Exam 5 Flashcards

Question

Distribution for Hydronic system

Answer 1

Push them to the perimeter A few of them can radiate inside Same for air-based systems.

Answer 2

Better to know the R-value and how much heat we are losing Delta Q= U x delta A (area) x Delta T

Answer 3

We might have a couple of zones or 100 zones. Why? Because one big loop cannot serve all radiators. The last radiator will not be heated enough.

Answer 4

How large is the building South or north Do we need for west and east?

Answer 5

Radiators Baseboard radiators In floor systems

Answer 6

No It's for air based system

Answer 7

Because soil kind of holds the heat around, we do not need to have the same radiators for the basement that we are using for other floors

Answer 8

Boiler Riser ( we can have separate risers for different loops) Pipes (zones)

Answer 9

Because baseboards are smaller or a lot shorter than regular radiators, we need to have more radiators to have the same result as a regular radiator

Answer 10

They should be around perimeters Occasionally (very small portion) of the middle part Mostly the middle part should be open

Answer 11

According to building Orientation (the south can have fewer pipes than the north side of a building) Use: Classrooms can have a single soon in case classrooms are not occupied at the same time. Or public part of the building can have a separate zone where the private parts or offices

Answer 12

They have specific limitations in the size and length of the pipes. Longer than a specific amount, it needs to have the next zone. Unless you want to have a longer pipe (zone) you will need to have a larger diameter for the pipe, which will be weird in concrete slab

Answer 13

After melting the concert absorbed the melted ice which will be visible one day in future

Answer 14

What if you have damage you need to dig up the cincrete

Answer 15

Always it's about the air-based system We have radiant cool in system but it's limited

Answer 16

We can have only a radiator system for our project. Usually, it is a residential project that only needs heating or cooking systems. Commercial projects in different climate zones will need both cooling and heating usually air-based system is the best.

Answer 17

It automatically dehumidifies the room.

Answer 18

The small ones for residential buildings are vertical. The commercial projects have. Larger air handling units. A box Fan Coil in front of the fan Filter Trunk Branches lines Return air trunk line Fresh air trunk line For the heater, we will have combustion air should be eahausted as well as fresh air for the flame Sometimes it's not all ducted and they use planum. Supply air around the perimeter and return from the middle of an open room

Answer 19

We do not reuse the exhausted air

Answer 20

Using an exhaust air duct to make the fresh air a little warmer Co-located It’s a large piece of equipment Free cooling!!! If outside is cool enough in summer, we can bring 100% of fresh air and let the existing air inside the building out in 100%. We want to minimize. Thi economized is for climate that have very nice and cool summer. The economized work way better in this climate like California.

Answer 21

Ion system Charcoal for odor Dense one to purify more buy more energy consumption

Answer 22

1- try not to cross the trunk lines. Otherwise more space of ceiling space 2- Have as few elbows as you can: all of these elbows will lose some pressure. 3- balance the length: a lot of friction will be added then we will need bigger air handling units Try to have the duct lines from two sides right and left to cover the perimeters

Answer 23

Structure zone Duct zone Lighting and fire process section zone Ceiling

Answer 24

The supply air around the perimeter Then the exhaust one is in the corridor but its flex comes from the corridor to the room to suck in stale air To do so, we need not to extend the wall to the slab. There should be a bit of space for exhaust air flexes

Answer 25

Ductless return plenum: Instead of having a ducted return air which is in the corridor, we let the diffuser be open in the corridor. and we can have a diffuser, which is Ductless inside the room

Answer 26

Sound will travel from rooms to corridors. Not for HR rooms or conference room.

Answer 27

The coils In the condenser/evaporator (refrigerant loop) could be inside a big barrel of water. Then make a loop out of the hot barrel and extend outside (Heat rejection) and then come back to the hot barrel. The other barrel of water gets cold and we will extend a loop and coils out of the barrel (chilled water loop) and take it through rooms. In this scenario, the coils that we have in a chilled water loop can be blown out with a fan (airside loop) The heat rejection loops can have water water-cooling tower Each air-handling unit can serve one floor. They are big ass air-handling units

Answer 28

It does not have chilled water loop Sometimes we do not have to have all 4 loops (heat rejection, airside loop, chilled water loop, refrigerant loop). There are times when we can blow air over the refrigerant loop, not the chilled water loop. We can have the refrigerant loop go around the building and be blown with a fan over the coils Or We can have the air handling unit on the roof and the fan blows down the cool air then to trunks in a corridor then branch toward rooms DX examples: Or

Answer 29

Better to have a chilled water loop instead of a refrigerant loop.

Answer 30

In the basement: The refrigerant loop and barrels of water are in the basement. The heat rejection loop goes on the roof to cool down through a cooling tower The chilled water loop goes to each floor and will have a coil in each floor to be blown by a fan which we call it air handling unit (airside loop) to the rooms From the air handling unit to the room, the stake air will find the way out and go through the return ducts To go back to the air handling unit or be exhausted

Answer 31

You can take the chilled water loop to each floor and room and have a fan coil over each coil (that is attached to the chilled water loop). No duct is needed Less expensive A lot of control Plumbing pipes are going all over which is expensive They are on the perimeter of a building It needs to have a cooking tower It needs a barrel of water for both the condenser and evaporator

Answer 32

Mechanical room The air-handling unit inside the mechanical room Each air-handling unit has its refrigerant cycle in each of the different units. It can be for each floor. Each wing. Self-control for tenant space Develop a building that can provide mechanical rooms and a way for a heat rejection system Then from each mechanical room, we will have trunks and branches to distribute the air entire the floor Then the stale sir finds its way to the air handling unit To be conditions ned again Advantages: It’s very good for tenant spaces. Each unit has self-control When I am a developer and I am not sure what tenants will move in, I will provide a mechanical room, a cooling Tower on the roof, and air handling units then tenants can design the distribution system by themself You have three loops Less Expensive For multiple tenants For example, a chiller system can be on the roof and it's protected, it’s fire rated, and centralized control (like universities

Answer 33

DX RTU- directly refrigerant in the Air handling unit and sitting on the roof. Perfect for multiple tenants You will have a DX package system (DX RTU) on your roof for each tenant. Inside each package, is a refrigerant loop and it has the ability to cool down The hot part by itself is inside the package. We have a Fan inside the package which will blow down the air through a trunk and then branches installed to trunks. We will need a big chunk of space For the trunk. We have a return system that backs up the package on the roof. Direct expansion in the unit: each unit has a separate air handling unit that has a refrigerant loop inside. Very cost-effective We don't have a lot of maintenance issues because we can change the cheap ducts Compare this to the chiller in the basement. The chiller is for 59 years in the basement and will be protected indoors. For a long time DX has not been for a long time. Best for tenant system DX RTU (rooftop unit system): Shape very steep angle: that part is the intake for outside air (fresh air) - return Air attached to the roof from underneath - fresh air and return Air join together and a fan that blows over the cold coil - we will have an inside cooking part (like cooking Tower) - The funny sharp angle is to stop the rain from getting inside the package - Compact Efficient

Answer 34

If we cannot see the ducts: rectangular Trouble: expanding contracting and moving left and right or squishy. Shift around!! Cheaper Spiral or round: they hold their shape. If you can see the duct, it should be a round duct- industrial look - When you are trying to be more efficient: round duct - low friction Square: quite good. Rectangular: more friction Always add more length when you are adding an elbow to balance static pressure. Or we can use a fan to pressurize the air and balance the frictional n as well Calculating the CFM and the pressure, then duct size.

Answer 35

Dx system: most common system It puts the condenser And compressor on the roof and the evaporator in the air-handling unit in each unit. For larger projects DX system is a central system Mini Split: The Condenser and compressor are outside and the evaporator and fan inside - for smaller projects

Answer 36

People Equipment Lighting

Answer 37

The compressor can cool down The space so fast and turn off so fast and it will never need to work harder to absorb the humidity!!! It may be very humid then condensation inside a room.

Answer 38

Then the air will leak out and it will not be efficient And sound And friction

Answer 39

Reheat: When air leaves the air handling unit, it cannot take the same temperature as the last room. The last room can have A reheat system in the damper. Sometimes in some buildings, the north side is in the shade and Will be cold even in summer. We can have a reheat system for the northern room. Reheat is not efficient. Maybe efficient if we have to add a secondary system to warm up a cold room, then we use a heating system because it will be less expensive than a secondary system

Answer 40

because it loses a lot of heat through the roof

Answer 41

Constant air volume: a set amount of air moving around your room. Qubic feet per minute. Variable air volume: damper that pushes more air into a room or keeps it for the next room. If we want a room to be one degree warmer, we need to change the temperature of the air by one degree in CAV. In VAV, if we want to change the temp of a room one degree more, we adjust the amount of hot air dumped into a room by a damper or the amount of cold Air. If we have a great large space with a lot of people, a constant flow of air is more logical because We Will have constant fresh air. For private offices (hourly bases) will make more sense to have VAv for different times of day. In general, cav, you will change the temperature of the source if you want to change the temperature of a room. This will not be Efficient if you change temperature multiple times in a day. If you have to change the temperature of a room multiple times in a room, you should use VAV because it will change the amount of hot and cold air (adjust or manage it) by damper to increase the temp of a room. Private offices can have different orientations and need to have different set tempt. VAV

Answer 42

The plumbing fixture should be calculated in a way that most people can use it without waiting for a long time

Answer 43

Use of building is important How large is the space Do not include columns Walls Core Always design for more people ( flexible design) Supply water: we get the supply water from the mains. If we do not have a supply of water, the well should be a solution Wastewater: to take the wastewater to the main swear system or septic tank if there is not a city system Vent: To balance the air and let the fixture hold some water in the traps to avoid gases coming into the rooms.

Answer 44

When you don't pay your bills or nobody is leaving the house, the city will shut off the main valve somewhere near to mains. Why? To avoid pipes freezing. certain city has a fire protection tap for the pipe that we are getting from the city main. There is only a tap, the rest of the design is for engineers to design. We will have a meter (before or after the fire protection branch) and shut off the valve before and after the meter. Usually, we will have a booster pump after or before the fire protection that needs to have shut off the valve before and after the booster. or we can have a bypass pipe for the booster pump and use the booster pump when we need it and do not use it when we don't need it. After that, a cold water pipe goes up in the riser, but the main pipe will go to a boiler to heat up the water and then the hot water will join the cold water next to it. (we will have to shut off the valve For the boiler as well) Often, when you have a fire protection system, you will have a fire pump, why? To pressurize The water in case the pressure of the main drops. The Fire Protection system is pretty big!!! Do 13D fire sprinklers need a pump or tank? No, they are connected to the domestic water supply! 13R for buildings (Residential) up to 4 floors or 60’ high. 13 D for one or two dwelling units. No pump no tank requirement. Then branched from the cold and hot water (not always hot water needed) for fixtures. Hot water does not go to wc. We need to have a shut off valve for each different fixture and we will have a shut off valve for entire bathrooms in case of repairing. If your men and women rooms are mirrored together you will have one supply pipe (hot and cold) for both sides. What if we need to repair the men bathroom? Then the women bathroom will be out of service as well. If we put the bathrooms aligned (butterfly method), then we can have shut off the valve for their section. Or bypassing A fire pump takes suction from a private water supply such as a reservoir or tank. A booster pump takes suction from the city water supply.

Answer 45

Every time you have a plumbing fixture you will have a vent up to the roof. Vent pipes can be branched together and goes to roof one time . Better for roof system If a sink is far from other fixtures, it can go to the main swere line and roof for vent, individually

Answer 46

True Otherwise the toxic gases from us, will accumulate in the pipe and will make condensation and eat out the pipe The gravity in vent pipe let the moisture to go down to the waste pipe

Answer 47

Ejector pump will connect that fixture to the main waste line and then will allow that to leave the building by gravity. Why don’t we use ejector pump for all the fixtures in building and then lead them to the sewer system? Because the ejector pump maybe breaks!

Answer 48

When it’s raining and your foundation is being saturated with water, sump pump will suck that water and lead it to the waste water system. Sump pump will be in basement and it will work automatically when the water level is above a certain level.

Answer 49

Every time the pipe change it’s direction we will have a clean out Or changing direction horizontally. It was going to north and now it’s going to west. We will need a clean out here Every 30 40 feet one clean out

Answer 50

Waste pipe: when we have more of a fixture like WC on the same pipe, that pipe will be larger in compare to other pipes. We use the word “fixture unit” for both supply and waste pipes. Waste pipe is larger than supply water. If we have 4 WC next to each other and the waste pipe extend from the left one to the right one, the farthest WC on the left will need for example 3 fixture unit to push soil to the right (toward the waste pipe) then the second WC from left will need 6 fixture unit water to push the soil because it should have enough water for itself plus for the soil coming from the farthest WC on the left side. at the end you see that you will need nine fixture unit water to push this soil to the main sewer system and then you check on the code to, for nine fixture you need how big should be a pipe.

Answer 51

Zonal cavity method: - where is your workplane? The height of the plane (for example a table) -what is the wall ceiling and floor? Color? Texture? Black walls or very textured wall, it cannot reflect good amount of light, so we will need more lighting. -the scale of the room: if the room is smaller, we will have more reflection. Volume of the room or height of them room? Can the lights shed enough? -where is the fixture? Pendant lights or recessed light? Is the light shedding direct light or indirect or both? When we have less direct light on a work plane and more ambient light it will be less glary. Pendant light change the distance from fixture to work plane. Closer? More direct light? But some of the pendant light will shed the light back to the ceiling( ambient light). - maintenance: are the fixtures having dust? Tube fluorescent lighting can be very dusty. Include the lose of percentage of light. during time due to dust. For school, you will need to build in the calculation for losing the light fit to dust. Efficacy: are they efficient? If the fixture is high efficacy or low. -Relationship to natural light: Fixtures close to window can have sensor to turn off-on automatically.

Answer 52

Task light: lights that are for specific function, like study light in your desk. Cove light: you will not see the fixture you will see the reflection. Ambient light. No glare no direct light aesthetic Good for lighting up the space Indirect light: sometimes we can cover with a piece of wall to hide the fixture and only get an indirect light , ambient light Can, downright m: tend to have very direct light, clear line to indicate travel path. Architectural way to show the path. They are not great in lighting up the space. Not good for studying, because it shed shadow as well. Recessed l: 2x4 or 2x2 They have some baffles between bulb and the space that bounce around the light and the result is more indirect light which is a god ambient light. Pendant light: downward and upward or both. Hard to clean because it can be very dirty Uplight : shed the light toward the ceiling then bounce from ceiling to down. Example: decorative art piece. Sconce can be upward or downward or both. Vanity: standing at mirror. Light that light up all of my face. It should not be from one side because it will creat shadow the other side. Multiple point sources. Line of lights Surface light: the entire wall glow. LED is more spread out the light and better. Outdoor lighting: cut-off lighting that keeps the sky darker

Answer 53

-Establishing workplane and desired foot-candles: Office setting 25 to 50 - not more because we have computers Surgery 300 500 Corridor 10 Garage 5 if it’s very high ceiling 15 Outdoor parking 2 The range for architectural uses is from 1 to 100. -Gather all the information and start with a guess. -Go through the calculation -re-evaluate your guess - go through the calculation again -check to make sure that Iluminar is actually available.

