Clicker Questions Flashcards
Which of the following is FALSE?
A. The MMR is an indicator of population health
B. Since the 1990’s the MMR has decreased
C. The infant mortality rate is higher among Indigenous
communities
D. Low birth weights are increasing in Canada
E. Nutrition is important for the health of both the baby and
pregnant person
B. Since the 1990’s the MMR has decreased
With regards to later risk of chronic disease (obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease), which group has a statistically higher risk of later disease?
A. Babies born small for their age
B. Babies born large for their age
C. Size at birth does not make a difference
A. Babies born small for their age
With regards to later risk of chronic disease, the most
vulnerable time in pregnancy is:
A. Pre-conception
B. Early pregnancy
C. Mid pregnancy
D. Late in pregnancy
B. Early pregnancy
On average, how long does pregnancy last?
A. 20 weeks
B. 35 weeks
C. 38 weeks
D. 40 weeks
E. 45 weeks
C. 38 weeks
D. 40 weeks
Andi’s physician just confirmed her pregnancy. Using the
gestational age method used in health care, Andi is
advised that she is 7 weeks pregnant.
For approximately how long has the “conceptus” been
growing/developing?
A. 5 weeks
B. 7 weeks
C. 9 weeks
D. This cannot be determined from the information
provided
A. 5 weeks
JL was born at 38 weeks and weighed 2400 g. JL would
be considered:
A. Preterm and SGA (small for gestational age)
B. Term and SGA
C. Preterm and normal birth weight
D. Term and normal birth weight
E. Term but large for gestational age
B. Term and SGA
In the germinal stage, the cell mass differentiates into an outer mass (trophoblast) and inner mass. The trophoblast
becomes the:
A. Nervous system
B. Skin
C. Digestive system
D. Placenta
E. Heart
D. Placenta
The embryo differentiates into three layers – ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Which of the following layers
are incorrectly matched with the tissue they form?
A. Ectoderm: skin, hair, nails
B. Ectoderm: nervous system
C. Ectoderm: bone and muscles
D. Mesoderm: heart, kidneys, gonads
E. Endoderm: digestive system and respiratory systems
C. Ectoderm: bone and muscles
Which of the following does the fetus do in utero? [Select all that apply]
A. Breathing via lungs
B. Digestion
C. Defecating (poop)
D. Urinating
E. Circulate blood through heart
B. Digestion
D. Urinating
E. Circulate blood through heart
What key nutrient is needed for proper closure of the
neural tube?
Folate/ folic acid
If a pregnant person’s blood alcohol was 0.07, what would
be the approximate blood alcohol of the fetus?
A. ~0.07
B. Much less than 0.07
C. Much more than 0.07
A. ~0.07
What key nutrient(s) will be needed to support the expansion of blood volume?
Iron, folate, vitamin B12, water
Body water increases from 7 to ~10 liters with plasma volume increasing by 50%.
The expansion of body water in pregnancy is likely to make water soluble vitamin and mineral concentrations:
A. Appear lower
B. Appear higher
C. Unchanged
A. Appear lower
What is the purpose of insulin resistance in pregnancy?
What might be an unintended consequence of this?
insulin resistance so there is higher blood glucose to ensure supply enough glucose to the fetus
unintended consequence: gestational diabetes
Which of the following impact human energy requirements:
[Select all that apply]
A. Age
B. Physical activity
C. Sex
D. Body size
E. Pregnancy
A. Age
B. Physical activity
C. Sex
D. Body size
E. Pregnancy
Approximately how many more calories are needed in the first trimester of pregnancy?
A. Negligible/none
B. ~200 kcal per day
C. ~450 kcal per day
D. ~2000 kcal more per day
E. >2000 kcal more per day
A. Negligible/none
What would be the best way to determine whether a pregnant person is meeting their increased energy needs?
A. Conduct periodic 24-hour recalls to determine if, compared to pre
pregnancy dietary intake, they are consuming at least 200 kcal more
during the 2nd and 3rd trimester
B. Monitor weight gain throughout the pregnancy
C. Monitor growth of the fetus throughout the pregnancy
D. Monitor weight gain and growth of the fetus throughout pregnancy
D. Monitor weight gain and growth of the fetus throughout pregnancy
Typically, where does the largest proportion of the
gained mass go (other than to the fetus itself)?
A. Breast tissue
B. Maternal blood
C. Placenta
D. Maternal fat stores
D. Maternal fat stores
How are current protein requirements (EAR) determined for
adults?
A. Using the factorial method – adding all nitrogen lost per
day and accounting for extra needed for growth
B. Nitrogen balance
C. Estimating mean intakes of healthy people
D. Using a protein indicator method
B. Nitrogen balance
Does the AMDR and RDA for carbohydrates change
during pregnancy?
A. Yes, both increase
B. RDA increases, AMDR stays the same
C. AMDR increases, RDA stays the same
D. Neither increase
B. RDA increases, AMDR stays the same
Sukhdeep is a 28-year-old woman who is 10 weeks pregnant.
