PPD - Brightwood

Question 1

Sustainable side, planning, and design

Answer 1

Site selection: adjacency to public transportation, not building in floodplains of hundred year or build one food above the hundred year elevation

Erosion fire and landslides are zone that we should not build, and we will damage the aqua system . Site with higher slope should not be built.. agricultural use should not be built. Pay attention to solar orientation and wind pattern of the site.( protecting the building with earth, forms and tree lines may reduce the heat loss in the winter and diminish summer heat gain.) landscape, site conditions, Confurius, trees, or evergreen trees can act as wind break.

Alternative transportation system like bike path, public transportation, like trains buses, or like carpool opportunities.

Reduction of site disturbance 

Question 2

Stormwater management (sustainable)

Answer 2

Per wide on site infiltration of contaminant from entering the main waterways bio swale
Sand infiltration
Catch basin
Stripe I’ve of plans
Road ditched 

Question 3

Leed is a voluntary environmental rating system that is organized into five categories

Answer 3

Sustainable site
Water, efficiency
Energy and atmosphere
Material and the resources
Indoor air quality

Question 4

Labor is more than

Answer 4

50% of the cost. Architect should make the drawings and specification complete to minimize the labor on site.

Question 5

Merit shop or open shop

Answer 5

Non union employers

Question 6

Encourage the use of factory or shop labor

Answer 6

Provide a less expensive project

Question 7

Laitance

Answer 7

White powdery on the concrete

Question 8

Structural lightweight concrete

Answer 8

Expanded shale or clay

Question 9

Non structural light weight concrete

Answer 9

Perlite and vermiculite

Question 10

Slumb test for workability
Culandar for compression test

Question 11

Wind and sun will dry out concrete

Question 12

Township

Answer 12

36 ta (6x6) sections

Question 13

Wind exerts positive pressure horizontally on the windward vertical surfaces of a building and normal to windward roof surfaces having a slope greater than 30°.

Answer 13

• A restoring moment is provided by the dead load of a structure acting about the same point of rotation as the overturning movement. Building codes usually require that the restoring moment be at least 50% greater than the overturning moment

Question 14

Columns are rigid, relatively slender structural members designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members. Relatively short, thick columns are subject to failure by crushing rather than by buckling. Failure occurs when the direct stress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the material available in the cross section. An eccentric load, however, can produce bending and result in an uneven stress distribution in the section.

Question 15

• Vierendeel trusses are framed beam structures having vertical web members rigidly connected to parallel top and bottom chords. Vierendeel trusses are not true trusses because their members are subject to nonaxial bending forces.

Question 16

• Fixed frame is a rigid frame connected to its supports with fixed joints. A fixed frame is more resistant to deflection than a hinged frame but also more sensitive to support settlements and thermal expansion and contraction.
• Hinged frame is a rigid frame connected to its supports with pin joints. The pin joints prevent high bending stresses from developing by allowing the frame to rotate as a unit when strained by support settlements, and to flex slightly when stressed by changes in temperature.

Answer 16

A rigid frame connected to its supports with pin joints. The pin joints prevent high bending stresses from developing by allowing the frame to rotate as a unit strained by support settlements, and to flex slightly when stressed by changes in temperature

Question 17

Lateral forces tend to be more critical in the short direction of rectangular buildings, and more efficient shear walls or braced frames are typically used in this direction. In the long direction, any of the lateral force-resisting elements may be used

Question 18

• Torsional irregularity refers to the asymmetrical layout of mass or lateral force-resisting elements, resulting in noncoincident centers of mass and resistance.

Question 19

A reentrant corner is a plan configuration of a structure having projections beyond a corner significantly greater than the plan dimension in the given direction. A re- entrant corner tends to produce differential motions between different portions of the structure, resulting in local stress concentrations at the corner. Solutions include providing a seismic joint to separate the building into simpler shapes, tying the building together more strongly at the corner, or splaying the corner

Question 20

Tall buildings are particularly susceptible to the effects of lateral forces. A rigid frame is the least efficient way to achieve lateral stability and is appropriate only for low- to medium-rise structures. As the height of a building increases, it becomes necessary to supplement a rigid frame with additional bracing mechanisms, such as diagonal bracing or a rigid core. An efficient type of high-rise structure is a tube structure that has perimeter lateral force-resisting systems internally braced by rigid floor diaphragms. The structure acts essentially as a cantilevered box beam in resisting lateral forces

Answer 20

• A perforated shell tube has perimeter shear walls with less than 30% of the surface area perforated by openings

A braced tube is a framed structure tied together by a system of diagonal braces

• A braced tube is a framed structure tied together by a system of diagonal braces.
• A trussed tube has trussed wall frames of widely spaced columns tied together by diagonal or cross bracing.
• A latticed truss tube has perimeter frames of closely spaced diagonals with no vertical columns.
• Bundled tubes is an assembly of narrow tubes tied directly to each other to form a modular structure that behaves like a multicellular box girder cantilevering out of the ground. More tubes are sometimes provided in the lower portion
of a tall structure where greater lateral force resistance
is needed.
• A tube-in-tube structure has an inner braced core added
to the perimeter tube to improve its shear stiffness in resisting lateral forces

Question 21

Underpinning refers to the process of rebuilding or strengthening the foundation of an existing building, or extending it when a new excavation in adjoining property is deeper than the existing foundation.

Question 22

When the building site is sufficiently large that the sides of
an excavation can be bench terraced or sloped at an angle less than the angle of repose for the soil, no supporting structure is necessary. When the sides of a deep excavation exceed the angle of repose for the soil, however, the earth must be temporarily braced or shored until the permanent construction is in place

Question 23

• Sheet piling consists of timber, steel, or precast concrete planks driven vertically side by side to retain earth and prevent water from seeping into an excavation. Steel and precast concrete sheet piling may be left in place as part of the substructure of a building

Answer 23

Look like metal deck

Question 24

• A floating foundation, used in yielding soil, has for its footing a mat placed deep enough that the weight of the excavated soil is equal to or greater than the weight of the construction supported

Question 25

Important

Answer 25

Construction cost can be reduced through the use of repetitive materials and construction methods and details. Because the workers can be more efficient

Construction details and allow work to be done inside the building enclosure improve the construction quality and efficiency.

Although labor cost is the major cost of construction cost, it can be controlled.

Apartment developers are more interested in fast and quick profits instead of long-term cost.

Governmental projects are interested in long term.

Material in public projects like in lobbies should be more durable to reduce the cost of maintenance in future.

In residential material do not need to withstand the heavy travel on the floors, so they do not need to withstand the situations like we will have in a library.

Provisions for easy access to equipment and adequate surrounding workspace will also result in lower maintenance costs. Using modular or component systems may minimize replacement or service costs. Some modular equipment are less expensive to be replaced than fixed.

Long-term costs: renovation, Financing, Taxes, maintenance, operation, k\land fees and legal fees, Construction costs n(Operation and Maintenance and construction are the most costs)

Architects have a limited responsibility to the owner when estimating construction costs.

Life cycle cost including operational, maintenance costs, taxes, financing, replacing and renovating.

Providing detailed cost for owner by architect is an add service.

Stairs:

The length of a stair’s landing should not be less than the width of the landing.

The landing width for an accessible ramp is 3’ and the length is min 5’.

Building pressure will be greater on the upper parts of a tall building. Narrow buildings let the wind move around the building so they do not bear great pressure, but large buildings and tall and thick will block the wind.

A surface roughness will affect wind velocity.

Lateral forces:

Solutions: moment-resisting frames, Shear Walls, Braced frames

IF the columns are adequately anchored to the foundation. We will be fine.

Overturning is the most challenging for very tall buildings.

Deflection and drift are those lateral forces that can be resolved if we adequately separate adjacent buildings.

Diagram, collectors, and torsion which will be transferred to shear walls, braced frames, or moment resting frame) in general rigid diaphragm.

WIND DESIGN IS VERY SIMILAR TO EARTHQUACK DESIGN.

Wind load coefficient accounts for what factors?

Height of the building

Exposure of the site

Wind gusting

Question 26

Brick
Brick is a masonry unit of clay, formed into a rectangular prism while plastic and hardened by firing in a kiln or drying in the sun.
• Soft-mud process refers to forming brick by molding relatively wet clay
having a moisture content of 20% to 30%.
• Sandstruck brick is formed in the soft-mud process with a mold lined with
sand to prevent sticking, producing a matte-textured surface.
• Waterstruck brick is formed in the soft-mud process with a mold lubricated
with water to prevent sticking, producing a smooth, dense surface.
• Stiff-mud process refers to forming brick and structural tile by extruding
stiff but plastic clay having a moisture content of 12% to 15% through a die
and cutting the extrusion to length with wires before firing.
• Dry-press process refers to forming brick by molding relatively dry clay having a moisture content of 5% to 7% under high pressure, resulting in
sharp-edged, smooth-surfaced bricks

Question 27

SEISMIC DESIGN

Buildings that are less stiff or flexible will have a longer period and less maximum acceleration.

In the areas with low seismicity, soft soil, stiff soil, and then rock in order will have higher acceleration but in areas with high seismicity, stiff soil and rock will have more acceleration than soft soil.

Heavier buildings will bear greater pressure in case of an earthquake.

In IBC code:

Resist minor earthquakes without damage.

Resist moderate earthquakes without structural damage.

Resist major earthquakes without collapse.

SDC: seismic design category: structural system

building height and irregularity limitation

component that must be designed for seismic resistance.

horizontal force analysis method

table 1604.5 check

According to I factor, the Importance factor, we design for seismic 25% greater than normal. I= 1.25

Buildings are categorized according to the I factor in 4 types: I, II, III, IV

FROM LESS IMPORATNT TO VERY IMPORTANT

Agricultural to hospital.

The I factor is between 1 and 1.5

I(1)

II(1)

III(1.25)

IV (1.5)

There three basic types of lateral load resisting system:

Moment resisting fame

Shear wall

Braced frames

Shearwall are the most rigid ones

Braced frames are less rigid than shear walls

And moment resisting frames are the weakest ones

Question 28

Copperisaductile,malleablemetallicelementthatiswidelyused forelectricalwiring,waterpiping,andinthemanufactureofalloys, asbronzeandbrass.Itscolorandresistancetocorrosionalso makeitanexcellentroofingandflashingmaterial.However,copper willcorrodealuminum,steel,stainlesssteel,andzinc.Itshould befastened,attached,orsupportedonlywithcopperorcarefully selected brass fittings. Contact with red cedar in the presence
of moisture will cause premature deterioration of the copper.

Question 29

Wood is decay-resistant when its moisture content is under 20%. If installed and maintained below this moisture content level, wood will usually not rot. Species that are naturally resistant to decay-causing fungi include redwood, cedar, bald cypress, black locust, and black walnut. Insect-resistant species include redwood, eastern red cedar, and bald cypress.

Question 30

Wood is decay-resistant when its moisture content is under 20%. If installed and maintained below this moisture content level, wood will usually not rot. Species that are naturally resistant to decay-causing fungi include redwood, cedar, bald cypress, black locust, and black walnut. Insect-resistant species include redwood, eastern red cedar, and bald cypress.

Question 31

Preservative treatments are available to further protect wood from decay and insect attack. Of these, pressure treatment is the most effective, especially when the wood is in contact with the ground. There are three types of preservatives.
• Water-bornepreservativesleavethewoodclean,odorless, and readily paintable; preservatives do not leach out when exposed to weather.
• AWPB(AmericanWoodPreserversBureau)
• LP-2(LP-22forgroundcontact)
• Oil-bornepreservativesmaycolorthewood,buttreated
wood is paintable; pentachlorophenol is highly toxic.
• AWPBLP-3(LP-33forgroundcontact)
• Creosotetreatmentleaveswoodwithcolored,oilysurfaces;
odor remains for a long period; used especially in marine and saltwater installations.
• AWPBLP-5(LP-55forgroundcontact)

Question 32

Wooden board

Answer 32

Boards: less than 2” (51) thick and 2” (51) or more wide, graded for appearance rather than strength and used as siding, subflooring, and interior trim

Question 33

Reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry shear walls generally have allowable shear strength greater than playeood

Question 34

A braced frame is a vertical truss

Answer 34

Two kinds of bracing
Concentric
Eccentric

Question 35

Bearing wall system

Answer 35

Appearing a wall system is one in which the vertical load is supported by bearing walls or bracing systems, and the required lateral forces are resisted by sheer walls and other warts, sheer walls support their to call, as well as Laetrell loads if there’s elements fail during an earthquake this ability to support vertical loads may be eliminated and the structure make collapse consequently bearing wall systems are assigned low values of R

Question 36

How to avoid pounding effect for two tall buildings next to each other

Answer 36

Pounding (collision)
Provide sufficient seismic separation to prevent pounding .

Question 37

Deflection and drift

Answer 37

When a building vibrates with the earthquake motion, the structure deflect and the stories move horizontally relative to each other. The story to a story horizontal movement is called the story drift.

Stiff systems, such as sheer walls and braced frames have relatively small drifts while most flexible moment, resisting frames typically have larger drifts.