Answer 54

-Spacing: distribution for fire protection system in the ceiling is right above lighting zone. The distance between sprinkler system heads is between 12 feet and 15 feet. When water comes out of the Springhill head and angle the gravity force it to come down and make a circle around each fire protection system. Then the 12 and 15 feet will be enough to cover the surface on their fire sprinkler system. Is the head of fire the sprinkle is close to a column then the area beyond call Lim will not be covered by the fire. Sprinkle. Column in this example is a blockage. -Extra egress distances: sprinkler system will help you to have longer corridor for example, so we should be careful about blockages like column or partitions -Wall washers: like a glass water: you will add wall washer (on both side of the glass wall) every 18” (for example) to wash that wall. -sprinkler system ties into alarm system: there is little flow meter on all of these pipes and when the sprinkler system is pouring water l, the flow meter will realize there is a fire and it will go off. —Specialty like kitchen computer reaction Kitchen: water plus Grease you need to use chemical system but you can use water for some parts of a kitchen. Computer room: you should care about taking the heat (water system), you need to take the oxygen away by foam system. Chemical system Pre action: For Museum not to damage the art pieces Be careful, sometimes code says for a room 10’ x 20’, you will need only one head. But, you may not cover the corners, so you will need more head..

Answer 55

Instead of having a continuous pipe , separate them in branches to have a fire alarm the beginning of each branches. There will be a panel (in reception area in a hotel or multi family building) calls enunciator that shows which fire alarm is on. If we have multiple fire alarms for separated branches of pipes, identifying the location of fire will be easy for fire fighters.

Answer 56

Part of fire protection system Probably next to stair well or inside the stair well. Empty pipe that fire fighters in emergency time can connect their hose from fire hydrant (or fire fighters truck) to the stand pipe. -Multi connections or Siamese connection: to double pressurize. They can connect two fire hydrant to one stand pipe to have more water with better pressure. Stand pipe can use to charge sprinkler system directly too. Sometimes you have outdoor fire sprinkler in cold climate, so the entire pipe is dry and no water. In this situation you need to have a stand pipe only for fire sprinkler system. Or the other possibility is that the water of a fire sprinkler system is not an enough pressure. Sometimes you have a tank in high elevation and you can use that water for stand pipe for fire protection system.

Answer 57

We get the required electricity for our daily life from: Plant Transformer to step up Tower for high voltage Transform to step down Typical telephone pole Building Transformer to step down Weather head Meter Load center/electrical panel within a very few feet we will have like 5 or by 10 feet For commercial project the panel can be outside within a few feet to the meter. Or very close to it. Smaller commercial and residential won’t have in exterior . When fire happens, fire fighter need to find the electrical panel first. If you have exterior panel, that side means back of house. We can have underground conduit if you cannot have it on the building When you get into building you have access to the panel Some heavy use can be alone in circuit like HVAC and elevator system or oven . Make sure we do not have all lights in one circuit , better to balance them. Because it will be heave! When we have too much power going through and it will heat up wires too much, and some wires will melt. We use circuit breaker as a weak link,l that when it heats up, that disconnect and allow us the opportunity to find out what was the problem . Circuit breaker protect the rest of wiring. In the kitchen, we should not have all appliances on one circuit. We need multiple ones. Residential : 15 amp to 20 For commercial : 15 to 20 Also much larger . Power Residential : 120-240 Or 120-208 Or 277-480 Insulation : if we have small wire that is been insulated very well, that wire will melt easily. If the wire is larger, it needs more insulation. At certain point, it’s better to use raceway instead of insulation Conduit is hard raceway . Suburban : No conduit . More flexible options Urban: you have conduit. It’s Safe ! Able to be modified ! In residential setting:

Answer 58

In residential setting : we will have one outlet in each wall and max distance between outlets no more than 12’.( try not to overload a circuit and trip hazardous for people) It means if we have a table lamp with 6’ cord, I must be able to plug in any place on the wall Each door in residential projects should have outlet on both side. In commercial projects:we don’t care about 12’ We use space differently, because each use is different in using outlets. Residential: GFCI - detects water and cut off the power - wet locations Bathroom Basement maybe Kitchen Expensive Arc fault : where? In bedrooms

Answer 59

Column problem: buckling Slab: compression/tension - deflection Bouncing: fine for the roof - not good for floors (ductility) we want the structure kind of ductile but not too much that bounce. Bracing/bridging: they use braces ( parallel to the beam on joists) at the lower cord of the joist. Why? Because joists are very light and start to squiggle. Shear walls: to prevent lateral forces. Better to be symmetrical and from the first floor to the highest floor.

Answer 60

Wide flange - when carrying a weight, start to deflect. The upper part of the deflection is COMPRESSION and the lower part is TENSION. Neutral aces in the center. The Glulam beam is made of a lot of layers (each 2x6) top 2 ones and the low two ones are structurally stringer. Because of tension and compression. Material and shape is important when we are talking about structure. The module of elasticity: material It means the mathematical understanding of the robustness of that material. When we are talking about shape, we are talking about moments of inertia, and sometimes the radius of gyrations.

Answer 61

5 w L 4 / 384 EI W: weight L: length of the span E: material - steel is stronger than wood. E is going to be larger than the overall fraction smaller which means deflection (overall fraction) becomes smaller. The deeper beam will be larger I - I: moment of inertia ( deeper beam will have bigger I) More load means more w means more deflection.

Answer 62

One way: two bearing walls that joists are spanning between them - then decking on top of them Singular direction between two bearing walls —-> one way system Two way system: (concrete steel or wood) 4 Columns and slab on top of that. Continuous: If we have a beam than spanning over columns: between columns sag down and make a sinuses wave up and down. Above columns bending UP. The nature of continuous beam make it not to deflect too much. If we cantilever the beam or slab a bit beyond the columns, the length of portion that sag down, will be shorter. Bend up part gonna be larger, so the sag part will become shorter.

Answer 63

If we have columns in both directions, imagine 12 columns in 3 and 4 rows. The girder will span between shorter span. Why? Because the girders have larger tributary area then the deflection will be more if the span is longer and longer. (A lot of structural issues unless we make the girders more robust !!) but beams are smaller and have smaller tributary areas and will not deflect that bad!! Beam going to be spanned in longer direction Then joists running between beams . D Then decking on top of them . Girder—> beam—> joists—> deck If we have beams closer to each other, then we will not need to have joists. Decking on top of them. Girder—> beam—> deck Two way structure : the concrete slab should have rebars on both sides

Answer 64

Moment connection: solid Pin: can pivot around conceptually not in reality. Assumption (not really like this) One single giant bolt of plate that connect columns to beam (for general movement, earthquake) But if we have the plate welded to the beam and columns —> moment connection Two pin connection: (triangle) bow out One free connection and one moment: Solid moment connection in both: now out but it first go straight then start bending because the connections are very strong . Why don’t we have always moment connection? Pin is less expensive Welding is expensive . Moment connection are the best for lateral forces. If we have bunch of connections, moment connections will be expensive. We can have all connections pin but then we can make some material in some bays like concrete and make it very stiff (shear wall). Combination of pin and shear walls instead of moment connections. Or the second way, brace some of these bays!!! Or we can have a few moment connections somewhere in certain locations and make it stiff. (Bracing does the same as converter shear wall )

Answer 65

Steel: hot rolled or light gage But generally, when we talk about steel structure, it means hot rolled steel structure. Wide flange: W12 x 40 12 : distance between lower and above plates. 40: pound per linear foot. (Direct relationship with cost) W12 x 40 vs W12 x 100 ( more than 12 nominally because of extra steel) Inner length are the same. More robust and thicker above and lower plates . These wide flanges are way stronger when the load is perpendicular to aces Wide flange or H as columns? More compact and chunky and now square. We can use them for shoring as well. Angle: 3x3x1/2 C channel: edging Ts American standard: AS Steel has a good ductility : it will bend but it will bounce back to location, Cast iron is not ductile, it’s brittle. M Disadvantage: it melts It should be fire protected . How? Wrap with drywall, box it out. Spray foam ( can be damage if somebody bump into it) Tube: strong in x and y axes The problem is when you want to bolt an angle to the tube, you cannot have the bolts inside the tube. You have go all through the tube. Bar are solid tubes!!

Answer 66

Plasticizer: like soap for more workability .No added water Site cast: should be workable - flow is a huge issue - continuous element - Precast: so much control Any weather - individual element Formwork for repetitive work Very strong Double t Single t Beef- up the concrete slab any where a column is connecting . Closer rebars Anywhere we have tension, we need rebars (net) Rebars are low in certain part of slab (between columns) and high in certain part of slab. Welded wire frame : wires like net. Fabric for tension for avoiding cracks

Answer 67

Flat slab: stronger- for warehouses- for large buildings- Drop slab above columns - the bars go through slab ( like flat playe) but it has two slabs above columns - when it has mushroom caps, then it has even more space for rebar, stronger- Flat plate: weaker. For offices Like columns’ bar goes to floors’ bar like my dad’s buildings

Answer 68

Why rebars are around outer part of a column? Tension is more there. Number 3: connect between other stag or for slabs They are thin 6 and8: for columns 14 and 12: for big commercial structure Stirrups: for beams - denser around columns loading. Stirrups are like to wires.

Answer 69

Light frame 2x4 2x6 Timber :gluelam

Answer 70

Dimensional lumber : board: 1” : 1x10 and 1x4 2” : 2x4 - 2x6 - 2x8 …. 10 12 1 1/2 x 3 1/2 1 1/2 x 5 1/2 X 7 1/4 X9 1/4 X11 1/4 Timbers: any thing larger than 6” Like Knowledgeable people should make it Fire will char the first layers of timber and then act as insulation. It doesn’t collapse for a long time.

Answer 71

Balloon frame: we don’t have weak spot in the walls because they are consistent. But we do not have very tall trees to build taller buildings. Not very good in fire Platform or western framing: stronger connections between walls and slabs. Easier to build than balloon. Naturally fire stop.

Answer 72

The surface of concrete foundation should be 8” above ground. Why? Wood absorb water and expand and contract Pests, termite Some rebars should stick out from foundation (actual name is anchor bolt) then the sill plate goes on top of and bolt on top of anchors( bolting sill plate yo foundation) , then we will have a rim joist that will sit in front of other joists. Joists for floor are usually 2x12 @16, then subfloor on top of joists. Now we have someplace on top of subfloor and on top of that stud (wall) - wall shearing will cover the stud from the upper line of concrete foundation to above. Then top plate above the stud. Then second top plate on top of first plate then Tim joists and regular joists again and subfloor etc. Always better to have less wood in the wall. What are some problems that we have to have the surface concrete foundation 8” above ground level? We will have accessibility issues. We can have the context issue(other buildings are on slab on grade).

Answer 73

True True Tie nailing Yes, depends to the scale

Answer 74

Stud walls (2) at the corner to be able to nail the sheathing to them What is sill sealer? A piece that goes between sill plate and concrete foundation like cedar red wood (expensive) or treated wood ( however treated wood off glass) Do we have other areas in building that we need treated wood or woods that is anti termite? Outdoor

Answer 75

Big challenge? Connections What is the connection between a beam and 8x8 columns? We should make a hole in columns for beam. And curve out the end of the beam (to have a tooth) , After placing the beam inside the hole, we can use a drill to make a hole that goes through the columns AND THE BEAM . For a PEG. We can have my lipless pegs based on the structure Or, we can use steel angle. Bolt in angle to the column then place the beam on top of the angle. Tongue and grove flooring can span so long. Split rings connector. Because the wood member can put a lot of tension on the bolt, we use split ring (2) between two members. Split ring and bolt should be installed there together. (Old fashion) These days steel connections are better because they look good too.

Answer 76

Self corbeling Overlap half When you have a very tall masonry wall the size of the lintel above a The window gonna be so thick. Better to corbel the bricks

Answer 77

Very beautiful and will make a shadow but the water will stay there and freeze and thaw... The concave joint and singly strike joint are fine Efflorescence is the action of brick when absorbs the water. Mortar will start soak and be filled with water, then start to evaporate back to outside. Water with minerals gets to the surface then evaporate and leave the mineral in surface.

Answer 78

8x8x16 Like CMU but when you fill it out with grout and rebates they act like beams. The internal hole is like a v and the external outline is like a regular cmu.

Answer 79

The most important force in a big am is tension and compression. Chambering is a solution. Bend up then the weight will sag down (to flat)

Answer 80

Wide flange steel: there a neutral axes above that is compression and below that is Tension In concrete beam: above is compression and below is Tension (more rebars for lower part ) Do Do we have a neutral ax? Not like steel wide flange If we need rebars for tension in a concrete bar, does it mean we don't need rebars for the upper part of a concrete beam? We should have some rears for the upper part to avoid cracks. What about wood? The above part is compression and the lower part Is tension forces. Does it have neutral axes like a steel wide flange? No, the middle part just holds the other areas, so it can be thinner ( looking like a wide flange) in the I beam. But, we cannot thinner a 2x12 to have I bean. There should be three different elements.

Answer 81

No! Above and lower are much stronger than the middle parts. (filler pieces)

Answer 82

Steel: Moment and pin (shear) connection Connecting the whole thing to the columns. Welding!! At the moment connection, two elements ( beam and column) will be integrated together. The beam will transfer the force to the column. They will move together. Pin connection: a bit of movement The beam will connect to the web of wide flanges and some angels will be bolted to the Beam and columns Or we can have angels on top and below the beam to the column (bolted)

Answer 83

The girder is a bit deeper than the beam If you have a moment connection for a girder and a beam, you can have a steel plate on top of the connection location (up flang )and then bolt or weld the plate to the beams and girder. And for lower flanges of the beam To the girder because if you have any questions plate on top of the girder then it's not leveled for decking. We can cut the web to create holes for piping, but not more than half of the width of the web What if we have the beam’s lower flange on top of the girder’s top flange? The building gonna be taller, more expensive, and more material. We need a stiffener for the bean above the girder. Welded stiffener or bolted and a stiffener for the girder below the Beam. Welded or bolted. This option will give you more space under the beam for HVAC systems or plumbing. Then above them, you will need metal decking for construction -walk on it and do the process of construction. -have a flat and strong layer which adds stiffness to the structure Then we are able to pour wet concrete on top of it. If the metal decking is perpendicular to the Beam means the decking Is beam to beam and there is no joist. If we have a joist, the joist will span beam to beam and there is no need for metal decking to span the beam to beam. (it will not be perpendicular to the beam) , but still, we need to have a surface-to-span all over for flooring. BECAUSE THE METAL DECKING HAS TO BE IN THE DIRECTION THAT IS SPANNING. Beam-to-beam spanning means that metal decking is perpendicular to the bean. How do we install a metal decking to the Beam? Tack welding onto the beam down below. Then concrete is to be poured above. (concrete topping or form deck) Concrete toppings are not functioning structurally. It's just for leveling the surface for finishing. The metal decking is working structurally and the beams girders under. If we want the concrete to ping to be structurally involved, a concrete slab will need rebars, WWF, etc.(composite deck) Why should we use composite concrete decking above the beam and girders? Then we can use shorted beans and girders!!! Less expensive!!! The metal decking for the composite concrete decking systems is different. It has some ridges in it to have more engagement with concrete Then concrete decking cannot slide back and force because it's been hooked with decking through ridges. Make a female concept. Bolts can be connected from composite to the decking if you want a very strong connection. -What is cellular decking? The same metal decking (corrugated deck), but we will have a flat material under the deck and nailed to it, now metal decking is stronger!!! Then you can use spaces between corrugated metal decking (cells) and a thin flat layer (thin gauge) for wiring. Cells!! ( you will not need to use concrete maybe!!) Sometimes we have a wider metal decking ( the upper ones are wide and the lower ones are then): to have a broader and more surface without a lot of depressed parts for rigid insulation. Then walking on top of it will not break the insulation.

