Practice Final Qs Flashcards by Sandy Tran

If Jenna is 6 weeks pregnant (by gestational age), her baby is – weeks by fetal age and is considered a(n) — .

4, embryo

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For which of the following nutrients is the recommended intake during pregnancy unchanged throughout pregnancy compared to the recommended intake for non-pregnant women?

Iron
Calcium
Protein
Folate
Vitamin A

Calcium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following occurs in pregnancy?

Blood volume expands causing water soluble vitamins to appear lower in concentration
Red blood cells expand more than blood volume causing blood to thicken
Blood volume expansion causes a dramatic increase in blood pressure
Blood volume remains constant throughout pregnancy

Blood volume expands causing water soluble vitamins to appear lower in concentration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for decreasing nausea and vomiting of pregnancy?

Consume ginger
Try B6 supplements
Eat smaller meals/snacks
Separate fluids and solids
Reduce intake of animal proteins

Reduce intake of animal proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What supplements would you recommend for someone at risk for preterm birth?

Calcium, folic acid & iron
Omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, folic acid & iron
Omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid & iron
Only folic acid & iron

Omega-3 fatty acids, folic acid & iron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The main reason for the discontinuation of breastfeeding among Canadians is:

Return to work
Medical condition in baby or parent
Cost
Difficulties with breastfeeding
Lack of breastmilk (perceived or real)

Lack of breastmilk (perceived or real)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is TRUE of the proteins in human milk?

There is more casein than whey

The total amount of protein in human milk is higher than in cow’s milk

The proteins have both nutritional and non-nutrition related benefits for the infant

They include proteins such as carnitine, which is important for brain development

The protein content of milk is highly dependent on the maternal diet

The proteins have both nutritional and non-nutrition related benefits for the infant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements about the nutrition-related benefits of breastfeeding is FALSE?

The carbohydrate content of breast milk (in terms of both quality and quantity) is well suited to meet most infants’ needs

Breast milk contains long chain omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., EPA and DHA) which are thought to be important for infant development

Breast milk is a rich source of fat-soluble vitamins, therefore additional supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins is not recommended/necessary for babies who are exclusively breastfed in Canada

Breastfeeding provides iron and zinc in forms that have high bioavailability

Breast milk is a rich source of fat-soluble vitamins, therefore additional supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins is not recommended/necessary for babies who are exclusively breastfed in Canada

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is TRUE of breastfeeding positions?

Regardless of position, the baby should be held so their tummy is facing the “mummy”

The baby’s head should be supported so that it cannot move

In a good latch, very little breast tissue should be in the infant’s mouth

Swallowing sounds are not a good indicator of the baby getting milk

Breastfeeding should be painful in the first few days if it is done properly

Regardless of position, the baby should be held so their tummy is facing the “mummy”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is poorly digested in very young infants?

Protein
Starch
Medium chain fatty acids
All of these
None of these

Starch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

If an infant has a family member with food allergies, the best plan is to:

Introduce potential allergens early and often

Avoid potential allergens until 1 year of age

Delay allergen introduction until a later age (eg. 9 months)

Introduce allergens early but do not give them frequently
Only use hydrolyzed formulas until allergy testing can be done

Introduce potential allergens early and often

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is TRUE regarding child eating behaviors?

When children are pressured to eat they tend to eat more than they need

When food is used as a reward, children learn to prefer that food

When children help prepare food, they are less likely to consume it

Children should not be allowed to get hungry

When food is used as a reward, children learn to prefer that food

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Based on what you have learned in this course, which of the following do you think would be the most important topic(s) for a nutrition education session for parents of toddlers who attend one of UBC’s daycare centres for young children? Note, the children at this daycare are approximately 2 years old.

Low-fat “Fun” Foods: Ways to Get Your Toddler to Eat Less Fat and Fewer Calories

The Division of Responsibility: Who is in Charge of What at Mealtime?

Your Child’s First Foods: What Foods Should You Introduce to Baby First and Why?

Reshaping Body Image: How to get your toddler to love their body at any size
Two of the above topics would be highly relevant priority issues for parents of 2 year olds

The Division of Responsibility: Who is in Charge of What at Mealtime?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In the Division of Responsibility for children:

Parents are responsible for what is offered, when and where; children decide whether and how much to eat

Parents are responsible for what is offered and when, children decide where, whether and how much to eat

Parents are responsible for what is offered and where; children decide when, whether and how much to eat

Responsibility tasks are equally divided among parents and children

Children learn to be responsible for their own food preparation

Parents are responsible for what is offered, when and where; children decide whether and how much to eat

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

To make a plate more enticing to children (>2 years old) you should: [Select all that apply]

Always serve the same foods

Mash or mince foods so they are easier for children to eat

Offer a variety of foods but mix them together to enhance flavor

Continue to offer foods multiple times to increase acceptance

Eat with your children to model healthy eating behaviors

Continue to offer foods multiple times to increase acceptance

Eat with your children to model healthy eating behaviors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Kai is a healthy 2-year-old. What proportion of energy (kcal) in his diet should come from fat?

