Practice Questions Flashcards
For nervous Coccidiosis in Cattle:
- State the age of cattle that are typically affected by the disease
- What is the cause of the condition?
- What is the pathogenesis?
- Less than 1y
- Eimeria
- neurotoxin produced by coccidia parasite → neurological signs
For DCAD diets:
- How can you confirm that a DCAD diet is actually working?
- Briefly explain the logic behind a DCAD diet
- What are two anionic salts and what are two cationic salts?
- Measure the urine pH should be acidic
- More acidotic → increased pH
- DCAD diet - increase anionic salts (Cl + S) and decrease cations (Na + K)
How does a CSF tap appear in cases of meningitis?
Increased CSF protein and a neutrophilia
How does a CSF tap appear in cases of Listeriosis?
Increased monocytes
Compare how CSF tap varies between meningitis and polioencephalomalacia?
- The changes in meningitis CBC and protein are far greater than those seen in polioencephalomalacia
For fog fever (Bovine pulmonary oedema and emphysema):
- Describe the cough?
- Are animals septic?
- Briefly describe the pathophysiology
- Intermittent loud cough
- No signs of sepsis are seen
- Pathophysiology: lush pastures high in tryptophan → metabolised to 3-methyl indole (toxic to the lungs)
Briefly describe some history factors in a cow that may lead you to believe Farmers lung is a differential:
- Animal normally has allergies - combined with a history of being indoors → exposure to the allergen
- When animal goes outside the signs improve
Describe the history associated with silo fillers disease:
- Typically die near a silo - result of toxic silo gasses
For the condition below:
- State the typical signalment of animals that are affected by this condition
- The aetiological agent that is typically involved
- Briefly state how it should be treated
Ringworm:
- Crowed, calves in winter (when little UV light is present
- Number one: T.veruccosum and T. metagrophytes is the second most common differential
- Topical treatment: Captan, diluted bleach, lime sulphur or miconazole shampoos (systemic therapy is rarely needed)
Some cattle that were recently moved to lush pasture present to you dead. On PM there is acute interstitial pneumoniae and air filled bullae. What TOXIN is most likely indicated?
- 3 - Methyl indole (Fog fever)
What is the name of the toxin involved in sweet potato poisoning and what is the major differential?
- 4-Ipomeanol
- Fog fever is the major differential (caused by 3-Methylindole)
Provide 4 possible signs that may be seen with pharyngeal trauma in cattle:
- Inappetence
- Mild bloat (vagal nerve involvement of the inflamed throat)
- Extended head
- Drooling
- Swelling and pain in the throat region
What is the treatment of choice for treating manage in a herd of cattle?
Ivermectin
On a pregnancy check of a cow you feel ‘crepitus’ what is your diagnosis for this case?
- A macerated foetus
If you feel a firm tarry mass on rectal palpation what is your diagnosis?
- Mummified foetus
If you feel a pyometra post-serving on rectal what is your number one differential?
Tritrichomonas foetus
What is the number one differential for a tumour in a cow’s eye?
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
What are the two main nerve block options for removing an ocular tumour from a cow?
- Five point ocular block using lignocaine
- Peterson’s ocular nerve block
For Blackleg:
- Name the aetiological agent involved
- What group is most susceptible?
- What method should be used for treatment?
- Clostridium chavoei
- Calves less than 1 year
- On high risk farms start vaccinations from a younger age. Use a multiclostridial vaccine and give to claves 4-8 months of age
The image below demonstrates photosensitisation:
- State the two different types of photosensitisation that can occur
- Describe how you would differentiate between them
- Primary - caused by a plant/chemical, Secondary - hepatic damage/failure → chlorophyll breakdown products (phylloerythrin)
- Check liver enzymes + bilirubin levels
What is the recommended treatment for BRSV in cattle?
- Antimicrobial and NSAID’s
- Corticosteroids if pulmonary oedema is severe
For wooden tongue in cattle:
- State the cause
- State how you would recommend treating it
- Actinobacillus ligniersi
- IV sodium iodide
What is the egg count at which you should consider deworming calves to promote weight gain?
300-400 eggs/gram
What is hydroamnios?
- Gradual accumulation of fluid - the calf is usually clinically unaffected
What is hydroallantois and what is the prognosis?
- Disorder of the placenta → rapid accumulation of 100-200L of watery clear fluid during the last trimester
- Prognosis for the life of the foetus and the fertility of the cow is poor
How is Streptococcus agalactiae diagnosed?
- Perform a cAMP - Staph a. and strep a. together -→ haemolytic reaction leaving an area on the culture plate blank
For tetanus in cattle:
- State the main cause of it
- Describe the pathophysiology
- Recent metritis/uterine infection
- Prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitters e.g. GABA → spastic paralysis
What are the three most common causes of colic in cattle?
- Intussusception
- Caecal dilation with or without torsion
- Abomasal volvulus
For Neospora canine:
- State when it occurs
- Who is the definitive host?
- How is a diagnosis made?
- Second trimester
- Dogs
- Histologic lesions in the brain
Briefly explain the causes of secondary photosensitisation:
Liver fails to excrete Phylloerythrin → Phylloerythrin accumulation within the skin
When is chorioallantoic slip first palpable in bovine pregnancy?
30-35 days
When performing a necropsy on the abomasum of cattle you find thousands on larvae. What is the main differential?
Type II Ostertagiasis
What animals are affected by foot and mouth disease?
Only cloven hoofed animals - pigs, sheep and cattle (NOT HORSES)
For enzootic pneumoniae:
- State the main cause
- Describe the distribution
- What is the main differential?
- Poor housing and environment
- Cranioventral consolidation
- Pasturella multicoda
For shipping fever:
- State the main cause
- What is the usual history
- Mannhiema haemolytica
- Associated with stresses e.g. shipping
What is the main cause of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats?
C. pseudotuberculosis
What are the clinical signs seen with Clostridium hemolyticum?
- Liver lesions and results in acute haemolysis and death
For acute toxicosis:
- Briefly describe the environmental conditions that lead to it
- What are the main organ systems affected?
- How is it treated?
- How can it be avoided?
- Snow knocks down oak branches → eaten by calves that cannot eat the grass
- Renal + GI signs
- IV fluids
- Animals don’t eat the oak if given hay immediately as the snow falls