Answer 84

Cold rolled Mostly for partitions Can be structural too!! Runner; the horizontal u shape runner that can easily screw down to the floor system. Slip system. Then you add studs on top of runners. Studcatecsimilar to runners, but has a little bit extra part to itself. Stud: steel sheet that will be folded that has some holes for piping wiring. These kinds of studs are usually for partitions and not structurally. If it’s supposed to be structurally, then they will need to do bracing for each a few of them to avoid parallelogram over. Or adding blocking. We will have some other squishy material under rubber that will block sound. When we are adding drywall we will leave some small gaps under there and fill it with sealant for sound! Gauge number 14 is structural 12 maybe. 20 is for partitions. Higher number represent lighter and things studs.

Answer 85

Exterior supported structure like bearing wall. It will sit in a foundation. (The upper corners which is 45 degrees angel of foundation do not do anything, they are just there to have a flat surface). Then foundation wall which can be CMU wall or grouted cmu wall or just concrete wall. Then 8” of this foundation wall should be above grade und level and then brick walls and air cavity and the back up wall (wood, steel, cmu, brick, etc) The excavation line (bottom line) will not be exactly at the same level of the foundation line( the lower one), why? Because we need undisturbed soil. The above layer of excavated soil is disturbed so we use the undisturbed layers under that. The concrete for foundation and foundation wall should be pouters in different days (28 days minimum) Key: 2x4 - lateral forces from soil to foundation wall to slide it but they key act as a stopper. Then a rebar goes from foundation wall to the key and the foundation. We will have some rebars in foundation wall upper and lower parts to help the foundation wall to act like a beam and we will have vertically rebars (sometimes the vertical rebars can be outside and close to surface and sometimes they can be inside , depends on which side will be in tension and sometimes both sides). The lower part of the foundation will have rebars or upper? Lower because lower will be in tension. Upper is in compression which does not need rebars. Then we will have isolated slab on grade. It will have its own weld wire fabrics and help with some cracking. And there will be some material between isolation joint, this material should be able to expand and contract. It will be a bong breaker between foundation wall and slab. They should not be connected to each other and it will help to stop moisture as well. And under the slab we need vapor barrier to stop the water coming from the soil due to hydrostatic pressure. This vapor barrier should sit on crushed stone to avoid the hydrostatic pressure. Hydrostatic pressures coming laterally from side. We will need gravel there on the side of foundation wall where the pressure will be. The gravel will sit on foundation, it’s better to cover the foundation surface and foundation wall with clay! We will have drainage mat on the foundation wall and push the water down then we will have an insulation between foundation wall and drainage Matt. We will need a profferrated pipe next to foundation to flow the water out to the surface of ground label or drain tile connect to the sump pump and sump pump wall take it into the building and then to sewer system . If there is storms were it can be go there. Some places have both system and some have only sewer system. Or sometimes those perforated can act like reservoir and hold the water for a while then sip into soil and ground water. Or we can have a layer of clay right near the building perimeter to help us the water to drain the water away from the building or sloped . Do not have vegetation very close to the building. What is Capillary action? When we have two surface that are very close to each other, when water goes through it will be propelled through from one side to the other side of the surfaces. What should we put there? What materials can be capillary breaker? Bentonite Clay Dumbbells Damp proofing systems

Answer 86

Precast beam and columns: Columns should be in a shape to hold beams. We should have other stuff connected to the precast columns and beams to be able to work together. We can have thin and hollow pre cast concrete slab above beams. These hollow concrete slabs are connected to each other by rebar and grout and a thin layer of concrete on top of all of them to have a flat surface. At the end we will have rebars going to different directions Prefabricated beams sometimes are L shape (smaller leg) to carry the prefabricated slabs or Ts . We will not have custom shape if we want pre cast concrete elements but we can have any shapes when we have cast in place concrete. Why hollow? To reduce the weight

Answer 87

CMU wall: Running bond, half laps. Grout the holes and add rebar. Then we will have some reinforcing in the bed. Horizontally and vertically. This horizontal and vertical reinforcing protect the CMU was from bowing out or buckling. At the end we will call it concrete wall \ masonry structural wall. Bond beam: the u shape block the filled out with rebars and grout and it will act as a beam. Span over opening or doors. What if we have a CMU structure wall which should carry a steel beam or timber beam? We can have a cavity inside the CMU wall which will have steel plates to connect the beam to the wall. If we have timber goes into the cavity of CMU, we should have a fire cut. Fire cut is when we cut the corner of the timber beam cut in angle because if beam is in fire it will goes up and put pressure under the cmu in cavity and it can break the cmu wall. Be careful putting timber inside a cavity of a cmu wall.

Answer 88

Wherever we have a steel angle above windows that will create an horizontal control joint. Then sealant under the steel angle. What about vertical joint? Cracks tend to be on the corner on the windows. So it’s better to have expansion joint on corners. Control joints are only for the brick veneer. If the wall is very long then we can have a couple of expansion joints too. Expansion joints will be all the way through a wall. Control joints are not all the way through the wall, they are for brick veneer only to encourage the crack to happen there. When we have an expansion joint, we will have a piece of object there .

Answer 89

Rafters on top of double plate then to have ceiling first we need to have some beams that span between columns and they will be above double plate. The suffix out side will have some holes for vent to make it a cool roof. In cool roof (because the suffix has vent and make the entire roof cold) we will have snow on entire roof which will work as an insulation. What if we do not have vent in soffit ? Then the roof will not be a cool roof and snow on some part of roof (middle part) will thaw but not on the edges. Then the snow keeps melting on the middle part which is not good. What if we have a cathedral roof? Then because we need to insulate the entire spaces between rafters then we will not have a vent. We should leave some space called baffles for venting and insulate the rest of roof. Cool roof works is summer as well.

Answer 90

Trusses. We do not have to cut bird’s mouth cut. They sit nice and flat. Trusses are @24”. You will not have attic using trusses unless you use scissor trusses.

Answer 91

Typical spanning for light wood frame is by 20’. If we want something broader, we can use TJI (wood I beam). Much stiffer that 2 by 12 14 .. It’s made up (2) block of wood attaching to OSB or piece of wood that separate them together. Or trusses. 2 (2x4) up and down and then using 2x4 on angels. At the middle you can have open area for duct work. Why middle? Because there is a neutral axes. 12” Truss will have very small triangle. Try to use 14 or 16 even if 12” is sufficient.

Answer 92

Rim joist are in direct touch with sole plate above and double plate down. Rim joist will expand and contract and this will cause issues. The rim joist for trusses are much smaller because they only cover the upper part of truss. (For the shape of truss)

Answer 93

The two main studs on left and right sides of an opening , is called king stud, then you will have a Jack stud next to it and inside the window from floor to upper level of opening. Then we have a header which is sitting on Jack stud. There is a sill on lower level of the opening which will be held by another Jack stud. (A lot of wood yikes!) Then we will have the shorter studs under opening and above the opening (use to be called cripple, but now they call them short stud or Jack stud) How is made a header? Section: for example (3) 2x8 and a layer of plywood between them. Does header have insulation? NO! Is there any solution? We can have (2) 2x8 and (1) 2x8 on top of it horizontally. Then infill between 2x8 s by rigid insulation. Sometimes you can make a box. (There are a lot of ways to think about that)

Answer 94

For typical 3’ window we can use 2x6 and maybe a layer of plywood between. For larger window to span larger we will need 2x8 or even bigger. If we need the header to be very strong, piece of steel will be added to the wood pieces to make a flitch plate. Flitch plates are when we use sheets of steel or plywoods or both in our beam header design.

Answer 95

Connections are very important in timber structure. Sometimes we need moment connections. To do so, We will need steel connectors Or we can use cables. Bracing with cables. What will we use for sheathing in timber structure? One way: Purlins! Going through long distance. And it’s not structurally but it will add some stiffness. Another way is using stress skin panel: They are plywood or OSB with styrofoam interior and another layer of plywood. It has some holes through it at some certain heights for electrical conduit. Why do we call them stress skin panel? Because the entire weights will be on plywoods. You can build the entire a house with stress skin panel. How do we connect two panels? It’s like CMU (when you put them next to each other there will be a gap between panels, add a wood block there and nail it to the panels. Size: 4’ 8’ etc that wood blocking can act as a thermal bridge. But when we have 8’ panels, it means that we will have that wood blocking every 8’ which is very good. Downsize? Transportation z And you need to use crane if they are large. Very sustainable

Answer 96

STC focus a on human voice. Issues: The structure is continuous Different materials have different impacts. Outlets Lighting fixture Etc Solutions: -Sealant at the bottom level of plywood and all edges of plywood -don’t put the outlet back to back -multiple layers of drywall By doing these solutions we probably can have STC 50. How can have a higher STC? -Two different walls next to each other (STC:55) I’d we double up the plywood and remove the inside layers of plywood and leave some air gap, then it will have the best STC (STC:58 , very good for human voice) -resilient channel

Answer 97

In some rooms we need to reflect the sound. We like it! Like live room. (Music) not too live! A bit bouncy and vibration. Or like restaurant (people like sound ) Dead room (studio to record) Noise reduction coefficient between zero and one NRC : zero Materials like concrete, glass, very dense materials that will bounce the sound entirely. (The reflected sound does not distribute, it is one reflected sound which is very strong) NRC: one absorb all sound NRC of ceiling panels something between .5 and .6 . This means it can reflect one sound to multiple reflected sounds and make it less strong and you will hear a whisper ! In very large rooms like a venue for opera, we need to use acoustic materials for surfaces to absorb and reflect the distributed sound (white noise) otherwise we will hear very strong sound (directed sound from concrete) and it will be so annoying

Answer 98

Small room reflect the sound so fast and you hear that as one sound. So it’s easy to control the sound acoustic in small rooms. But in large rooms it takes longer for sound to reflect back to you. A sound can reflect one time to another surface then reach to you because it’s a large room. You will hear a sound twice.

Answer 99

Emergency light is for when power goes out. To help people find their way. There is no switch for emergency light, it’s a hard-wired light all the time. They are on all the time. More for office setting institutional setting . They will be on their own circuit and they stay on. Sometimes these lights are connected to a separate generator and they will stay on for a looong time with other stuff. Like water pumps lights in lobby…

Answer 100

You find I factor under structure and other calculations. Those building will likely be required to have emergency generator. Sometimes insurance will require you to have backup generator .

Answer 101

In a few locations, in the corridor, or in lobby. In some situation you can have all the lights on emergency line. We will have one light in each space, not necessarily each tiny office space in a large office , but in each tenant space. Maybe a couple light per floor .

Answer 102

Smoke detectors detect smoke detect a problem and send it to centralized system (Alarm system) and alarm system send it out to strobe and other system. Strobe for people that cannot hear. Occupied rooms should have one .

Answer 103

A system that allow people inside the building to let everybody know there is a problem in the building. It’s a little red box with a leveler. It should be located somewhere very obvious like right next to entrance or in the lobby and Right in egress path!!! . People should have a sense that where they can find it. Fire extinguisher: It depends on: -Occupancy type -Construction type Who are occupants? Kids? Adults? Elders? Is the structure of the building vulnerable? Construction type! They should be located in obvious locations. Near exit stairs , in the egress path.

Answer 104

General ones are every where like what we add to our projects. The other ones for specific use are A B C D A: gas , liquid B: paper, wood, plastic C: Electrical components D: metal Kitchen: using water base fire extinguisher is dangerous here. Mechanical room: not water base - foam base

Answer 105

Audio system that will hav e speaker some area like stair(very important location for interview) , area of refuge , lobby . People that are stuck in stair wells or area of refuge will need a system to let the security or receptions or others (front desk) know that they are there. Or at least a button to insert and alert other people.

Answer 106

Communication system should have. Area of refuge should be outside of travel of path. Floor clearance :30x48 Travel path in stairs landing is a curve which starts from the end point of thread to the endpoint of the next step. (100% travel path formula) The door’s swing line should not be inside the travel path of landing. There should be an intercom (two way communication system) in area of refuge. If you need to move the area of refuge out of stair well to have it’s own area, it can be larger that 30x48. If you are tucking this area into a wall to be parallel: 30x60

Answer 107

Hydraulic elevators use a piston drilled into the ground. There’s elevators are slow in efficient and can leak oil into ground but they are inexpensive. Hole less hydraulic elevator: for height up to 60 Geared traction elevator: it’s fast- it needs shaft and penthouse - higher cost Fearless traction elevator: high speed and it will not be efficient if you want a lower speed. It will need shaft and penthouse - high cost. Plunger-type hydraulic elevator: this elevator is supported by ground and allowing for lower design cost Freight elevator: for large objects We usually need one elevator but we need another one in case the first elevator is under repair. Different types: Quick elevators like electronic one that ride tracks and cable based Not super fast: hydronic type Small electronic one: smaller set up and pneumatic tubes very limited ranges and very limited possibilities Elevator pit: Spring system under the car in the pit. For the safety of the workers inside the well. The hydrologic system needs a pit too to place the equipment. Sump pit/sump pump: in case water is standing there because of groundwater. The lowest portion of the building. Mechanical plumbing and elevator drawings Elevator machine room next to well. Head house: to protect the workers inside the well. The cable base should have a headhouse. The structure will be impacted by the elevation well which is from the ground to the roof. So we can use shear walls to make the structure stiffer. But in case of fire, it can act like a chimney. So these shear walls have to be fire-rated walls. Concert!!! 2-3-4 hour. Call butter: for ADA 15” to 48” reach range. Controller for elevators: This will predict that the car needs to be on the first floor at 8 am. Or at 5 pm when people from all stories want to go to the lobby, then the car will predict it needs to stay somewhere middle

Answer 108

Lula: kind of elevator but simpler, a little bit lower key, it's not for everyday use, it’s not for a constant flow of people, just for a limited number of people using that occasionally) Lula has a shaft. Bigger than lift. 20’ or a little above. More capacity. A small pit and a small head house 2’ Lift: not everyday use. Example: For 4’ elevation use. It's equipment. It's for Ada. They should have a call button. It's not related to fire codes.

Answer 109

Train station airport, big office lobby, big constant flow. It's not ADA. Keep the flow Big Thick: The machine room is built inside the system. To be maintained regularly A place to have access to the machine room Slope: 30-35 Speed: 199 to 125 7’ vertical clearance because it has built in motor Maximum rise :20 to 40

Answer 110

When water flows on the finishes of the exterior wall, it has a tendency to keep flowing while sticking to the surface. The drip edge (break the relationship) forces water to move on the drip edge’s surface to stop somewhere and when the relationship is broken with the exterior wall, it can drop down. Capillary reaction: same as surface tension but water is between two surfaces. The capillary breaker will be needed. the surface of the sectional cut of a crack has a small recessed to break the relationship between the two surfaces of a crack and water. Pressure difference: Rain screen idea A surface that repels water but the wall structure is farther back and there is an air gap between. The pressure equalization (airgap) which make water to lose its force and power to get through the structural wall.

Answer 111

Little gap at the bottom of drywall: because of expansion-contraction or structural movement. It will crack the drywall. Then we will have an acoustic bridge: a sealant inside the gap will resolve the issue. The finished floor has a gap with the drywall as well: the same problem. Crack. Baseboard out on it or sealant. The idea of baseboard: is to cover movement gaps. To protect the wall from humans or hit. The wall drywall should have a gap between the ceiling and sealant. The drywall of the ceiling has to have a gap to the surface of the wall drywall. For movement. The idea of crown molding cane from here, movement. Continuous fray wall for wall and Celine is not a good idea, movement between floor and wall, or expansion-contraction of the hot cold weather. Break the drywall off the wall and ceiling at the corner part to control the joint. Exterior siding: shingle or shakes(they are the same but the shingle has been swan so it's wood that has been literally sawn into shapes. Ad shake is where they saw it into double and then desperate them (the surface is rough). Wood because of straws can be expanded in length and width, (but mostly width). Rim board can be problematic. Shingles will be mailed through the stud and insulation and only the upper part, no.lower. The nails will be protected by another shingle. And it will have some room to expand. W Wood expands when it's wet. Wood moves a Lot due to moisture. But aluminum siding moves due to the sun. They will then expand a big long distance. It can bow out if there is not enough space for it. This siding will have holes (بیضی شکل) that allow the screw to move. Allow some movement around floor wall connections Insulation; The wall above and under the connections (floor to wall) should be insulated. (batt insulation between beams)

Answer 112

Somewhere inside a mullein in the middle, there is A piece of rubber that extends from the top of Mullen to the lower part of Mullen and creates a thermal break. The other thing is that glass is typically double pane with an air gap between which makes a thermal break. If two layers of glass are too close, it will not be a thermal break. If they are far from Each other, there will be a convective current

Answer 113

What kind of stud is usually used for mechanical shafts to have this ability to have finishes on both sides? CH stud. The H part is toward the shaft and the c side is toward the room. Then we install finishes on the H part and then plywood on the C part. Between panels and h part of stud: fire-stopping sealant. Then attach the panels to the part from the inside. This is a fire-rated wall so it should have drywall on both sides. Panels on the part better to be thicker than the typical size because it's hard to put 2 layers inside there.

Answer 114

The joint between the pipes is wider than the pipe itself. Or if we have a cleanout we need to have space for that. Keep in mind that the branches are not at a 90-sharp angle. They have a curve to make the flow of air easier and avoid making noise. The waste line is larger than the supply of water We need to have a fire damper inside the duct. Same for pipes: we need to cut the Wall to the exact size of the pipe and use a lot of foam and fire-stopping to stop the fire.

Answer 115

From ceiling panels to slab above: Ceiling zone - lighting zone and sprinkler zone together- ducts - structural zone - floor

Answer 116

Coordination Better to have a series of meetings weekly or biweekly to bring up suggestions or questions when everybody is attending the meetings. Sections RCP (90% of coordination happens in rcp) 3d model

Answer 117

How mechanical system can affect the rcp design? We can have a drop ceiling where the trunks are which means we will have lower ceiling. Where do you want this lower ceiling? Corridors? Maybe. So design in a way that under trunks you can have your circulation paths.

Answer 118

Try to design flexible like having drop ceiling instead of hard ceiling then you can replace or move fixtures, lights, etc for new tenants improvements.

Answer 119

First and cheapest: Make sure that the gap under the doors is part of the exhaust process or not. If not, cover the gaps. Make sure there are not any outlets, fire dampers, keys, or any kind of openings that sound can find to travel. We can use batt insulation or mineral insulation We can use a double wall or staggered wall and have a gap between the walls that helps the noise to die in. In the end, we can use resilient channels for plywood.

Answer 120

First, keep in mind that lighting is done by rooms. Different rooms can have different patterns. We should know what task is getting done in this room. If this is for example an office, if there is a person who is working by computer all the time? If yes, computers will create ambient light and we can lower the ambient light we need to design for. If people are doing fine artwork they will need pendant light. What is the foot-candle you want for your room? Second question: where is the work plane? Is it only in the kitchen for cutting vegetables? Or it's an office and people are working on something? So we need to have closet light to work the plane. 30” off the floor should be an appropriate height for the work plane. But the distance from the work plane to lighting fixtures is important for foot candles. The next level of issues would be what are the surfaces going to be like. What is the texture of the wall will be like? Is there a lot of reflection or is it absorbed by the color and texture of the surfaces? Where the fixtures should be? Drop ceiling? Pendant light to be close to the work plane? Task lights or ambient lights? How often that place can be cleaned? Is it easy to clean the fixtures? (for example in theater access to let them Ng fixtures can be very difficult. If access is hard we may need to use lighters that do not die so fast? Or can be self-cleaning! The reality of lights is that they do not shed 100%. During the design phase for RCP, we need to make sure we are considering the efficacy of lights. Or if the ceiling height is too high, and access is hard,, it means we cannot clean it oftentimes. So we need to consider this reduction in design.

Answer 121

Less ductwork - less expensive Less overlapped trunk ducts which means we have two large ducts over each other and we need to have a higher ceiling!!!

Answer 122

Acoustic Fire issues : fire will reach there and other spaces. Sometimes it's needed to have some sprinklers up to that space.

Answer 123

Heat detector Photoelectric detector Ionization detector: use radioactive material to detect smoke particles Carbon monoxide detector Heat detector is very slow and it has a lot of false alarm. Smoke detectors are better and faster. 3 types of smoke detector: Ionization (use electrons) Photoelectric smoke detectors (use light instead of electrons) and the best one which is a combo of photoelectric and ionization. Miscellaneous: Microwave detector: to detect movements Spot detector : single- unit security device and it’s typically attached to doors and windows A combination of ionization and photo electric a smoke detectors are the best .

Answer 124

-Continue drywall to deck on at least one side of demising wall. -By adding an acoustic wall treatment to two adjacent walls of each room acoustics will be improved it does not improve the arc of demising wall, but it can improve the acoustic of a busy room and kill dome noises) -Install carpeting inside of rooms if they are concrete finish An automatic door, bottom can be installed on existing door with minimal disruption to day today operations. This addition will seal off the gap at the door threshold, and improve the acoustic. -However adding resilient channels would greatly improve the sound transmission, coefficient or STC but it will disrupt day today, operations of an office

Answer 125

Stud spacing at 18 inch or 24 inch from the center to center makes the wall less rigid, which means I the wall is less rigid, so it will transmit less structure born noise, but may transmit more air borne noise Bat insulation with R92 R 60 , or mostly for thermal insulation, but it will improve the acoustic of the wall as well. Resilient channel installed to start for drywall is a great way to sand proof a wall Adding soundproof wall membrane really greatly affect the soundproofing of the wall (adding mass to a wall) . soundproof membranes is engineered to decouple between dry walls or it can be installed on top of drywall to add the mass of a wall . add more plywoods (adding mass to a wall) Stagger the wall or double wall with a gap between studs to let the sound die in the gap . In general noise, reducing of a drywall, which is NRC is a great option for sound sensitive spaces .

Answer 126

75’ max travel distance

Answer 127

Molding methods Soft mud process or water struck process: uses mold for moist clay Stiff mud process: forces the mixture through a die and extrude a clay ribbon that is cut into bricks. Dry-press process Dry mix that is pressed into gang molds by plungers under high pressure (most accurate bricks) How many types of brick we have? In general they Atr classified as solid , hollow, and cored. Solid (if the 75% of the brick is solid) Hollow if the 60% of the brick is solid. Natural colors of brick are found in red or buff ranges (yellowish- brown) Common surface texture: Smooth Water and sand struck Scored Wire cut (cut the extruded columns of clay with wire, which the result will be very clean and sharp) Roughened Fire-bonded ceramic glaze in satin or gloss finish. Brick size or common brick (building brick) 7 5/8” x 3 5/8” x 2 1/4” Type 1 2 3 of Portland cement will be used for mortar. Building Brick: or common brick – usually red– size 7 5/8”x3 5/8”x 2 1/4” Brick can be specified according to the weather: Grade SW (Severe weather) heavy rain and snow and freezing. And underground. Grade MW (Moderate weather) Weather resistance- warm areA. Grade NW (No weather) Interior use Brick can be specified according to the look: (Fase bricks FB) Grade FBX: FBX (X AS EXACT), Mechanical perfection, very clean-cut, and very precise in sizing. Grade FBS: FBS (S AS STANDARD), not as precise as FBX – more colors and variation in sizes. Grade FBA: Random in sizes, colors, and textures. fbs is more common Hollow brick can be specified by factors affecting its appearance (Grade HBX, HBS, HBA) and weathering (SW and MW) OTHER TYPES OF BRICKS: Back-up brick: inferior bricks that have chips on the edges and we use them behind the face brick. Paving Brick: Very hard and dense brick Fire brick: fireplaces or fire rated walls Adobe Brick: mixture of natural clay and straw Nail-on brick: Roman brick: short in height and long in length Surfaces of a brick: face (the side we see) – end or cull surface (left and right sides) – bed (the lower part) – Brick positions: Headers: when the bricks sit next to each other with the end/cull surface exposed. Stretcher: when they sit next to each other with their faces exposed to view. Bull header: when they sit next to each other like in headers but each brick is 90 degrees rotated. Bull stretcher: when they sit next to each other like in stretcher but each brick is 90 degrees rotated. Soldier course: when they are sitting next to each other with the cull/end and sides exposed. They are standing next to each other like soldiers. Sailor courses: when they are standing to each other but the bedside is exposed to view. The best temperature for laying down the bricks: 40 to 90 The brick should be wet before laying down to avoid absorbing the mortar’s water. Getting dry to earl will cause a weak bond between brick and mortar because they did not get time to bond. Mortar thickness: ¼ to ½ head joint and bed join: just get familiar with them. These days we have mostly cavity brick walls. What is a reinforced brick wall? Two wythes of bricks which are filled with grout and rebars between. Grout: a mix of Portland cement, sand, water, and a small amount of lime. Lime can protect against frost. It will hold the water inside the mortar. BRICK BONDING PATTERNS: Flemish bond: every other stretcher and header English bond: one row of stretchers and the second row will be headers. Common bond: one row of headers per a few rows of stretchers. Running bond: all stretchers (staggered) Stacked bond: all stretchers but they are all aligned vertically and horizontally. How to remove efflorescence? Light sandblasting High-pressure water A bit of acid mixed with water Where do we need expansion joints in masonry walls? More than 200’ length There is a sealant/ compressible filler that is for preventing air and water from getting into the cracks. What’s clamp? When we put all bricks on top of each other to burn them under ground. THE BRICKS THAT BURNED BUT NOT DISTORTED: EXTERIOR APPLICATION – VERY STRONG THE BRICKS THAT HAVE BEEN BURNED AND DISTORTED : FOR APPLICATIONS THAT WE CANNOT SEE BECAUSE ALTHOUGH THEY ARE WETHEAR RESISTANCE BUT THEY ARE NOT LOOKING GOOD, UNDERCOOKED BRICK: USED FOR BACKUP WALL BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT THAT WEATHEAR RESTANTS SEVERE UNDERCOOKED BRICK: THRON AWAY Utility brick walls are strongest and cheapest. Because they are bigger and need less mortar so they will be less expensive and strongest. The weak point of a brick wall is the mortar.

Answer 128

CONCRETE MASONRY: Concrete Bricks Concrete Blocks (most common one which is structural component) Concrete Tiles Cast stone. Concrete Blocks: Different colors, textures, and shapes light , strong, fire resistance They can be used for foundation, bearing and non bearing walls. 8X8X16 OR 7 5/8 X 7 5/8 X 15 5/8 3/8" MORTAR GAP (HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY) for real brick and masonry units. I could see 1/2" for veneered materials. TW0 CELL CONCRETE BLOCK: LIGHTER, SPACE FOR PIPING AND CONDUITS, THERMAL INSULATION CONCRETE BLOCKS ARE IN GRADE N AND S. N FOR MORE SEVERE EXPOSURE AND S WILL NEED MORE PROTECTION FROM THE WEATHER THE COMPONENTS OF A CONCRETE BLOCK: FACE SHELL – END SHELL – WEB – DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE BLOCKS: CORNER BLOCK SHOULD HAVE A LEVELED EDN SHELL JAMB BLOCK WINDOW JAMB BLOCK LINTEL BLOCK BLOCK MAY BE LEFT UNFINISHED OR COVERED BY CEMENT PLAST, CEMENT PAINT, OR CLEAR WATERPROOF SEALER. OR IT CAN BE USED AS BEARING OR NON BEARING WALL BEHIND BRICK VENEER, STONE, OR OTHER TYPES OF NON BEARING / NON STRUCTURALLY WALLS. Architectural Terracotta are clay tiles. Use for interior partitions or in combination with other material that can act as a backup wall. Gypsum blocks are used for interior non-bearing walls and because of the feature they have (absorbing the heat and melting) can be fire resistant walls. (solid and cored and looking like concrete ) Glass block: They are used where light transmission, glare, and or solar heat should be controlled. It takes a longer time for the mortar to dry Weak bonding between glass and mortar. , and then blocks can move when the mortar is wet. They are NOT structural components. The only bonding pattern is stacked bonding. Control joints are critical for these blocks because glass expands easily. In the case of connection between glass blocks and other types of walls, we will need fillers like resilient expansion joint material.