20-35% of total kcal
30 – 40% of total kcal
45 – 65% of total kcal
<10%

30 – 40% of total kcal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to monitoring growth during childhood?

From birth to age 2 years (24 months), growth is monitored by tracking changes in weight, length, head circumference, and weight-for-length. But after the age of 2 years, growth is assessed by tracking changes in BMI-for-age over time

It is better to use patterns of growth over time than a single measurement

After the age of 2 years, a child who falls at or above the 85th percentile of BMI-for-age would be classified as obese

There are different growth charts for girls and boys; the WHO recommends using sex-specific growth charts to monitor the growth for a particular infant or child

After the age of 2 years, a child who falls at or above the 85th percentile of BMI-for-age would be classified as obese

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of these represents picky eating?

The child often cries and has difficulties swallowing when eating

The child wants to eat the same food for lunch for two weeks

The child is afraid of trying new foods

The child’s preference changes

The child is unwilling to try foods despite the foods being known or familiar to them

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements about childhood nutrition is TRUE?

Foods additives can worsen symptoms of ADHD

Eating sugar causes hyperactivity
Sugar fuels bacteria that can cause dental caries
Children should never be given foods with added sugars or sodium
Children should not be offered desert unless they finish their meal

Sugar fuels bacteria that can cause dental caries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following best represents funding for school-based programs in Canada?

The Canadian budget has included funding for school lunch programs since the 1990’s.

Federal funding for school lunch programs was announced in 2024

While few school lunch programs currently exist, those that do are funded by federal and provincial governments

Federal funding for school lunch programs was recently reduced due to unclear program objectives and challenges in measuring outcomes

Federal funding for school lunch programs was announced in 2024

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the “Teach Foods First” approach for elementary schools?

Teaching children about nutrient requirements and how to get these from foods

Teaching children to appreciate the different colours, shapes, and tastes of food
Teaching children about enjoying food together
Teaching children where foods come from

Teaching children about nutrient requirements and how to get these from foods

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is TRUE of the DRI for children?

The age groups are 1-3, 4-8, and 9-13 years

Protein requirements per kg bodyweight increase with age in childhood

Energy requirements throughout childhood are not separated in physical activity categories
Calcium requirements decrease through childhood

The age groups are 1-3, 4-8, and 9-13 years

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The adolescent growth spurt can result in substantial height gains. In females, the peak growth velocity occurs around age ______________, and in males it typically occurs ________________.

12; later
12; earlier
12; around the same age
9; later
9; earlier

12; later

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Of the individuals below, who would have highest requirements for calcium in mg/d?

10 month old infant
16 year old female
52 year old male
3 month old infant
38 year old pregnant female

16 year old female

Which of the following is TRUE with respect to the dietary intakes of Canadian adolescents? Average dietary quality of Canadian teenagers is substantially better than that of younger children Average dietary quality of Canadian teenagers is slightly worse than that of younger children Intakes of dairy products and milk alternatives are generally high among teenagers Due to low levels of fruit and vegetable intake among Canadian teenagers, many teens (>50%) report vitamin C intakes below the EAR, putting them at risk for deficiency Iron intakes are low among both male and female adolescents

Average dietary quality of Canadian teenagers is slightly worse than that of younger children

The developmental tasks of adolescence include all of the following EXCEPT: Developing independence Navigating body image and self-acceptance Developing meaningful and mature peer relationships Exploring and shaping a sense of self, values, and social responsibility Establishing a career path

Establishing a career path

Which of the following is estimated to result in the highest number of deaths among Canadians during adolescence? Eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa Obesity Type 2 Diabetes Vitamin C deficiency Osteoporosis-related hip fracture

Eating disorders such as Anorexia Nervosa

Which of the following eating disorders and diagnostic criteria are incorrectly matched? Anorexia nervosa - restricting intake leading to BMI < 17.5 Bulimia nervosa - recurrent restriction and then binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors Binge eating disorders - recurrent binge eating without compensatory behaviors "Atypical" anorexia - restriction of food without weight/BMI requirement Night eating disorder - snacking in the evening before bed

Night eating disorder - snacking in the evening before bed

Sophie is a 17-year-old recently diagnosed with an eating disorder. She has experienced significant weight loss, irregular eating habits, and avoids entire food groups due to fear of weight gain. A registered dietitian is working as part of her care team to implement a nutrition intervention plan. Which of the following would be the most appropriate component of Sophie’s nutrition care plan? Placing Sophie on a calorie-restricted diet to maintain control over food intake Focusing solely on weight gain without addressing Sophie’s food-related fears Encouraging balanced meals, correcting nutrient deficiencies, and supporting gradual weight restoration Advising Sophie to eat intuitively without structure to promote independence

