Adolescence Flashcards
What is adolescence, and how is it defined?
Adolescence is the transition between childhood and adulthood, typically from ages 10-19, marked by physical, psychosocial, and cognitive maturity. It is better defined by biological and psychosocial indicators rather than age alone
What are the 4 major biological changes that occur during adolescence?
Gains in weight and height
Bone mass accumulation
Changes in body composition
Sexual maturity
Variable timeline for each individual
What are 4 key psychosocial changes in adolescence?
Struggle for independence
Formation of social roles and peer relationships
Adolescent turmoil
Development of identity and values
What are the 3 key milestones of sexual maturation during puberty?
Development of pubic hair
Breast and genitalia development
Menarche (onset of menstrual cycle) in females
What 2 hormones regulate the onset of puberty, and what are their functions?
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of FSH and LH, which promote testosterone (males) and estrogen/progesterone (females).
CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) stimulates the adrenal cortex to release DHEA, a sex hormone that may trigger puberty.
How do growth spurts differ between males and females?
Females experience an earlier growth spurt, peaking at around age 12.
Males experience a later growth spurt, peaking at around age 14.
Linear growth is usually complete at age 16 (females) and 18 (males).
How does body composition change during adolescence?
Males: Increased muscle mass, decreased body fat (~12%), testosterone affects shoulder joint development.
Females: Increased body fat (~23%), estrogen affects hip joint development.
Why do nutrient needs increase during adolescence?
To support rapid growth, bone mass accumulation, and energy needs for nearly adult-sized bodies.
Which nutrients are most critical during adolescence, and why?
Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium: Needed for bone mass accumulation.
Protein: Supports muscle growth.
Iron: Supports increased blood volume and muscle development.
What are the AMDRs for macronutrients in adolescents (ages 4-18)?
Carbohydrates: 45-65%
Protein: 10-30%
Fat: 25-35%
Why do calcium and phosphorus requirements increase during adolescence?
They are needed for peak bone mass accumulation, which is highest during this period.
How do protein requirements in adolescence compare to those in adulthood?
While protein needs per kg are higher in adolescence, total protein intake is lower than in adults due to lower body weight.
How does cognitive development affect adolescent eating behaviors?
Adolescents struggle with abstract thinking, making it difficult to recognize long-term health consequences of poor dietary choices.
They prioritize autonomy, independence, peer influence, and food enjoyment.
How do food behaviors change during adolescence?
More frequent eating away from home
Increased snacking
Skipping meals, especially breakfast
Why is peer influence an important factor in adolescent nutrition?
Peers play a major role in shaping food choices, often leading to increased consumption of fast food and processed snacks.
What 10 nutrient inadequacies are common among Canadian adolescents?
Many adolescents do not get enough calcium, folate, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin A, C, D, and zinc.
Why are iron requirements higher for females after childhood?
Increased needs due to menstruation and blood loss, requiring 15 mg/day for females (ages 14-18) compared to 11 mg/day for males.
Who is at risk for iron deficiency during adolescence?
Females with heavy menstruation
Vegetarians
Endurance athletes
Those with disordered eating
Those with low socioeconomic status
Do adolescents generally need vitamin/mineral supplements?
No, if they consume a balanced diet. However, some may need vitamin D, iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid supplementation.
What are 5 key dietary recommendations for adolescents according to Canada’s Food Guide?
Choose fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and protein foods.
Make healthy drink choices.
Plan meals and snacks.
Eat without distractions.
Be aware of food marketing.
What 3 strategies can encourage healthy eating habits in adolescents?
Model good nutrition behavior.
Create interventions that align with adolescent values.
Promote peer support for healthy eating