Answer 129

MORTAR: is 20% of the surface of a wall. So appearance is important. WHAT TYPE OF Portland CEMENTS ARE USED IN MORTAR? TYPE 1 2 3 OF CEMENT TYPE 1 : NORMAL CEMENT TYPE 2: MODERATE SULFATE RESISTANCE TYPE3: EARLY STRENGTH There are two types of Portland cements use for masonry: Cement lime mortar: Portland cement and lime. Lime is for workability and it’s water resistance And Blended hydronic cement: Portland cement and blast from furnaces. And Masonry cement: not where water can penetrate.air entering will be added and let the water to penetrate. No lime added Types of mortars according to their strength: Type M S N O K M: strongest - below grade- high load- sever frost- dry S: exterior reinforce masonry - wall that carry heavy load N: general purpose like using in brick veneer that is not structurally strong but it will be good in severe weather. (the most common are S and N) non compressive and non bearing O: low strength - interior only THE ENTIRE JOINTS OF BRICKS SHOULD BE FILLED WITH THE MORTAR AND THE LAST PORTION WHICH IS EXPOSED TO WEATHER, SHOULD BE DENSE AND SMOOTH AND COMPACTED. DIFFERENT TYPES OF JOINTS: WEATHER EXTRUDED RACKED FLUSH ROUNDED V TROWELED BEADED Mortar will start drying up after 1/5 hours, but after 2/5 it should be dumped out. We can add some mixture to keep it 72 hours. We will have accelator Retarder What is fly ash brick: They won’t need to be in kiln to dry up. They can be dried by steam!! They are fire and whether resistance like as regular bricks. They are sustainable because they do not waste energy.

Answer 130

Type I: normal Type IA: air entering . For freezing - good for expansion contraction. Make the concrete more workable - as strong as type I Type II: moderate sulfate resistance Sulfate can break down the concrete. Sulfate found in ground water which weaken the concrete. Sometimes the aggregate can have sulfate. Type IIA: moderate sulfate resistance and air entering Type III: used for precast concrete. Fast cure. Use for concrete blocks tilt up wall. For cold climate Type IIIA: air entering to make it more workable Type VI: low heat of hydration. massive structure like dome. Type V: high resistance to sulfates White Portland cement: decorative - Type 1 2 3 are used for mortars.

Answer 131

Everything about stones:, Categories:, Igneous: granite, Sedimentary: Limestone, Sandstone, Bluestone, Brownstone, Metamorphic(under high pressure and heat): Marble, Soapstone, Slate, Field stone: natural stones use for decorative purposes., Dimension stone: cut stone, Rubble stone: rubbles that have at least one good face, Flagstone: this slabs, irregular shapes, angulars and sharp angles, used for paving Amber book: Granite in igneous - Nonporous - very strong - underground application - severe climate - very strong - we can cut very thin because it's very strong. Limestone – sedimentary – deposited for a long time. Shells -porous and weakest – we cannot cut thin not less than 2”- it contains quarry sap which means cannot be exposed to freezing temperatures. Quary sap means it contains water- It can be polished – marble - Limestone can deteriorate in acid which is why it cannot be in pollutant areas. Quartz: sedimentary stone as well which Includes sandstone: blue and brown stone – brownstone is porous and blue stone mostly is used for paving Slate: Metamorphic stone - Clay under pressure - reheated – dense and hard – it has orientation – cleavage – roofing and paving -thin wall facing. Marbel: metamorphic - Limestone that has been reheated - Easy to polish and carve – can be cut very thin. lower grade (D) will look better, but it will not be as strong as grade A B - Like limestone, it can resolve in acid - It cannot be cleaned with acid. Most porous stone: Limestone Ok to use the grade below: granite. Sedimentary rock: limestone and quartz Not for use in pollutant air: limestone and marble Cleavage: slate

Answer 132

Types of admixtures:, To speed up the setting time : Accelerator calcium chloride, To resist freezing action. Air-entering agent oil, fats, and resins, To slow down, Retarders sugar and acids, To decrease permeability, Water proofing stearate compounds, Water-reducing organic compounds reduce water content, Workability agent powdered silica and lime improve workability, ADDINF TOO MUCH WATER TO CEMENT: NOT ONLY MAKE IT A WEAK CONCERET BUT ALSO, IT WILL CREATE A LAITANCE LAYER OF WEAK LAYER THAT SHOULD BE REMOVED., HOW MANY DAYS TO CURE? 28, READY-MIXED CONCRETE: WHICH WILL BE MIXED IN A PLANT AND WILL BE TRANSPORTED TO THE SITE, TRANSIT-MIXED CONCRETYE: IT WILL BE MIXED AIN A TRUCH., THERE SHOULD BE A COATONG ON FORMWORK TO AVOID CONCRETE TO STICK TO THE FORMWORK. IT’S BETTER TO APPLY THE OIL BEFORE ADDING THE STEEL REINFORCING ELEMENTS OTHERWISE A COATED STEEL BY OIL WILL NOT STICK TO THE CONCRETE PASTE, STEEL AND CONCRETE HAVE THE SAME THERMAL EXPANSION, FOOTING SHOULD HAVE AT LEAST 3” BETWEEN STEEL AND GROUND., THE STEEL REINFORCING BAR SHUOLD BE COVERED BY CONCRETE PASTE? FOR FIRE PROTECTION AND CORROSION, HOW CAN REINFORCING BARS RESIST CORROSION IN SALT WATER OR, WHAT IS INSULATINGLIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE. USUALLY USED FOR ROOFING BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT AS STRONG AS REGULAR CONCRETE. WE USE SOME SHLS OR CLAY, THAT HAVE BEEN COOKEC AND EXPANDED IN FURNACE, AND ADD THEM TO THE PASTE. ? USING EPOXY OR GALVANIZED STEEL, STRUCTURAL LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE:, COARSE AGGREGATE SIZE: 3/4”, AIR ENTRAINMENT, OIL, GREECE, , HANDELING AND PLACING IS EASIER, THERMAL INSULATION IS BETTER, COST MORE, DRYIBF SHRINKAGES IS SLIGHTLY GRETAER, MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IS LOWER, WEAKER THAN THE REGULAR CONCERET, INSULATING LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE: USUALLY FOR ROOF STRUCTURE BECAUSE THEY ARE BETTER INSULATIONS., LOW COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PERTILE IS BEING USED FOR THIS KIND OF CONCRETE, USING AIR VOIDS, WOOR FORMS SHOULD BE MOISTURIZE BECAUSE THEY CAN ABSORB THE CONCRETE WATER, How to bond between old concrete and new concrete? The sy=surface of old concrete should be moisture, Using sandblasting, water jet, pneumatic tools, Do not place concrete in one spot and let it flow to other parts, this will create segregation, Do not pour concrete from a high elevation, it creates segregation., To test concrete: slum test and cylinder test, CURING OF CONCRETE MEANS: MAINTAINING THE PROPER TEMP AND HUMIDITY FOR SOME PERIOR OF TIME AFTER POURING THE PASTE., EXCESSIVE EVAPORATION OF WATER CAN RETARD THE HYDRATION PROCESS AND REDUCE THE STRENGTH OG THE CONCRETE AND DEVELOPING SURFACE CRACKS, HOW TO KEEP CONCRETE MOISTURIZED DURING CURING?, WET BLANKET OR PLASTIK SHEETS, LEAVE THE FORM WORK AND KEEP THE FORM WORK MOISTURIZED, THE TEMPT SHOPULD BE BETWEEN 50 T0 70, IN VERY HOT WERATHER ADD ICE OR COOL DOWN THE INGEREDIENTS OR USE SHADING OR WIND BREAKS, IN VERY COLD CLIUMMATE WE MAY NEED HEATING SYSTEM OR TEMPORARY ENCLOSED THE AREA., CONSTRUCTION JOINT: WHEN YOU ARE POURING A NEW CONCRETE NEXT TO AN OLD ONE USUALLY YOU WILL NEED AN CONTROL JOINT. DO NOT FORGET TO ROUGHENED, WETEDN, AND CLEAN THE SURFACE OF THE OLD CONCRETE., EXPANSION JOINT: THEY ARE USUALLY FROM FOOTING TO THE ROOF. THEY SHOULD BE WATERPROOF, WEATHER TIGHT, AND GENERALLY FILLED WITH AN ELASTIC FILLER., WHER DO WE USE EXPANSION JOINT: WHEN BUILDING HAS WINGS – WHEN THE BUILDING’S LENGTH IS MORE THAN 200’ – NEW BUILDING IS GOING TO ADD TO AN OLD BUILDING., CONTROL JOINT ARE SHRINKAGE PF LARGE CONCRETE ARTEA., ISOLATIO JOINT: IS BEWTWWEN SLAB ON GRADE AND WALLS OR FOUNDATION WALLS, PRE-CAST CONCRETE ARE VERY ECONOMIC. COST AND TIME, PRECAST CONCREETE PLANKS:, T, DOUBLE T, HOLLOW CORE, TOUNGUE AND GROOVE, CHANEL, TERRAZO: IS A LAYER OF CRUSHED ROCKS AND GLASSES ON TOP OF CONCRETE THEN THEY SAND IT., ADVANTAGES OF PRE-CAST CONCRETE:, BETTER QUALITY CONTROL, ALL-WEATHER CONSTRUCTION, GREATER ECONOMY, LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE WHETHER STRUCTURAL OR Thermal, PROVIDE GOOD THERMAL INSULATION, FIRE RESISTANCE, LOW DENSITY, HIGH COST, EASILY HANDLED AND PLACED, THE PURPOSE OF SLUMP TEST: MEASURING THE CONSISTENCY AND WORKABILITY OF THE MIX

Answer 133

Soft mud process (water struck process) in the mold- very labor intensive- use for custom bricks We will use steel mold if the clay is so dry. The mold should be a bit bigger because the brick will shrink during drying process. Stiff mod process (wire cut) less expensive - Dry-press process

Answer 134

Angle bricks Water table bricks Jambs and sill bricks Coping bricks Radial bricks Solid bricks: cored and frogged bricks Hollow bricks(reinforcing brick walls) If you want a 100% solid bricks you need to specify: unfrogged uncorked 100% brick Why do we use frogged or core brick? They have more surface exposed (not sure)

Answer 135

Maximum gap: 4” Minimum: 3/8” for capillary bricks

Answer 136

Grout is more pourable

Answer 137

Low lift: 4 feet then partially dry then the next one to avoid hydrostatic pressure. High lift: taller reinforcing wall. We will have clean out holes Rebars If we have some headers in our brick wall we can say it’s a multi Wythe If its a running brick wall: we may say it’s a veneer brick wall

Answer 138

If the height of brick is x It can corbel 1/2x If it’s a modular brick: the height is 2 1/4” and half of that will be 1-1/8” True arch (brick) is different than corbel arch - check it out

Answer 139

Check them out if you cannot remember: Segmental arch Jack arch Tudor arch Elliptical arch Gothic arch Roman arch Parabolic arch Parts of arch: Where is: the arch axis: the middle axis of an arch. Riser (R): the lowest point in arch (middle) to the lowest point of the arch. Riser (F): from arch axis (the highest point) to the lower point of the axis The element that make contact with a wall: skewback Crown or extrados: the top part of an arch The depth of an arch The horizontal line from the end of an arch to the middle point of an arch: Spring line Inside curve of an arch: soffit Span: we have two span (S and L) S is the span from inside end of an arch and L is the middel end of arch. Abutment: the wall that arch rest on it The structure that we use to make an arch: (brick arch) Centering Bricks can be tapered or filed for arches or we can make custom shape bricks. Or we can taper the mortar that does not look natural at all. What is pilaster and Quoins: Pilaster are columns Quoins are the cut stone in the corner of brick walls to avoid cheating away.

Answer 140

Hopper: hopper windows for award hundred percent ventilation, but they do not minimize invisibility from outside. Casement: Jealousies Double-hung The 7 Most Common Window Styles By some accounts, there are nearly 30 different types of windows, or more, manufactured today. Though the estimates vary from one industry source to another, most will agree that seven types of windows for homes are the most commonly installed. Here‘s a brief description of each and points about what makes them so popular: Casement Windows The opening of a casement window is vertical shaped, which is usually taller than the width of the window. Casement windows swing outward. They provide excellent ventilation. They are operated by a crank handle, which is typically very easy to operate with just the fingertips of one hand. All sides of the swinging window panel are surrounded by a weather-tight gasket. This is an added feature for energy efficiency that sliding windows cannot offer. Awning Windows Awning windows are designed to swing outward, like casement windows. But, awning windows are hinged on the top, whereas casement windows are hinged on the side. So, awning windows swing open outward, leaving a horizontal opening, whereas casement windows swing out leaving a vertical opening. Awning windows provide excellent ventilation. The crank handle of awning windows is easy to operate when stretching to reach the window, making this style great for higher locations on the wall. Double Hung Windows Double-hung windows look the same as single-hung windows when they’re closed. The difference between the two styles is that the double-hung windows’ top and bottom sashes can be opened for ventilation or cleaning. Either sash can be opened by sliding up and down, and the lower sash can be tilted inward. Double-hung windows can also offer additional safety when parents keep the bottom sash latched and open the top sash for air, preventing small children or pets from accessing an open window. Single Hung Windows Single-hung windows have upper and lower sashes, like double-hung windows. Only the lower sash opens, and it opens vertically. These are frequently used in bedrooms, bathrooms, and other small spaces. Single-hung windows are popular because they cost significantly less than otherwise identical double-hung versions. Horizontal Sliding Windows Horizontal sliders are one of today’s top window styles, most likely because they are so versatile and sleek. They are typically wider than single- or double-hung windows, which open vertically. Horizontal sliders can be designed to open from one side only or from both sides. Unlike some other popular window styles, horizontal sliders make it easy to clean the exterior of the windows from inside the house. Some horizontal sliders may be a little less energy efficient than hinged window alternatives. Picture Windows A picture window is a stationary window that is usually larger than average windows and is positioned to present a view of the outdoors. If desired, in a custom-shaped picture window, the glass can have decorative features added for aesthetics and to minimize the risk of breaking a large glass window in an area with a lot of activity. Since a picture window does not open, it doesn’t provide ventilation, but its permanent seals deliver increased energy efficiency. Bay Windows A bay window consists of several glass window panels grouped with one or more in the center of the composition positioned to extend outward from the wall. This even adds a little square footage to the interior of the room. Bay windows are popular in modern kitchens to create a peripheral view that is impossible from windows flush with the wall. The side-angled windows flanking the wider center window may be designed to open for added ventilation.

Answer 141

They generate DC current, we will need an inverter to convert DC to AC Transmission of energy: Bus bar is the tool that transmit the energy. It allows for a higher voltage and efficient transmission of energy. Meter: if we want to return some of generated electricity to a grid, we need a meter to make sure how much we are transforming to a grid system. Battery: a battery or battery bank is-recommend to store solar energy in the event of power outrages. A rectifier converts AC to DC And an inverter convert DC to AC In US we will need to convert it from DC to AC

Answer 142

High pressure sodium

Answer 143

Incandescent halogens are inefficient and create a lot of heat. But they have a good CRI Fluorescent lambs require a Ballast. It has a low CRI and it does not work very well in cold temperature. High pressure sodium (used outdoor like streets) is a very efficient lamp but it has a low CRI and will need a Ballast Metal halide needs a Ballast to. Metal halide used in stadium. It’s very efficient but the CRI is low. Mercury vapor is a very efficient lamp. It will need a Ballast and it has a low CRI. LED is effient too (not as much as High pressure sodium)and last a long time but they will need to be kept cool and require a driver .

