. Transcription factor

A
  1. Chromatin regulator
45
Q

Question:
What biological process is involved when treating cancer with drugs?

Answer Choices:
1. Acetylation
2. Methylation
3. Transcription
4. Translation

A
  1. Methylation
46
Q

Question:
What type of cell in bone is involved in a metabolic pathway that makes new bone cells?

Answer Choices:
1. Osteoblast
2. Osteoclast
3. Osteocyte
4. Osteoprogenitor cell

A
  1. Osteoblast
47
Q

Question:
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an incurable disease that severely impairs the function of lungs and other organs. Mutations in the chloride channel protein CFTR cause CF, and a recent study demonstrated that these mutations induce protein misfolding and prevent interaction with the kinase CK2α. Based on these findings, what is a key post-translational modification that modulates CFTR maturation, trafficking, and function?

Answer Choices:
1. Acetylation
2. Glycosylation
3. Phosphorylation
4. S-nitrosylation
5. Sulfation

A
  1. Phosphorylation
48
Q

Question:
In biochemical reactions, water acts as a weak acid and a weak base. What is the weak acid in the dissociation of water?

Answer Choices:
1. H+
2. H2O
3. H3O+
4. OH-

A
  1. H3O+
49
Q

Question:
A ligand binds to a transmembrane protein and causes autophosphorylation of tyrosine in the cytoplasmic domain. This creates a binding site for effector proteins.

Which type of receptor facilitates this process?

Answer Choices:
1. Enzyme-linked receptor
2. G-protein–coupled receptor
3. Intranuclear receptor
4. Ionotropic receptor

A
  1. Enzyme-linked receptor
50
Q

Question:
The central dogma describes the flow of genetic material from DNA, to RNA, to protein.

How many different base pairs have the potential to form a codon during this process?

Answer Choices:
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

A
  1. 4

PACAT (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions