Brightwood Flashcards
Use materials that are recyclable or easily recyclable.
Do not deplete the energy that next generation will be dependent in it\
LEED is a voluntary environmental system (through planning to construction then maintenance and training procedures
Sustainable site
Water usage should be efficient.
Energy and atmosphere
Material and resources
Indoor air quality most of the credits
prerequisites
Building commissioning
Plans for erosion control
Optional
Water use reduction
Heat island reduction.
Measure of recycling content.
Most of the credits by LEED are according to performance that is measured by ASHARE.
ASHARE is a tool that is used by mechanical engineering.
For example: optimize energy performance.
A team for sustainable design:
Architect
Landscape architect.
Commissioning expert
Building model expert (energy model is included)
Wetland expert, if applicable
energy efficient lighting consultant, if applicable
the process of design goals:
1- Initial Imperative
2- Subjective goal
3- Specific goals
Do we need special education to design a sustainable project?
Yes,
Innovative HVAC systems
Durable and nontoxic materials
Recycled material
Native plant material energy efficient lighting
Controls
concepts like life-cycle costing, recycled material, non-voc substances, daylighting, and alternate energy sources are among new concepts before the design process commence.
How to optimize the model to be energy efficient?
envelope configuration
building shape
orientation
fenestration locations
roof color.
HVAC system efficiency
Best practice approach to architecture
energy modeling
in the specification for a sustainable design, we must specify two or three suppliers that we are sure they will provide sustainable material. however, the disadvantage of this approach is that the bidders will be limited or
-identify a list of suppliers for bidders. This approach will create a more competitive situation for bidders.
Can we use normal paint (voc’s) to touch up some area in a sustainable project? no
PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS:
Direct gain system: allow solar radiation to flow in the space directly. (greenhouse effect)
Indirect gain system: the sunlight strikes a thermal mass that is located between the sun and the space.
There two ways for indirect gain systems: thermal storage wall and roof ponds.
Architectural sun control devices:
Overhangs
Deciduous trees: Trees that shed their leaves for a part of every year and remain bare until they grow new leaves each spring.
shutter
Fins
Awnings
Trellises
PV panels
led are the most efficient lighting fixtures: they use a third of the energy and illuminate twice
light sensors and monitors that can be designed time sensitive. we can use these devices next to windows and let them control the lighting of the building’s perimeter.
Commissioning will include:
HVAC and MEP systems
Controls
Ductworks
Pipe insulations.
Life safety plan
Lighting controls
Thermal storage systems
Checking the proper function of building envelope
Vapor and infiltration control.
Gaskets
The sealant is used to control water infiltration.
COMMISSIONING is required for LEED certification.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES:
WIND TURBINE
AETS
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SYSTEM
PV PANELS
FUEL CELLS
BIOGAS
ICE STORAGE COOLING SYSTEM
SMALL-SCALE HYDRO
PRIMARY CONCERN OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN:
It’s a holistic approach. This approach encourages designers to examine the impact of economic, mechanical, environmental impact, and aesthetic.
The zone of the earth that supports human activities and life is 5 miles into the atmosphere and five miles into the earth’s crust. This has been called BIOSPHERE which has not stable for the last 150 years due to human activities
Indigenous plants tend to use less water and they will be more resilient in the
In-fill development is sustainable
During the planning phase, we need to identify the landscape and even the plants. Using exotic plants
Mixed-use development is a sustainable open space that should not be designed only for wildlife habitats or only for recreational purposes.
WHAT DOES LIFE CYCLE COSTING COVER?
First cost
Maintenance cost and operational cost
Replacement cost
Repair cost
WHAT OPTIONS WILL GET POINTS IN LEED?
Indoor air quality
Not aesthetic
Not cost
Innovative energy system
Stormwater
No tax benefits.
Sustainable design needs some extra study like:
Educating client
Energy modeling
Art selection? No
Energy-efficient appliances
What factor in a site plan should be affected by sustainable design?
Solar orientation (then solar orientation can affect many architectural elements like massing, landscaping, fenestration, and building skin design
Groundwater situation
Landscape design should be functional as well as visually pleasing, but it’s not considered with sustainable approached
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION:
What’s the material of the structure?
And how long a steel structure can tolerate fire and not collapse.
FLAME SPREAD:
Wainscoting, paneling, or other finishes that are applied to the structure or only for decoration, acoustical correction, surface insulation or similar purposes are required to be tested for flame spread.
Classification :
Class A: Flame spread 0 to 25
Class B: 25 to 75
Flame spread C: 76 to 200
Noncombustible material: Type I and II of construction types are noncombustible.
Concrete
steel
brick
masonry
Not wood or plastic.
Combustible material: Type III and IV and type V are combustible materials.
TYPE I: 3 HOURS
Stair well : CLASS A
SMOKE DEVELOPED /SMOKE DEVELOPMENT: ASTM E 84
IMPORTANT: FLAME SPREAD OR SMOKE DEVELOPMEN ARE FOR CEILING AND WALL FINISHES AND THEY ARE NOT FOR FLOOR FINISHES, THERE IS A DIFFERENT ASTM FOR ONLY FLOOR FINISHES. CLASS I AND CLASS II ARE FOR FLOOR FINISHES THAT CLASS I IS MORE RESISTANT.
CLASS I IS FOR VERTICAL EXIT, EXIT PASSAGEWAY, AND EXIT ACCESS IN INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCY AND CLASS II IS FOR THE SAME LOCATION BUT DIFFERENT OCCUPANCY.
OCCUPANT LOAD BETWEEN 501 – 1000 …3 EXIT DOORS
MORE THAN 1000 AT LEAST 4 EXIT DOORS
DISTANCE BETWEEN EXIT DOORS: NOT LESS THAN ONE-HALF THE MAXIMUM DIAGONAL OF THE SPACE
THE THIRD ONE IS LOCATED IN A REASONABLE DISTANCE IN compared TO THE OTHER DOORS…
BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES WITH SPRINKLER SYSTEMS ARE ALLOWED TO HAVE 50’ DEAD-END CORRIDOR.
ICC/ANSI AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ACCESSIBLE AND USEABLE BUILDING AND FACILITIES AND FAIR HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY FHAG AND AMERICAN WITH DISABILITY ACT ADAAG, THE UNIFORM FEDERAL ACCESSIBILITY STANDARD UFAS, AND IBC ARE ABOUT ACCESSIBLE STANDARD FOR HANDICAPE
IBC IS FOR PUBLIC SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE.
WHAT OCCUPANCY IS KNOWN AS A SAFE OCCUPANCY? BUSINESS OCCUPANCY
Types of admixtures:
To speed up the setting time : Accelerator calcium chloride
To resist freezing action. Air-entering agent oil, fats, and resins
To slow down , Retarders sugar and acids
To decrease permeability, Water proofing stearate compounds
Water-reducing organic compounds reduce water content
Workability agent powdered silica and lime improve workability
ADDINF TOO MUCH WATER TO CEMENT: NOT ONLY MAKE IT A WEAK CONCERET BUT ALSO, IT WILL CREATE A LAITANCE LAYER OF WEAK LAYER THAT SHOULD BE REMOVED.
HOW MANY DAYS TO CURE? 28
READY-MIXED CONCRETE: WHICH WILL BE MIXED IN A PLANT AND WILL BE TRANSPORTED TO THE SITE
TRANSIT-MIXED CONCRETYE: IT WILL BE MIXED AIN A TRUCH.
THERE SHOULD BE A COATONG ON FORMWORK TO AVOID CONCRETE TO STICK TO THE FORMWORK. IT’S BETTER TO APPLY THE OIL BEFORE ADDING THE STEEL REINFORCING ELEMENTS OTHERWISE A COATED STEEL BY OIL WILL NOT STICK TO THE CONCRETE PASTE,
STEEL AND CONCRETE HAVE THE SAME THERMAL EXPANSION
FOOTING SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST 3” BETWEEN STEEL AND GROUND.
THE STEEL REINFORCING BAR SHUOLD BE COVERED BY CONCRETE PASTE? FOR FIRE PROTECTION AND CORROSION
HOW CAN REINFORCING BARS RESIST CORROSION IN SALT WATER OR
WHAT IS INSULATINGLIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE. USUALLY USED FOR ROOFING BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT AS STRONG AS REGULAR CONCRETE. WE USE SOME SHLS OR CLAY (THAT HAVE BEEN COOKEC AND EXPANDED IN FURNACE) AND ADD THEM TO THE PASTE. ? USING EPOXY OR GALVANIZED STEEL
STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE:
COARSE AGGREGATE SIZE: 3/4”
AIR ENTRAINMENT (OIL , GREECE, ..)
HANDELING AND PLACING IS EASIER
THERMAL INSULATION IS BETTER
COST MORE
DRYIBF SHRINKAGES IS SLIGHTLY GRETAER
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IS LOWER (WEAKER THAN THE REGULAR CONCERET)
INSULATING LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE: USUALLY FOR ROOF STRUCTURE BECAUSE THEY ARE BETTER INSULATIONS.
LOW COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
PERTILE IS BEING USED FOR THIS KIND OF CONCRETE
USING AIR VOIDS
WOOR FORMS SHOULD BE MOISTURIZE BECAUSE THEY CAN ABSORB THE CONCRETE WATER
How to bond between old concrete and new concrete? The sy=surface of old concrete should be moisture
Using sandblasting, water jet, pneumatic tools
Do not place concrete in one spot and let it flow to other parts, this will create segregation
Do not pour concrete from a high elevation, it creates segregation.
To test concrete: slum test and cylinder test
CURING OF CONCRETE MEANS: MAINTAINING THE PROPER TEMP AND HUMIDITY FOR SOME PERIOR OF TIME AFTER POURING THE PASTE.
EXCESSIVE EVAPORATION OF WATER CAN RETARD THE HYDRATION PROCESS AND REDUCE THE STRENGTH OG THE CONCRETE AND DEVELOPING SURFACE CRACKS
HOW TO KEEP CONCRETE MOISTURIZED DURING CURING?
WET BLANKET OR PLASTIK SHEETS
LEAVE THE FORM WORK AND KEEP THE FORM WORK MOISTURIZED
THE TEMPT SHOPULD BE BETWEEN 50 T0 70
IN VERY HOT WERATHER ADD ICE OR COOL DOWN THE INGEREDIENTS OR USE SHADING OR WIND BREAKS
IN VERY COLD CLIUMMATE WE MAY NEED HEATING SYSTEM OR TEMPORARY ENCLOSED THE AREA.
CONSTRUCTION JOINT: WHEN YOU ARE POURING A NEW CONCRETE NEXT TO AN OLD ONE USUALLY YOU WILL NEED AN CONTROL JOINT. DO NOT FORGET TO ROUGHENED , WETEDN, AND CLEAN THE SURFACE OF THE OLD CONCRETE.
EXPANSION JOINT: THEY ARE USUALLY FROM FOOTING TO THE ROOF. THEY SHOULD BE WATERPROOF, WEATHER TIGHT, AND GENERALLY FILLED WITH AN ELASTIC FILLER.
WHER DO WE USE EXPANSION JOINT: WHEN BUILDING HAS WINGS – WHEN THE BUILDING’S LENGTH IS MORE THAN 200’ – NEW BUILDING IS GOING TO ADD TO AN OLD BUILDING.
CONTROL JOINT ARE SHRINKAGE PF LARGE CONCRETE ARTEA.
ISOLATIO JOINT: IS BEWTWWEN SLAB ON GRADE AND WALLS OR FOUNDATION WALLS
PRE-CAST CONCRETE ARE VERY ECONOMIC. COST AND TIME
PRECAST CONCREETE PLANKS:
T
DOUBLE T
HOLLOW CORE
TOUNGUE AND GROOVE
CHANEL
TERRAZO: IS A LAYER OF CRUSHED ROCKS AND GLASSES ON TOP OF CONCRETE THEN THEY SAND IT.
ADVANTAGES OF PRE CAST CONCRETE:
BETTER QUALITY CONTROL
ALL-WEATHER CONSTRUCTION
GREATER ECONOMY
LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE WHETHER STRUCTURAL OR THERMAl
PROVIDE GOOD THERMAL INSULATION
FIRE RESISTANCE
LOW DENSITY
HIGH COST
EASILY HANDLED AND PLACED
THE PURPOSE OF SLUMP TEST: MEASURING THE CONSISTENCY AND WORKABILITY OF THE MIX
The low melting point for the sprinklers – it burns by heat generated by fire – even if the fire is small –
So sprinklers go off by heat
Dry pipe system – the first amount of x is air in an outdoor cold climate.
Pre-action: a piece of art or a picture in the museum – it will give you a chance to turn off the sprinkler if it’s a false alarm.
Deluge system: high-hazard material – all sprinklers will go off once –
The most common system: the wet system
Fire extinguisher:
A (the only water base one): Water Base for cloth, paper, wood
Type B (Foam base): For chemical liquids
Type C for electrical equipment
D metal and they are foam
ABC for kitchen which can address the oil that float on water
Vertical transportation:
Hydraulic: less expensive . oil base – Can contaminate the soil – slow – for not more than 3 or 4 stories - not very efficient – not used in high water table issue
4 different types:
Direct plunger – a hole in the ground
Homeless – piston on side but very short (wo floor)
Roped hydraulic – we can increase the travel
Telescoping hopeless-better than hopeless
Traction elevators: track and weight – motor – more efficient – less maintenance - faster – more expensive – for very tall buildings – smother ride – long travel –
Geared: use a gearbox to give more power – the ride is bumpy
Gearless ( traditional which has a room on top of it and is stronger than the machine less one and machine less which does not have room on top of it ): more common – very very tall buildings- very fast
(The shortest distance to the farthest }
Hydraulic
Gearless machine room less
Geared
Gearless traction