Answer 144

Louvered overhang: louvered overhangs can help to free any heated air that could build up under the eaves and heat the roof. Insulation: properly and adequately sized insulation can reduce heat transmission through a roof Light colored roofing material Does roofing felt help to reduce heat transmission? No Does vapor barrier help to reduce heat transmission? No Does non-vented attic, help to reduce heat transmission ? Attic in spaces should be ventilated to reduce heat built up in the attic .

Answer 145

It calculates the light absorption value in zones (zone between fixture and work, plane and zone between workplan and floor) to determine the number of fixture. Cu: coefficient of utilization. It is the fraction of the light that reaches the work plane due to loses from absorption into surfaces. LLF: (light loss factor) is the fraction of light that reaches the work plane, due to lose from dirt and depreciation in the lamp and fixture. If your room does not feel as bright as in the past: Change the lamps Or clean them

Answer 146

However, precast, concrete columns with precast double T will be so fast, but they will need additional bracing within the space. This structure is not good enough because the additional bracing will prevent the building to be flexible.. Steel columns with open with steel trusses are fast they can provide open floor space repairs and modification are relatively easy . If you want, an open florist pays, you should minimize the bracing of a structure.

Answer 147

Increasing roof pitch ? Not sure Decrees truss spacing Decrease Perlin spacing Use larger timbers in the trusses

Answer 148

1-rubble stone (Coursed - uncoursed - dry, …) 2-Ashlar stone Smoother and shaped (dressed) Coursed or uncoursed Stone can be laid in mortar or mechanically anchored to the backup wall. If mortar, it should be nonstain Portland cement. Modulus of rupture of a stone will determine if a stone can be used to install to backup wall or not Mortar for stone masonry should be clean!!

Answer 149

Masonry cement does not have lime and it should not be use where water exists. Where we need high strength and low permeability , we need to use Portland cement. Lime is workability as well. Portland cement and blended hydraulic cement can be sane. Blended hydraulic one uses ash.

Answer 150

Compressive strength: Compressive strength: in bearing walls Flexural strength: lateral forces like wind Modulus of rupture: for anchoring the stone masonry

Answer 151

Interior partitions that are fire resistant. Limited cut and gandering on job site. They will be installed after flooring and painting

Answer 152

Face bricks are more uniform in size and colors

Answer 153

Rowlock Bull header

Answer 154

Rebuild the wall!! Adding mortar on top of joints, is not a good solution. Painting with a sealant paint will not provide the waterproofing.

Answer 155

Concrete masonry is faster to be erected and less expensive

Answer 156

Using solid right mortar Using waterproofing for wall Adequate weather resistance

Answer 157

Make the cement more workable Make the mortar insufficient in water retention Portland cement is the bonding part.

Answer 158

Temperature Type of clay

Answer 159

Rectangular stone that quarried Large slab : cut stone Small rectangular: Ashlar stone

Answer 160

Keep the under floor ventilated Keep the Complete submerge in water: when a piece of wood is submerged completely in water, it will be very good because oxygen is not there Decay resistance species of weed like redwood, are often used near to earth. These species are usually softwood not hardwood. Surface coating is usually ineffective in preventing termite. Use of intumescent paint reduce the rate of flame spread.

Answer 161

Plain sawed wood board has more distinct pattern. They are better for siding. Quarter sawed boards jade more even grain pattern. In general distinct grains patterns are better for siding.

Answer 162

Transition The connection floor and wall Window and wall Wall and ground Wall and roof

Answer 163

In parapet will change the direction of water and do not allow water to go inside the wall. Both sides of parapet We will have flashing under coping Every a few rows we will have a weep hole. Under the window. Always there are weep holes next to window lintel We will have flashing under the windows We can have flashing drip ledge but not weep holes Flashing should be for the very last row as well

Answer 164

Yes They can be glazed and use it for finishes as well.

Answer 165

Because they are non absorbent and mortar will be wet

Answer 166

Gabion walls: retaining walls Cages of metal that is filled with rock

Answer 167

Wood is stronger in compression than tension. Wood will be stronger if the force is parallel to the grain of the wood. Wood will be stronger in shear forces when it is perpendicular to the grain. Fiber saturation wood: 30% moisture WAYS TO CUT WOOD. PLAIN SAWED: · Distinct grain pattern · May twist, cup, and wear unevenly · Tends to have raised grain. · Shrink and swell more in width and less in thickness. · Less waste in cutting, and less expensive. QUARTER SAWED · Relatively even grain pattern · Wears evenly · Shrinks and swells more in thickness and less in width. There are three lumber sizes: board, dimension lumber, timber. Board: if the thickness is less than 2: it is a board used for siding, subflooring, trim. Grades in ABCD. A and B are of the highest quality and C and D are considered paint grades. Dimension lumber: if the thickness is between 2” to 5” it is a dimension lumber. Timber: if the thickness is 5” or more, it will be timber. Which ones are structural lumber? Timber and dimension lumbers. PLYWOOD: SEVERAL LAYERS OF WOOD VENEER GLUED TOGETHER. DRY STACKED CONCRETE WALL: ACT LIKE KIN STRESS LOADING PLASTER ON THE WALL

Answer 168

Construction drawing (contract drawing) We are designing a contract Design drawings are architect’s intent. Construction drawings are how architect communicate with others (we are designing

Answer 169

3.5% of the area of a hoistway or 3 ft.² which is bigger.

Answer 170

As a required means of egress for accessible For bigger building, the elevator has to be on emergency power

Answer 171

Field weld means they weld it on the field and it will have a flag!

Answer 172

They are not good for life safety Should have regular swing door on both sides Later they make the revolving door to break away in case of emergency. When ppl pressurize the door to leave the building in case of fire, the door will be broken down.

Answer 173

Cast iron Copper Steel Not pvc because they expand and contract a lot in long distance. Stand pipes are the same as fire hydrant inside a building.

Answer 174

We have have them between layers of soil to make the soil very stiff and strong and avoid spreading out.

Answer 175

Pressure at the fixture is equal to 0.433 x Heigh of the tank 0.433 x 75’ =

Answer 176

Position sound absorbing materials, near the corners and edges of a wall

Answer 177

More dab means less Sti

Answer 178

Low frequencies, noises or low pitched. They tend to built up in perimeter. There should be a bit gap between absorption panels and the face of the wall. It will increase the effectiveness!

Answer 179

Heave weigh curtain with a gap from the face of the wall

Answer 180

Have a bumpy layer to diffuse the sound and make it white sound. Or We can reduce the height of back wall Or We can have sound absorbing material on the back wall and the corner Or a combination of all three.

Answer 181

Sound focusing will happen! It will be reached together at the am Ernie and same spot!! If you are in the same location as focal point of a curve shape ceiling, all sound will be reached together where you are at. Inside your head The solution is adding sound absorbing material or sound diffusing material.

Answer 182

Central cluster of speakers. On the bottom, one more than high rock and this is organic common misconception people we don’t want stereo the most important thing for a human speech especially amplified quotation but generally we want to so if we have a situation like this, where we have a kind of stereo affect It’s better (having the speaker on corners behind the person who is giving a speech) if we have someone who seated on one side, they’re likely to hear my voice from the closer speaker then after that from the farthest one. It will make an uncomfortable situation for listeners. It’s better to have the speaker up high to reflect the sounds to the stage then audience. if the height of the speaker above the stage is R then the distance of the last person in audience should be 2R. More than 2R they cannot hear. Less than 2R the people close to stage will hear so loud. The idea way is to have multiple speakers that each will take care of one portion. Remember they should not have overlap area. The are that a Speaker covering should not hit the walls and ceilings.

Answer 183

The barrier should be airtight, massive structurally discontinuous If you are sharing air, you are sharing sound. Masking system is putting speakers that make white noise in the ceiling spaces . We will not hear our colleagues anymore

Answer 184

High barrier near the noise source High barrier near the building to be protected Position out buildings to act as buffers Positioned the building on the side, so that the short side is exposed to the noise source You will need at least hundred feet of depth of rows of trees to act as sound absorption

Answer 185

Evergreen trees Several rows of them can break the wind

Answer 186

Deciduous trees

Answer 187

Has a thinner pipe The inner diameter or of all pipes are equal The thickness of the pipe is the indicator to number depart

Answer 188

24 is the width 12” is the depth If the docked get too wide relative to depth, it’s gonna be too much friction because of too much surface area 3 x 1 ration 3 is the width 1 is the depth

Answer 189

Oxidation will happen to aluminum we can force the first layer of aluminum oxide, because then that lyre of oxidation will act as a code, and it does not allow the rest of the metal to corrode How? Electrolize the first layer

Answer 190

Near the doors may freeze so they should not use water

Answer 191

No need for a pump It drives itself They do not

Answer 192

Goes up without a pump but when it goes back to the heater to heat up again, it should go down the hills. Better for long distances because it carries a lot of heat. Not anymore for residential buildings. Their pipes are small!! It's a bit bigger than a pipe.

Answer 193

Ducts are big They dominate the design (can be) Less expensive than a piping system. Fast Leaking is fine Fast installation in comparison to piping

Answer 194

When we do not need a lot of cold days! No sense to have an HVAC system

Answer 195

The radiant system is pleasant but very slow and quiet Air systems are fast and make noise but they can have (De)humidifier or filter for purifying air And some other benefits that the radiant system does not Piping is expensive but they do not take up any space Ducts are large and can impact the design negatively Infloor radiator system is very efficient and kind of sustainable

Answer 196

No It's so efficient to have a base system Less expensive Faster in installation and faster in performing

Answer 197

heavy timber is the most sustainable option, but the structural members would need to be much larger than steel members in the same environment. deeper glue laminated beams typically do not allow for large ductwork and other utilities to be cut through the beams. So additional consideration is required, and future alteration may be limited Precast double T allow’s for larger spans. The column would have to be larger to account for the load and additional bracing members would also be required within the space which limit the flexibility for the owner to make modifications in the future steel columns with open web steel trusses will allow for the large spans. steel columns are generally smaller than concrete columns, which allows for more open florist space within the facility. Repairs and modifications are relatively easy to do compared to other options. Steel moment frames and connections can also be designed to minimize the need for a diagnosis of bracing within the building steel typically has a high recycled content.

Answer 198

Material staging A heavy wooded or sloped site is not very good for keeping the materials Large annual snow accumulations can impact the structural requirements of the roof design which could lead to increased construction costs. Cost of material delivery Availability of labor What about flood zones? No, we can resolve it.

Answer 199

Constant air volume allows for smaller ductwork Packaged terminal unit: requires no ductwork- no mechanical space is needed The hydronic system is good too What if we have a passive solar heating system? Will it be good for projects that do not need enough space? For office? No! Because water does not get very hot, we will need an Additional system to keep the office warm. So, a passive solar system can reduce the amount of heat needed and can affect the size of ductwork, but, not for offices!!!! You can use passive solar panels for offices but it's not sufficient An active chilled beam will be very good as well but it's not designed to cool down a space significantly What about evaporating cooling? This system is good but not for a large office!! It's not good for humid climate.

Answer 200

Prefabricated interior wall partitions Minimizing waste associated with framing walls Allows for fire sprinkler system, carpeting, and ceiling to be completed prior to installing the prefabricated interior walls Fewer cuts in the field Refinished interior casework While prefinished material limits, VOC releases on the job site, the prefinished case would not significantly impact the overall project as scheduled as casework is typically one of the last items to be installed What about pre-engineered steel framing pre-engineered steel framing, reduces erection time and allows for the buildings to be disassembled in the future but we need to keep it in mind that some field cutting and welding of materials is often required

Answer 201

double trust system substantially will change the look of a space, and may be seen as unattractive because it requires two choices at every trust locations. This option is better suited for areas where it is structure is not exposed.

Answer 202

We only need to know where is the open office space we don’t need to work on a station layout We only need to know where is the open office space we don’t need to work on a station layout We do not need a vertical distribution system, because this is a single-story bit building we need to figure out the horizontal distribution method. The two main methods of the horizontal distribution of that data cables are either through the ceiling in space or under the floor surface, using a raised access floor system. Each system will have a different impact on the floor-to-floor height of the structure of the system, so it is important to select a horizontal distribution system early on in design riser closet location should be considered in the early planning a station as there is the maximum run length for fiber, optic cable satellite closet requirement are important to be determined in early design stage .

Answer 203

Plunger-type hydraulic elevator. this type of elevator is supported by the ground instead of shaft or penthouse, allowing for a lower design cost geared traction. Elevators are not economically practical to operate at Laura’s speeds. Traction elevators are typically supported by as shaft and penthouse so higher installation costs may be incurred compared to hydraulic elevator.s. Gearless traction elevator, an are not economically, practical to operate at the lower speed and also traction elevators or are typically supported by a shaft and penthouse so higher installation cost will be estimated Hydraulic elevator is appropriate for this application, but hole is hydraulic elevator is typically only recommended for heights of up to 60 feet

Answer 204

ceiling floor power poles provide some flexibility as the power Camron through these poles at any location need for work is patience, but because the client is looking for a clean open space, power poles are not the best solution Poke true system : in the Poke through system, the conduit is run under the floor, similar to a raised floor, but the core is drilled at each location of the electrical connection. The conduit can be more easily rerouted than traditional flirt at boxes. How if they’re having to core each time for a connection limits flexibility Fleur, integrated raceway, system, floor, integrated raceway systems, allow for flexibility to some degree for outlets to be added along the raceway at any of the knock out points. However, the raceway is embedded in a structural a slap and covered with a tarp, her making connections out of the dryer raceway, very impractical.: no

Answer 205

Type in as recommended for general use in above-grade applications, Good and severe exposure high compressive, and lateral egg and strength are not required but the general rule is to never select a mortar type that is a stronger in compression then it needs to be to satisfy the structural requirement of the wall type O mortar is suitable for interior, not loadbearing type S is for maximum flexural strength type M more tour is high is strength more toward that is specifically recommended where Masonary is rainforest and a high compressive required. We can use this for underground applications as well. M: maximum compressive strength S: maximum flexural strength N: general use O: interior use

Answer 206

Loop vent p-trap drum trap The main function of the vent is not to allow the sewer gas in.

Answer 207

Helps with transmission of energy, allowing for higher voltage and better transmission. Efficiency busbars can be found in numerous application within a PV system, including leaving the PV panels between batteries in a battery bank and within the panel board. .

Answer 208

Rectifier is used to convert AC power to DC power as solar energy enters the system as the sea power and is then converted to AC power. We do not need a rectifier. Instead, we will need an inverter which convert DC to AC.