She has kept food intake records for a long time, and her usual calcium intake is ~850 mg/day. Her calcium intake thus far in her pregnancy has not changed and it continues to be ~850 mg/day.
Considering this information and the RDA for calcium for pregnant females of her age, we can conclude that
Sukhdeep does not meet her calcium requirement.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
B. FALSE
Should sodium be restricted in pregnancy?
A. Yes, because it can cause high blood pressure
B. Yes, because it can be dangerous for the fetus
C. No, because sodium is essential for fluid balance
D. No, because sodium is necessary for adequate energy
C. No, because sodium is essential for fluid balance
What nutrients would you recommend be supplemented?
[Select all that apply]
A. Iron
B. Folic acid
C. B12
D. Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA + EPA)
E. Iodine
A. Iron
B. Folic acid
For which of the following does evidence support the use of omega-3 fatty acid supplements in pregnancy? [Select all
that apply]
A. Improved brain development/cognition in offsrping
B. Reduced pre-term birth
C. Reduced risk of low birth weight
D. Reduced incidence of allergies in offspring
E. Postpartum depression
B. Reduced pre-term birth
C. Reduced risk of low birth weight
Alcohol in pregnancy:
A. Should be avoided completely
B. Is fine in small quantities
C. Is fine in “moderation”
D. Is safe
A. Should be avoided completely
Pregnant people are 10 times more likely to get listeriosis. This
foodborne illness can infect the fetus even if the pregnant person doesn’t feel sick. To avoid this illness, all of the
following should be avoided in pregnancy EXCEPT:
A. Raw fish
B. Undercooked meat
C. Soft cheese
D. Unpasteurized milk
E. Shellfish
Shellfish
In early to mid pregnancy, blood pressure is typically:
A. Higher than non-pregnant
B. Same as non-pregnant
C. Lower than non-pregnant
C. Lower than non-pregnant
Why do we use dietary folate equivalents?
A. Our body can form folate endogenously with dietary precursors.
B. To factor in different bioavailability of folate forms.
C. To account for supplemental folate.
D. Food folate is more readily absorbed compared to synthetic
folate.
B. To factor in different bioavailability of folate forms.
What might be a confounder in the relationship between
breastfeeding and IQ?
socioeconomic status
education levels
availability of the parent
Which of the following can reduce the likelihood of successful
breastfeeding? [Select all that apply]
A. Small breast size
B. Breast reduction surgery
C. Breast implants
D. Infrequent breastfeeding
E. Skin to skin contact after birth
D. Infrequent breastfeeding
What is the Breastfeeding Paradox?
A. With more frequent and longer durations of feeds, less milk
is produced
B. Nursing is supposed to be easy and “natural”, but is a struggle
for many
C. Those who stand to gain much from the health benefits of
breastfeeding (and can least afford to buy formula) are least
likely to breastfeed
D. The larger the baby, the less milk they need
C. Those who stand to gain much from the health benefits of
breastfeeding (and can least afford to buy formula) are least
likely to breastfeed
When are female breasts considered fully developed?
A. In childhood
B. In later adolescence or early adulthood
C. In pregnancy
D. After pregnancy
E. In menopause
D. After pregnancy
Which of the following correctly matches prolactin and
oxytocin to their endocrine gland?
A. Prolactin & oxytocin – anterior pituitary
B. Prolactin & oxytocin – posterior pituitary
C. Prolactin – anterior pituitary; Oxytocin – posterior pituitary
D. Oxytocin – anterior pituitary; Prolactin – posterior pituitary
E. It depends
C. Prolactin – anterior pituitary; Oxytocin – posterior pituitary
You need to have been pregnant to produce milk (lactate).
A. True
B. False
B. False
Human milk is rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
A. True
B. False
C. It depends
C. It depends
Which of the following is correct?
A. Breastmilk contains much more iron than infant formula, and iron is much better absorbed from breast milk
B. Breastmilk contains much more iron than infant formula, but iron is much better absorbed from infant formula
C. Breastmilk contains much less iron than infant formula, but iron is much better absorbed from breast milk
D. Breastmilk contains much less iron than infant formula, and iron is much better absorbed from infant formula
C. Breastmilk contains much less iron than infant formula, but iron is much better absorbed from breast milk
Anne and Kristy are both breastfeeding 3-month-old babies. Anne’s diet has more iron and vitamin B12 than Kristy’s diet. Which of the following is correct regarding the composition of
their breast milk?
A. Anne’s milk will contain more iron than Kristy’s milk
B. Anne’s milk will contain more vitamin B12 than Kristy’s milk
C. Anne’s milk will contain more iron and vitamin B12 than Kristy’s milk
D. These differences in dietary intake will not contribute to any
differences in breast milk composition between Anne and
Kristy
B. Anne’s milk will contain more vitamin B12 than Kristy’s milk
Cannabinoids such as THC are lipid soluble, this means they will
enter milk by:
A. Passive diffusion
B. Facilitated transport
C. Active transport
D. Exocytosis
A. Passive diffusion
Should a prenatal multivitamin be continued in lactation?