Question 38

Concrete floor and steel metal deck, or of rigid diaphragm

Answer 38

The sheer value of steel deck can also be increased by placing concrete seal over the steel deck


However, among all floor systems like concrete, steel deck and plywood that can function as a diaphragma, some of them cannot like tongue and groove, sheathing and light gauge corrugated metal 

Question 39

Diaphragms must be adequately connected to the vertical resisting elements, such as sheer walls

Question 40

Torsional regularity
Torsional irregularity

Answer 40

We will have all connection moment resistant frames
We will have continuous Shear walls, in a symmetrical way.

We will have Shearwall’s asymmetrically
We will have course sheer walls on corners or anywhere, but center

Question 41

Another approach to protect building in earthquake

Answer 41

Base, isolation. In this method, the structure is isolated from the ground by specially designed bearings and dampers that absorb earthquake forces. 

Question 42

Call him stiffness, irregularity 

Answer 42

Sloping side causes varying column length

Short, Collins, or Stiffer and attract More seismic loads

Question 43

In plane offset of Shearwall

Out of plane offset of Shearwall

Answer 43

When we do not have a continuous shearwall . For example: you see in a facade that you have one window missing on forth floor right corner and one window in first floor left corner
Why do we call it in plain offset of Shearwall? Because the two non continues shear walls are on the same facade.

Out of plain offset of Shearwall ?
Because the non continuous shear walls are being offset in two planes

Question 44

Metal deck floors and roofs without a reinforced concrete topping a slab may not have adequate. They are frog strength, and may required reinforcing.

Question 45

The restoration of historic buildings in seismic zone, poses a special challenge preferred but often difficult solution involves the reinforcement of existing elements, rather than the addition of none historic elements

Question 46

Significant corrosion deterioration, or decay of the structural material used in the vertical or literal force, resisting system can impair their capacity and may require corrective

Answer 46

Chimney parapet should be rain forest and anchored

Large openings and diaphragma should be reinforced
Walls with garage doors should be reinforced
Glazing should be sufficiently isolated from the structure to prevent it from shattering and falling out,

Wood frame buildings generally perform well in an earthquake, and do not pause a significant threat to life however, they may be damaged and their content maybe badly shaken

What is start crippled walls below? The first floor should be braced to prevent this structure from falling onto the foundation 

Question 47

Torsion

Answer 47

Is the rotation and a diaphragma that occurs when the center of mass does not coincide with the center of rigidity 

Question 48

A building in which core walls provide the only significant later all fours resisting element may be in adequate to resist

Answer 48

Torsion 

Question 49

Special moment, resisting frames may be constructed of

Answer 49

Cast in place concrete
Precast concrete
A structural steel 

Question 50

Director is scale is a measure of

Answer 50

Earthquakes magnitude

Question 51

Thermosettingplasticsgothroughapliablestage,but once they are set or cured, they become permanently rigid and cannot be softened again by reheating.
• Thermoplasticsarecapableofsofteningorfusingwhen heated without a change in any inherent properties, and of hardening again when cooled.

Question 52

Glass fibers are used in textiles and for material reinforcement. In spun form, glass fibers form glass wool, which is used for acoustical and thermal insulation. Glass block
is used to control light transmission, glare, and solar radiation. Glass, however, is used most commonly to glaze the window, sash, and skylight openings of buildings.

Question 53

• Annealed glass is cooled slowly to relieve internal stresses.
• Heat-strengthened glass is annealed glass that is partially tempered by a
process of reheating and sudden cooling. Heat-strengthened glass has about
twice the strength of annealed glass of the same thickness.
• Tempered glass is annealed glass that is reheated to just below the softening
point and then rapidly cooled to induce compressive stresses in the surfaces and edges of the glass and tensile stresses in the interior. Tempered glass
has three to five times the resistance of annealed glass to impact and thermal stresses but cannot be altered after fabrication. When fractured, it breaks into relatively harmless pebble-sized particles.
• Laminated or safety glass consists of two or more plies of flat glass bonded under heat and pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the fragments if the glass is broken. Security glass is laminated glass that has exceptional tensile and impact strength.
• Wired glass is flat or patterned glass having a square or diamond wire mesh embedded within it to prevent shattering in the event of breakage or excessive heat. Wired glass is considered a safety glazing material and may be used to glaze fire doors and windows.
• Patterned glass has a linear or geometric surface pattern formed in the rolling process to obscure vision or to diffuse light.
• Obscure glass has one or both sides acid-etched or sandblasted to obscure vision. Either process weakens the glass and makes it difficult to clean.
• Spandrel glass is an opaque glass for concealing the structural elements in curtain wall construction, produced by fusing a ceramic frit to the interior surface of tempered or heat-strengthened glass.

Question 54

Safety glasses

Answer 54

Laminated glass
Wire glass
Tempered