Answer 209

jealousy windows are 100% ventilating. They are typically used in mild climate, and are composed of a frame with horizontal glass, or with louver that pivot simultaneously and minimize who is ability.

Answer 210

10 story: yes Mechanical closet in each zone (floor) It has a cooling tower No chilled water loop Refrigerant in the piped instead of water in the chiller! Ductwork inside Best for multiple-tenant You build the infrastructure then the tenant will work on it for their own design Much Lower cost than the chiller Less impact on the building It's not a central system Noisy

Answer 211

Yes It has cooling and heating coil in Th same device

Answer 212

very steep reverse angle that allows air in but not rain!! The return duct is underneath the device

Answer 213

Might have a branch for fire protection that has a shit-off value and it should be on different drawings. Some municipalities want a separate tap for the fire protection system which will be the second tap. Why? In case the water pressure goes down. We will have a meter on it. It may be before the fire protection or after. Booster pumps. Anytime we have equipment on the supply water pipes, we will have to shut off the valve before and after. Why? Anytime they need to be repaired or replaced, we will shut off the water before and after and take the equipment out. Then the cold water pipe goes up toward the fixtures and on the other hand, a branch of it goes to the boiler. The boiler will have a shut-off valve before and a pressure relive after. If you have fire sprinklers usually require a fire pump system In the graphic, the bathrooms (even the bathrooms of different rooms that are parallel to each other and use the same plumbing wall) will be shown on the same pipe. Graphically!!or we can leave. Another like (back to back) What if we have unnecessarily larger pipes? Then it will not have enough power to be flushed! We will have a shut-off valve for the supply of cold and hot water in each room (men's bathrooms, women's bathrooms, kitchen) right before the start of the branch going to rooms. If we have a sink far away standing and you want to extend the current pipe (for bathrooms) to the single sink, you will need to have a wider pipe. We might have a frostproof hose bib that drains itself. This pipe will come from the main pipe coming from main! After the meter, or booster and before it goes to toilets.

Answer 214

From Main to the toilet!! Down below the street is the sewer system Flowing downhill! Always use gravity to go down! Vertical risers (stack) that branch to the water closet (you do not need to show the trap on drawings because the trap is part of a fixture)

Answer 215

Flexible black plastic details maybe for expansion joints For sealing Or when we are building an extension building to an existing building

Answer 216

60% of entrances of a public All access to a parking All direct access to an accessible house All access to pedestrian walkways

Answer 217

Bronze copper, stainless steel

Answer 218

When long rounds of gutter, which is more than 50 feet might expand or contract excessively

Answer 219

We can fluid or we can use mechanical attachment like a screws

Answer 220

Do you work at like an umbrella above expansion joint The old way is holding the membrane by layers of Ballast on the roof

Answer 221

Extensive green roof or roof pavers on deck it stands

Answer 222

Stop the fire spread Collect rain, water, Separate buildings from each other Protecting the corner of building from wind

Answer 223

Wall never Roof maybe we can have a peel and stick membrane above metal deck and then we can have insulation, rigid insulation then another membrane

Answer 224

We cannot have the same amount of ballast everywhere. We should have them more on the perimeter and less and the middle span of the roof.

Answer 225

It’s up down button in elevator lobby they have to light up when prayers and for ADA reasons should be 42 inch above finish floor hard for those in wheelchair to reach them

Answer 226

How to address the excessive heat generated by recessed can lighting? ic (insulation contact): they protect the insulation 60% of all stairs in the public new project should be accessible. all paths to an accessible house and all direct accesses to pedestrian walkways all accesses to a parking lot should a conduit be fire-rated? it is metal and noncombustible. the conduit itself will be fine or at least it will not burn so fast. the penetration and through the fire-rated barrier will be an issue. do we have plastic conduits? yes, pvc conduit is made to be fire-rated. a clip is used for the expansion joint of a roof. hook seam is being used for roof expansion joint as well why do we need parapet? details of a parapet the wapor barrier which is on warm side of the wall insulation, goes up and wrap the wall and will wait there. we will have a boear on top oe metal deck to have a smooth surface. we can nail it, screw it to the metal deck. then we will have two layers of insulation that are staggered on top of metal decking+ board. then we will have a cover board on top of the insulation and then the actual roof memberane and turn it up on the parapet, then we can have parapet’s vapor barrier with a positive lap on top of the roof memberane. then we can have another piece of sticky stuff on top of the wood block on the parapet (under the coping). then we will have a metal coping. we need to fasten the insulation by screw to the metal deck. or we can have a long fastener which screw all layers to the metal deck. it depends where you live? Can we have the membrane under the insulation and not on top of insulation? Yes, but the insulation will not act good in UV exposure. Then we will need to use ballast on top of it. What is neoprene bellows? For the slope of the roof when EPDM, PVC, or TPO Pvs is more expensive and last longer about 20 years Tpo looks cleaner than epdm PVC does not work very well in cold climate When do we use EPDM, when TPO, and when PVC membrane? All of them are rubbery. EPDM and TPO are both cheap, Epdm light. Can be screwed. And no leaking. How to glue it to the roof? glue TPO new, heat welded not glue1 TPO we can heat well the corners and it will be better sealing Each run must have a minimum of one longitudinal brace. If it’s very long, we may need extra bracing. Transverse and Longitudinal Traverse bracing is perpendicular to the flow in the duct, and it should be on each end of the duct. Check these bracing on flash cards PDD number 4. We have two different types of bracing. One is rigid and the other one is cable. Material with high embodied energy: Ceramic, glass, concrete. Aluminum, Stainless steel, galvanized steel, paint and satin, foam, plastics, eps, vinyl, engineered wood products, stone, copper, etc Rubbers: EPDM: stretchy – resistant to tears and abrasion – stands up to weathering and breakdown from sunlight. BUTYL RUBBER: Expensive – like styrene-butadiene rubber – it is a synthetic rubber – airtight and watertight – robust – sunlight resistance. STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR): cheap – airtight and water tight – not very good under prolonged force – better for truck tire than for building sealing - this is a wrong option if you saw it SILICONE: resistant to very hot climates – better than EPDM because EPDM fails in climates warmer than 130 What is gypsum linear: 1” thick that will be used for the shaft?

Answer 227

The expansion joint and control joint are categorized under the movement joint. The gaps between the elements are filled by a squishy material (bitumen, fiberboard). Whered do we need vertical joints? Ada sign for doors to the side that the handle of the door is 9” dis from the center line of the sign to the face of door. Base of the lowest line should be in 48” Base of the upper line should be 60” Door signs (ADA) A clearance of 18” x 18” in front of each sign Where the heights of two wall are different. When the thickness is being changes. At columns, pilasters, and wall intersections Near the corner within 10’ from a corner. On both sides of opening wider than 6’ On one side of an opening smaller than 6’

Answer 228

Ada sign for doors to the side that the handle of the door is 9” dis from the center line of the sign to the face of door. Base of the lowest line should be in 48” Base of the upper line should be 60” A clearance of 18” x 18” in front of each sign

Answer 229

What is a water curtain sprinkler head? They are special sprinklers that shed water on their sides, and they are very close to each other to create a curtain wall. Different types of specs? Performance base spec: without specifying a manufacturer you will explain how a tool should perform. Prescriptive spec: Describes the means and methods. Closed priority: name the specific manufacturer and do not allow for substitution Open priority: we can specify the manufacturer but they allow other products- How should we specify them? In division 1 you can explain Reference spec: Like specifying ANSI Descriptive: usually a hybrid of performance and prescriptive methods. describing the way that a product will perform.

Answer 230

PASSAGE LATCH: For Egress corridor if you need a door, you cannot lock it. It will need to be always open. Keyed Entry Door Handle: Best for: Securing interior and exterior doors. The main purpose of a keyed entry door handle is to provide a method for locking the door, so that only the owner or an individual with the correct key can open the door. This type of door handle is common for bathrooms, bedrooms, front doors, side doors, and back doors. bathrooms, bedrooms, front doors, side doors, and back doors. Door Hardware – Handles, pulls, latches, locks, exit devices and other operable parts on doors shall comply – Operable parts of such hardware shall be 34 inches minimum and 48 inches maximum above the finish floor or ground. How does the door for an office work? You should be able to lock the door from outside and you will need to open the door from inside because of egress purpose. Classroom security lock must be locked from inside and outside. We can use a key for outside and inside. Classroom security lock is different to classroom lock. The security one has key from inside and outside. The classroom version does not have a key from outside for egress purpose. What is electrically locked doors: you can lock/unlock the door by a key outside. The outside lever is continuously locked by 24-volt AC or DC current. An electrical switch or power failure unlocks the door remotely. The inside lever automatically retracts the latch bolt for egress purposes. WHAT IS STOREROOM LOCK: The door is unlocked by a key outside. The outside lever is inoperative, and the inside lever automatically retracts the latch bolt for egress.

Answer 231

Max: 3.5:1 Stiff like fiberboard structure Min: 2:1 Less stiff like Blocked particle board

Answer 232

Commercial large project Transformer should be on top of underground wires. 4’ far from the line of Main Street. The the underground wire goes directly to the building.

Answer 233

RMC: rigid metallic conduit IMC: Intermediate metallic conduit EMT: Electric metallic tube conduit GRC: galvanized rigid conduit

Answer 234

Lentil can be steel can be bond block, which is sealed with concrete and has three bars. It can be precast concrete hey there or it can be cast in Place concrete It can be a stone What we need to know about Heathers is Heathers extend the window jam by 6 inch Lentils are prone to thermal bridging Check this https://phpdonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Birtley-Supatherm-iso-1.jpg The meal break for header

Answer 235

Using, and Educational and high hazard projects in case of emergency, they don’t need to use leather. They can just use the panic hardware to get out.

Answer 236

Every 4’ we need reinforcing walls at the corner should be installed to each other reinforcement bars should be from the foundation, extend to the top

Answer 237

sesame resistance wall will be attached to each other at corners but n non-loadbearing CMU walls need to be isolated when they meet each other

Answer 238

First you need to know how much rain will be: for example 3 inch rain in 100-year hourly rainfall Multiple 3-inch tareas of the roof divided by the number of roof drains assume that the catchment for each drain is an equal size. now we know how much water will be collected and drained pair drain. if the amount of water is cubic feet we need to converted to per gallon per minute. Please keep in mind that 3 inch in 100 year hourly rainfall men’s per hour so eventually you will need to divide the amount of water per drain by 60 to figure out the gallon per minute, which you can find that on the legend that you will be given in the exam

Answer 239

1/4 x 360= 90 degree bend innoipe

Answer 240

does not work very well in a cold climate more efficient than incandescent lamp LLF high per time

Answer 241

efficient, bright, long a last time good for a big box, factories Takes time to turn on, so Color generation

Answer 242

Absorb the vibration

Answer 243

Two pole in circuses breaker is single phase 120/240 house 3 pole 120/208 smaller building Or 277/480 big buildings Why 208? Some appliances are not 120 they need more power. But 240 is not efficient because they will make a lot of noises 208 is efficient

Answer 244

Motion activated lighting

Answer 245

All the sealant that we use for example to see you around pipes in a fire rated wall. We called em fire stopping. Fire, safing is a version of fire stopping. It is a fire rated mineral wool.

Answer 246

Coated stone wool batt In the hole : sealant and mastic Elasttomers foam Seal the gaps Between floor and wall Bags and pillows Pipe collars they have kind of expansive fire stopping material inside the ring which will be expanded in case of fire

Answer 247

OSB panels

Answer 248

Thin coat of stucco over Styrofoam. Not good for humid areas The drainage EIFS is better Usually it’s better to have more robust cladding for first floor North facing EIFS usually accumulates mildew! Drainage pane will be installed as a backer for EIFS

Answer 249

https://youtu.be/sUq2u1dooik?si=SQ6m2lDjvV4RXnqG Check this video Shear force is about connections (Structural engineer) Architects care more about moment force ( beam and smiling) tension and contracting .

Answer 250

Roof to wall structure Hurricane straps Hurricane clips Truss screwed To tide down the structure to foundation J bolts Cable or rod tie down Expansion bolts Hurricanes resistant structure Traditional way: we sheathed out the wood structure 8’ tall OSB panels. It’s better to use 9 or 10’ tall OSB for this purpose (because normally they are 8’ tall) and seems can be issue. To prevent roof sheathing uplift: Attach the panels with glue or ring shank nails (which has spiral ridges that give the nails 40% more holding power)

Answer 251

There is no airspace, drainage plane, capillary break behind the CMU.

Answer 252

1” Type x gypsumboard for fire rating walls in a shaft Because it’s hard to install two layers of gypsumborad for shaft

Answer 253

Bending moment is how much a beam wants to smile Bending tension: how much the bottom part of a beam want to split Section modulus: how strong is the section of a beam Modulus of elasticity: how strong is the material of the beam

Answer 254

Kitchen Garage Outdoor Bathrooms Crawl space Hot tubes Laundry area Basement Occupied rooftops

Answer 255

Non-counter appliances and kitchen, except dishwasher. Dishwasher needs GFI receptacle. Water heater area (people are there) Attics ( no standing water is there) Crawl space may have standing water Bedroom living room do not need GFI What is GFCI ground fault circuit interrupter

Answer 256

Could require 30 inch width in front of electrical panel, and 6 feet tall in front of so we cannot have panel in very small rooms Not in Electrical panels in close closet Not in residential bathrooms Not in Janitrol closet Not over stair way

Answer 257

Advantages: cheap that’s why you see it in crappy shopping centers Ornament, easy, to add High effective Rvalue Very Flexible and does not need control joint but it needs isolation joins When is meeting another material. It does not breath. Not Recommend in Wet climates unless you make sure did you have drainage plane. They can be damage easily even the high impact one is not that robust. Very Cheap looking over time

Answer 258

Anywhere water flowing downhill meeting an obstacle we will need flashing vent piping skylight chimney and roof valley There is a step flashing; Anywhere water flowing downhill is a long side with an obstacle Under the chimney we have a step, flashing and bass flashing find the photo in gallery and study more

Answer 259

Window should be in line with stud and it should be in line with the thermal insulation To address the rain problem we should a slope all horizontal surfaces out . To address the appearance: trims

Answer 260

Firewalls are extended from foundation to the roof if roof is fire rated or through the roof is roof is not fire rated tom Holmes Fire barriers are the second-degree of fire rated walls, and it’s from the structural deck above to the structural deck below it’s for separating the fire rated a stairway, and egress ways from the rest of the building Fire partitions also extend from dick to dick. There are usually for tenants, but we can extend it from dick to ceiling if we have fire rated ceiling

Answer 261

Two piece metal, Masonary ties Corrugated Masonary ties is used for wood stud backup wall (residential building Only 1 inch air gap In general, the minimum age gap should be 1 inch and maximum air gap should be 4.5 inch.