Encouraging balanced meals, correcting nutrient deficiencies, and supporting gradual weight restoration

Which of the following is TRUE of body mass and composition in adulthood? Body weight tends to increase over time, then decrease with advanced age Body weight tends to increase throughout the lifespan Body mass tends to increase through adulthood as muscle mass expands Body mass tends to decrease throughout adulthood as fat mass increases and muscle mass decreases

Body weight tends to increase over time, then decrease with advanced age

Which of the following is TRUE of calcium and vitamin D requirements in adulthood? The RDA for calcium and vitamin D do not change from 19 years on The RDA for calcium does not change but vitamin D increases after age 50 The RDA for calcium increases in females after age 50 and in males after age 70 The RDA for vitamin D is stable throughout adulthood and into old age; however, older adults need a vitamin D supplement

The RDA for calcium increases in females after age 50 and in males after age 70

The Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommend: At least 1 hour (60 min) of physical activity every day 10-12 hours of sleep per night Limiting screen time to no more than 2 hours per day Muscle strengthening activities at least twice per week

Muscle strengthening activities at least twice per week

Which of the options below is FALSE regarding sarcopenia? Low protein intake can contribute to its development Exercise is key to its prevention and low physical activity may contribute to its development It is characterized by the progressive loss of skeletal muscle tissue with age Although it impacts metabolic rate, it has a minimal impact on functional status and risk of falls

Although it impacts metabolic rate, it has a minimal impact on functional status and risk of falls

The DRI for adults are divided into the following age categories: 19-30, 31-50 and 51-70 years. The key differences occurring between 31-50 and 51-70 include all of the following EXCEPT: Adults over 50 need synthetic vitamin B12 from supplements or fortified foods Adults over 50 should take a vitamin D supplement everyday Calcium requirements increase for males and females over 50 Iron requirements decrease for females over 50

Calcium requirements increase for males and females over 50

What advantages does waist circumference have over BMI when assessing health risks? Waist circumference allows us to assess visceral fatness Waist circumference is appropriate for a wide range of ethnicities Higher waist circumference is always associated with health risks, whereas high BMI may not be Waist circumference is easier to measure than BMI

Waist circumference allows us to assess visceral fatness

Which of the following is TRUE of weight bias? Bias is least prevalent among health care professionals Weight bias accounts (at least in part) for higher mortality among people in larger bodies Weight bias is easily overcome Weight bias only exists in healthcare

Weight bias accounts (at least in part) for higher mortality among people in larger bodies

Which of the following is TRUE of the aging population in Canada? Most seniors still live at home Most seniors live under the poverty line Life expectancy does not differ across poorer or richer neighborhoods The number of adults still working after age 65 has decreased in the last 10 years

Most seniors still live at home

Key concerns of aging include all of the following EXCEPT: Decreased sense of smell and taste Loss of independence Decreased stomach acidity Increased likelihood of chronic diseases, such as hypertension, heart disease, and osteoarthritis Excess intakes of energy

Excess intakes of energy

Which of these statements about osteoporosis is FALSE? It is more likely to occur in compact bone It is the leading cause of hip fracture among older adults Key strategies for prevention include getting adequate calcium and vitamin D and performing weight bearing exercises It is more common among elderly females

It is more likely to occur in compact bone

Older adults who are more likely to experience malnutrition include those who: Have a higher BMI Live in long term care facilities Live alone Live on a fixed income

Live alone

Which of the following best explains why older adults need nutrient-dense foods? Energy needs decrease while requirements for most nutrients increase Energy needs decrease while requirements for most nutrients stay the same as for younger adults Energy needs increase while requirements for most nutrients stay the same as for older adults Energy needs and requirements for most nutrients increase with aging

Energy needs decrease while requirements for most nutrients stay the same as for younger adults

Which of the following correctly describes vitamin B12 needs of older adults? The RDA for vitamin B12 increases to compensate for reduced absorption The RDA for vitamin B12 increases to compensate for reduced intake of food sources of vitamin B12 The RDA for vitamin B12 is the same throughout adulthood but older adults are recommended to take a supplement to compensate for reduced intake of animal foods The RDA for vitamin B12 is the same throughout adulthood but older adults are recommended to get B12 from supplements or fortified foods to compensate for reduced absorption

The RDA for vitamin B12 is the same throughout adulthood but older adults are recommended to get B12 from supplements or fortified foods to compensate for reduced absorption

Which of the following is least likely to affect the requirements for folate in older adults? Medication use Presence of disease Rate of physiological aging Body weight

Body weight

Why is fibre intake important for older adults? Gut motility decreases leading to higher likelihood of constipation Gut motility increases leading to less absorption of nutrients Recommendations for fibre intake increase in aging to support gut health Fibre can interfere with medications, so dietary fibre intakes of older adults need to be closely monitored