A. Yes
B. No
C. It depends on the person
B. No
How Often Should Healthy Newborns be Fed?
A. Only once per day in the first few days because they have
adequate nutrient stores from pregnancy, increasing
frequency of feeds with age of the baby
B. ~ 3 meals and 2 snacks to get them into a healthy routine
C. Regularly every ~ 3-4 hours or ~6 times per day
D. On demand, about every 2-3 hours or as often as baby
wants to feed, > 10 times per day
D. On demand, about every 2-3 hours or as often as baby
wants to feed, > 10 times per day
How can you tell if the infant is getting enough breast milk?
A. The baby falls asleep at the breast every time she eats
B. Breast size shrinks by about the amount you expect the
baby to eat to be full
C. By weighing the baby before and after each feed to make
sure they have gained the required amount of weight
D. Based on overall feeding frequency, wet and soiled diapers
and appropriate weight gain
D. Based on overall feeding frequency, wet and soiled diapers
and appropriate weight gain
In the In the first few days after birth, an infant’s weight
typically:
A. Increases by about 5-10% of their birthweight
B. Decreases by about 5-10% of their birthweight
C. Stays about the same as their birthweight regardless of
whether they were fed formula or breastmilk
B. Decreases by about 5-10% of their birthweight
By approximately what age are infants expected to double
their birthweight
A. Two months
B. 4-6 months
C. 1 year
D. 2 years
E. 3-4 years
B. 4-6 months
With respect to assessing growth, which of the following is/are TRUE?
A. A normal growth pattern tends to follow the same percentile growth curve over time
B. A measurement at a higher percentile is better (e.g., a weight-for-length measurement at the 75th percentile is better than a weight-for-length measurement at the 20th percentile)
C. Measurements at the 50th percentile should be the goal for each child’s growth
D. All of the above are true
E. A and B are true
A. A normal growth pattern tends to follow the same percentile growth curve over time
What is the main source of carbohydrate in breastmilk?
A. Starch
B. Sucrose
C. Lactase
D. Lactose
E. Glucose
D. Lactose
What key nutrients are important for brain growth and
development? [Select all that apply]
A. Iron
B. Omega-3 fatty acids
C. Sodium
D.Potassium
E. Calcium
A. Iron
B. Omega-3 fatty acids
Based on when oral reflexes disappear, when would you
introduce solid foods?
A. At 2 months
B. At 4 months
C. At 6 months
D. At 12 months
C. At 6 months
The majority of energy expenditure for newborns (age 0-3 months) is needed for:
A. Basal metabolic rate
B. Physical activity
C. Energy deposited in new tissues
A. Basal metabolic rate
Given the importance of omega-3 DHA for brain development,
an AI was set for DHA intake for infants.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Is there an AMDR for infants 0 – 12 months of age?
A. Yes
B. No
B. No
How much water should infants drink in the first 6 months of life?
A. Enough to satisfy their thirst after breast feeding or consuming formula
B. Approximately 8 small cups per day to start good habits to last into adulthood
C. Young infants should not normally consume water
C. Young infants should not normally consume water
If infants are both breastfeeding and getting some formula, should they be given a vitamin D supplement?
A. Yes
B. No
C. It depends how much breastmilk they’re consuming
A. Yes
Which of the following would increase the risk for pathological jaundice?
A. Early formula feeding
B. Post-dates delivery
C. Caesarean delivery
D. Blood type incompatibility
D. Blood type incompatibility
Which nutrient would you be most concerned about in an infant who was solely breastfed at one year of age?
A. Protein
B. Water
C. Calcium
D. Vitamin D
E. Iron
E. Iron
What complementary foods should be introduced first?
A. Iron-fortified baby cereal
B. Pureed meat or meat alternatives
C. Mashed banana
D. Yogurt
E. Mashed avocados
A. Iron-fortified baby cereal
Most young children are “neophobic” – they do not readily accept new foods. Approximately how many times does a food
need to be presented before it may be accepted?
A. Two-three times
B. Four-five times
C. 6-7 times
D. 8-10 times
E. More than 10 times
E. More than 10 times
How should common allergens (eg. Peanuts) be introduced?
A. Delay introduction until the infant is older (>1 year)
B. Delay introduction until school age
C. Introduce early to prevent allergies (before 4 months of age)
D. For infants with a family history of allergies, do not introduce allergens until much later (school age). For all
others, introduce with other complementary foods.
E. For babies at increased risk, prioritize potential food allergens at the start of complementary foods. Babies not at increased risk, introduce potential food allergens as part
of their complementary food.
E. For babies at increased risk, prioritize potential food allergens at the start of complementary foods. Babies not at increased risk, introduce potential food allergens as part
of their complementary food.