Answer 262

https://youtu.be/ooZudSHCSUg?si=C_vVYXZ9_po1PWOt

Answer 263

https://www.masonrymagazine.com/blog/2012/09/14/masonry-anchors-and-ties-by-the-code/

Answer 264

Every few floors we need to install and metal continuous angled to the bag called a structural wall and support the brick walls with that angle

Answer 265

Intensity (1) / intensity (2) = distance‌‌‌‌ (به توان دو)(2) / distance (1) (دیستنس به توان دو)

Answer 266

call Erin stairs door, which open outside this store is equipped to the magnetic system in case of fire will be closed The magnet will hold the door open. In case of fire, when the alarm system cuts off the magnetic door, I w will be closed We can use battery to hold the door open or it can be hardwired

Answer 267

Spiral dogs are less expensive if you want a higher drop ceiling, it’s better for you to use rectangular dogs because you can have a shorter height of ducts compared to the length A spiral docks has less friction Add spiral docks, which come in longer lengths so less in-the-field joining Rectangular dogged has a drum affect. It’s like that the surfaces move back and forth, and absorb the sound so they will provide less noise

Answer 268

Timber Even sometimes we can no screw that I may split the beam

Answer 269

Aluminum is less expensive for large building Copper will be less expensive for small building Residential always copper circuit

Answer 270

It replaces the wires in conduits in very large projects- up to 4000 amps Busduct is another name for bus way. Cable ducts are rigidly insulated cables that runs into an specified duct and it needs ventilation. Why are we using that? Because when we need more power the thickness of cable will be very thick which will be expensive and inefficient because we will lose a lot of electricity.

Answer 271

This means 856 cubic feet per minute after the installation of the mechanical system, and before the owner takes the occupant occupancy of the building, somebody should test and balance, the damper to get as close as possible to the required CFM per minute for each duct when you adjust a damper, you need to make sure that you are going to adjust all dampers, because changing one damper will change other dampers' amount of CFM

Answer 272

All types of rigid insulation like extruded polystyrene and expanded polystyrene And clsed spray foam What about open cell a spray foam? because this insulation will not be used underground, so it will not be problematic, but if we use it for underground applications, it will attract termites (same as polyisocyanurate. The chemical that we use for treatment of the the foundation is very effective in keeping the termites away even if we use rigid insulation

Answer 273

he will not freeze in cold water you can extend the condenser More than (60’ to 100’)

Answer 274

Both of them address the risk of punching shear What is punching sheer? The weight of a two highly concentrated load from the columns want to punch through.

Answer 275

Code require one over fluoroscope her in case that drain is clogged That should be as close as possible to the drain The bottom of over flow is copper sit 2 inch above the drain Do you have two types of S coppers the secondary system, and the main drainage if you see water coming from the overflow scupper, it means there is a problem and the drainage system. If we have to drain one for a primary drain system, and the second one for the overflow drain, the main one will be connected to the municipal stormwater system, and the secondary one will go around building and dailyght The primary drainage can be a roof drain, or a scupper with downspout,

Answer 276

In high ceiling rooms, especially with mezzanine, the warm air will travel near to the ceiling and the cold air will stay down. We will need a fan which can mix the warm air, which is a stalked near the ceiling and push it downward In winter, when the warm air is near to ceiling, we will need a bi-directional fan to blow upward. Why? We do not want air to move on out skin

Answer 277

PVC Laminating, resin and paper under high-pressure PVC offer a low cost low maintenance and high durability When do we need acrylic facing cabinets Acrylic offer a glossier look

Answer 278

Straps Trapeze hangera

Answer 279

Any mechanical equipment within10’ of the edge Needs a 42” high parapet or railing The parapet will be more expensive, but if the parapet cannot have a railing structurally, we can use a railing system that does not penetrate the roof.

Answer 280

Check them The lag bolt does not need a washer or nuts.

Answer 281

Slurry wall Foundation wall Ejected as grout to geothermal well

Answer 282

Inside It quite the sound a lot But there are problems 1-mold will grow in a fibrous material 2-oarrivlescan make respiratory issues

Answer 283

Energy production harnessed spring hit water to make electricity by a turbine ( carbon-free and sustainable which is used in California and produces 6% of California electricity) The other one is what we know. Can't be used for d in only hot or onlycold climate. It needs cooling and hearting in equal way

Answer 284

Zero Convective current in air gap if its more than 4”

Answer 285

Preserve the perceived aural location of a source

Answer 286

in a stick system, they install frame and glaze single by single but unitized system. They pre-fabricate frame and glaze systems in large units in the factory.

Answer 287

Pressure equalized rainscreen Water managed (no sealant no chamber) Face-sealed (all are sealed and no pressure-equalized chamber)

Answer 288

From outside is pressure plate glancing and ecoensive

Answer 289

Variable frequency drive It can be installed to any fan compressor pump to lower the speed of cooling down a space Instead of having all of all on, we can reduce the speed just to address our needs For example, we need 10,000 CFM of fresh air but the fan is capable to produce 15,000 CFM so at this case we install a VFD to only produce 10,000. It will be efficient Using damper, for the same purpose, is not efficient if we have two fans with two switches, we will need vFM. If we have four friends with for switches we will need for VFM

Answer 290

Weird! despite its name, more solar head will pass through a window if it has .9 SC SC .1 means less sun is passing through the window

Answer 291

VS 0.8 80% of daylight will make their way inside the room which means more glare VS 0.4 40% of that light will make their way inside the room which means less killer Low E windows are not for visible transmittance they are for blocking the heat

Answer 292

Insulate it

Answer 293

1/8 (45 degree) Waste water pipe with poop needs gradual change of direction that’s why we use 1/8 which is 45° bending pipe

Answer 294

When you need to conceal the hinges from view When the door is open the clear width will be decreased When you do not want the clear width to be less, you can use swing clear hinges The width of the hinges is twice the thickness of a door The length of the hinge will be according to the door thickness and door width.

Answer 295

Bored Morris Interconnected Preaseembled

Answer 296

ball bearing hinges are for high frequency, doors and four office building entrances theaters plane bearing hinges are for residential doors for low frequency, doors

Answer 297

when we have a change of finishes under the door When we have minor changes in when we have minor different in level floor level Where a hard surface is required for es for an automatic door bottom

Answer 298

The only exception is that locks used only for security purposes, and not use for a normal operation can be at any height

Answer 299

It must be why your glass set in metal frames or Special fire, protection, rated glasses,

Answer 300

Briefly, the five steps pose these questions: 1. Goals—What does the client want to achieve, and Why? 2. Facts—What do we know? What is given? 3. Concepts—How does the client want to achieve the goals? 4. Needs—How much money and space? What level of quality? 5. Problem—What are the significant conditions affecting the design of the building? What are the general directions the design should take? Function, Form, Economy, and Time. SPACES WITH ONE EXIT OR EXIT ACCESS DOORWAY OCCUPANCY A, B, E, F, M, U H-1, H-2, H-3 MAXIMUM OCCUPANT LOAD 49 3 H-4, H-5, I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, R S 29 one means of egress is permitted within and from individual dwelling units with a maximum occupant load of 20 where the dwelling unit is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system Cost and budgeting Parameter method like all the carpets, vinyl, Matrix costing And unit costing which 10 The depth of metal stud depends on height of the partition, the gage of the stud, the number of layers of wallboard, and the spacing of the stud. Glass reinforced gypsum wallboard which is stronger thn typical ones Tile: easo to install and clean Fire rated Water resistance Durability’ Wide chgoice of colors and sized and patterns Fade resistance Good thermal mass Classification of tiles According to size: smaller than 6 square inch are called mosaic tile Larger than 6 square inch will be wall tile Differen types: nonvitireous + 7% Semi vitreous 3% to 7% Virtuous between 1⁄2% to 3% Impervious less than 1⁄2% Tiles that are made by dust pressing (dry methode) is called paver tiles Less abrasion for light residential project which is group I Highest abrasion resistance – commercial which is group IV THE FULL MORTAR BED FOR WALL TO SUPPORT THE TILES, WILL BE USED IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS Terrazo: composite material used for floor, walls,. It includes of marbel, quartz, + a cementitouse material to hold them together Installation of terrazzo: first to last from down to up: concrete slab - sand – membrane – reinforced mesh and mortar – terrazzo on top of it Monlethic method is the thinnest approach Rustic terrazzo has more pattern on the surface but tusually it has a very smooth finishes Acoustical ceiling: a thin layer of wood fiber, mineral fiber, glass fiber Lay-in grid system- panels sit on top of a t shape gris system. Conceald system: the grid is completely concealed A trgular one : tabbeted edge Suspended cwiling system by itself cannot be fire rated. To have rated acoustical ceiling we need rated mineral tiles and rated grid system Which of the component will need restarain requirement during earthquack? Cabinets, bookshelves, nonstructural walls and partitions – access floors – sprinklers system Where do we need a seismic design category: three factors: soil condition – the risk (occupancy) and the geographical location of the project Importance facor of building is between 1 to 1.5 Risk category for earthquake: type I :miscelaneouse structure (small office building, small storage area, retail stores are in the categories of l and ll ll:standard occupance lll: hazardouse IV: essential structure (hospital, fire stations, power generation) Seismic design category will be determined by structural eng. What if we have a an area with low seismic activity but the soild n a soft soil What kind of ceilings will not need special seismic design Structure is seismic design category A and B Ceiling with areas less than 144 sf Gypsum wallboard suspended hard ceiling Plaster and lath ceiling Gris system in category c should not be attached to the wall partitions but in d e f, the grid system should be attached to the two next walls . The distance between first rod and the face of the wall : 8” max Spaces between rods in seismic design is 12”non-seismic: 48” Wood flooring The moisture content of concrete underneath of wood flooring can affect the appearance and longevity of wood. Kinds of wood flooring: strip flooring – plank flooring – block flooring – solid block flooring Stripe flooring for commercial and residential project because of its appearance and warmth Engineered wood flooring: laminated flooring Engineered wood is more dimensionally stable How to attach a wood floor to substrates: we can glue the wood stripes along their edges and put them loose on the slab or glue the wood floor entirely on the slab. We call this floating floor, and it will move independently from the slab to the slab Pre-finished wood flooring is a UV coated and it’s very durable. Because it’s very thing we cannot repaint it Laminated flooring is less expensive, hard, high-density fiberboard – it has a water resistance backing – and resistance to staining – most residential and commercial – it is not recommended for wet locations Different grades for wood flooring: National oak flooring Maple flooring Southern pine West Coast lumber and Western wood Unfinished flooring is the best grade with the most uniform color. It is graded as clear Plain-sawn is the common one but quarter-sawn is available as well The plain sawn has more expansion increase in the length Quarter swan is bolder in grains Quarter-sawn is more stable and grains are not very visible in comparison ti plain swan For door hardware – fire resistance hardware – the standard test for doors NFPA 255 FIRE DOORS MUST BE OPERABLE FROM INSIDE WITHOUT ANY KHOWLEDGE OR EFFORT NO COMBINATOIN LOCKS NO THUMBTURN NO MULTIPLE LOCKS EXCEPTIONS: RESIDENTIAL – DETENTION – THEY CAN HAVE LOCKS WHERE PANIC HARDWARE IS REQURIED: IN EDUCATIONAL AND ASSEMBLY WITH AN OCCUPANT LOAD OVER 50. FIRE DOORS MUST BE SELF CLOSING OR AUTOMAT - THE AUTOMATIC FIRE DOOR ARE USUALLY OPOEN IN NORMAL TIME. THEY ARE CONNECTED TO A SMOKE DETECTOR OR FIRE ALARM ANF IN CASE OF FIRE THEY WILL BE CLOSED. THE FIRE DOOR THAT ARE SELF CLOSE, THEY ARE USUALLY CLOSED- OPERABLE HARDWARE LIKE LATCHES, HINGES, HANDELS SHOULD BE INSTALLED IN THE HEIGHT OF 34” TO 48” A FIRE DOOR MUST BE SELF- LATCHED A FIRE DOOR MUST USE STEEL HARDWARE AND BALL BEARING HINGES Windows Steel – aluminum - bronz WOOD WINDOWS ARE MADE OF PINE AND FUR – REDWOOD AND CYPRESS OCCASIONALLY ARE USED AS WELL SKYLIGHT CAN BE MADE OF PLASTIC OR GLASS (THE GLAZING PART)- IF PLASTIC IT SHOULD ADHERE TO CODE REQUIREMENTS – IF GLASS IS BEING USED IT SHOULD BE LAMINATED OR WIRE GLASS – IF WE ARE USING TEMPERED OR ANNELEAD GLASSES WE SHOULD PROTECT THE SKYLIGHT FROM ABOVE AND BELOW WITH WIRE SCREENING TEMPERD GLASS : TEMPERATURE ABOVE 1000 THEN COOLING IT DOWN QUICKLY – TENSION INSIDE OF THE GLASS AND COMPRESSION STRENGTH OUTER LAYERS OF GLASS HEART-STRENGTH GLASS : IN TEMPERATURE ABOVE 1000 – THEN COOL IT DOWN SLOWLY LAMINATED GLASS HAS A LAYER OF RESIN OR VYNILE BETWEEN WHICH MAKE IT A SAFE GLASS - IT CAN BE BULLET PROOF GLASS AS WELL – WE CAN USE LAMINATED GLASS IF SOUND PROOFING IS DESIRED HOW ELSE CAN WE INCREASE THE ACOUSTIC ABILITY OF A GLAZING SYSTEM? MAKE IT THICKER – MULTIPLE PANES Tinted glass should not be partially in the sun and the other portion in the shadow. Because they absorb the heat then expanding and contracting will make the glass to crack! Because of this issue, tinted glasse are usually tempered or heat strengthened. Shading coefficient calculate only for the glazing portion not the frame Hopper is the same as awning but from down Wired glass: fire rated 45 minutes Electromagnetic glass. Has a low current – when the current is on, the glass is transparent. FIRE RATED GLAZING: TWO OR THREE LAYERS OF TEMPERED GLASS WITH A CLEAR POLYMER GEL BETWEEN THEM. UNDER NORMAL CONDITION IT’S CLEAR. IN CASE OF HEAT, IT WILL BE OPEQUE AND PREVENT THE HEAT TO PASS THROUGH GLASS BLOCK – FIRE RATED WIRED GLASS CERAMIC GLASS LIKE THE GLASS OF STOVE Glazing stops: The traditional method to install glazing into a frame is using points then putty which is in triangular shape. This is for single pane glazing and for residential buildings or for existing buildings that we want to renew the glazing. Labor intensive. This method has been replaced with the other methods mostly. Structural glazing gasket: neoprene – rigid – to hold the glass -it’s a In all glazing systems, glass should be placed on a semi rigid setting then they can contract and expand together. This will avoid the direct contact between glass and frame. Two important dimension are the face and the bite. The bite should be deep enough to hold the glass in the frame in case of lateral forces like wind. The face id the ditabce from the face of glass to the face of removeable stop. And the bite is the depth of the putty inside. How does the frameless glazing work: the sides are free and they can be simply butt jointed. But the glazing should be installed to the frame from above and down. The joint is some substances like silicone.