Gut motility decreases leading to higher likelihood of constipation

When are pureed foods used for adults? Before trying minced or mashed textures with adults experiencing difficulties chewing or eating For adults experiencing difficulties eating who cannot handle minced/mashed foods For adults with periodontal disease For adults who can no longer tolerate fluids like water

For adults experiencing difficulties eating who cannot handle minced/mashed foods

Olenna - a 92 year old female - received a low score on the MNA. Based on this, which of the following is most likely true? Olenna is severely underweight Olenna is likely malnourished and is this is associated with a greater risk of death in the next few years Olenna is likely malnourished and may also have reduced cognitive function Olenna is likely well-nourished

Olenna is likely malnourished and is this is associated with a greater risk of death in the next few years

What recommendations would you give to Keira regarding her excessive weight gain?

Should not try to lose weight but focus on: nutrient dense foods, following hunger cues, staying active.

What are your main concerns about her weight gain? In other words, how might this affect her health and that of her baby?

Excess weight gain in pregnancy could lead to: Baby that is large for gestational age Challenges with delivery challenges with subsequent weight management for pregnant person

Joanne is feeding her 7-day-old infant and is unsure if he is getting enough milk. Describe four signs she can look for to ensure her baby is getting enough milk.

1. Number of wet diapers after day 6 should be 6+ 2. Stools should transition to a yellow, seedy consistency 3. Baby is alert during awake time 4. Baby is gaining weight appropriately

What advice would you provide to Joanne if she still feels she is not producing enough milk.

She can boost her supply by feeding more frequently and/or pumping or expressing milk between feeds. She could also try a galactagogue, such as fennel or oats, or a lactation tea.

Taylor’s son, Marc is a healthy 6-month-old boy. Taylor is considering introducing solid foods but is unsure how to do so. Describe how the division of responsibility changes between younger infancy (0-6 months) to later infancy 6-24 months.

0-6 months parents are responsible for what is provided (breastmilk or formula) but infant is responsible for when, where and how much. When solids are introduced, the parents are responsible for what, when and where and the infant is responsible for whether they eat and how much.

What foods should Taylor introduce to his son first? Are there any foods he should delay until after 1 year of age?

First foods: Iron rich sources such as pureed meats Should avoid (until 1 year): Honey Choking hazards, such as round foods (eg grapes, hard candies), hard fruits or vegetables, peanut butter spread thickly Unpasteurized dairy or fruit juices, undercooked eggs, meat or fish Plant-based milks as these do not provide adequate calcium, protein, or energy

Describe the three parental feeding practices. Which of these is associated with the best outcomes (healthy eating) in children?

1.Authoritative: some rules/limits with sensitivity towards the child's needs 2.Authoritarian: highly controlling/restrictive 3.Permissive: provide little structure and allow children to eat whatever they want Authoritative is generally associated with the best outcomes.

Your friend approaches you for advice. She says: “I am a high school teacher and I notice a lot of the girls at school seem to be very concerned with their appearance and they are often dieting in an attempt to lose weight. I am pretty sure some of them have probably even developed eating disorders. Is there anything I can do to help prevent eating disorders among my students?" What advice do you provide?

Best answers would include: Put the focus on health, not weight Discuss how adolescents can use food to help them grow stronger, focus on school work, feel better Discuss socialization and enjoyment of foods Harms of disordered eating Any of the Do/Don't from Maude's guest lecture on eating disorders

What are the key nutrition goals for adults?

Maintenance of body weight, composition, and bone health Optimal health for activities of daily living and sports Prevention of chronic disease Setting up for healthy aging

What are the top three pieces of advice you provide to older adults to ensure he meets his nutrient needs? Justify each choice.

Best answers would include: Follow Canada Food Guide plate - 1/2 veg and fruits, 1/2 whole grains, 1/2 protein Focus on nutrient-dense foods to meet nutrient requirements while appetite and energy needs decrease Take supplements of vitamin B12 and vitamin D Include protein at each meal and sources of calcium multiple times per day

How might psychosocial factors be influencing Larry's (older adult) appetite and ability to prepare food? What community resources could you refer Larry to maintain his social well being as he and his wife age?

Living on a fixed income could affect his ability to get foods that would be easy to prepare. Partner's illness has influenced his ability to make (and enjoy) food. Declining health of his partner may make him depressed, further reducing his appetite. Could refer them to: Community groups for socialization - eg. walking club or dinner club Resources for healthy eating in aging (eg. Health eating for seniors handbook) Community food delivery services

Would you recommend a calorie-restricted diet to slow aging? Why or why not?

Best answer is probably no. Although there is limited evidence to support this hypothesis, the potential risks - including malnutrition, weight loss, and disordered eating - outweigh potential benefits at this time.