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Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

If you add a small space on the roof..
Increased wind load
Increased roof live load
Increased roof dead load
Increased snow load

A

Increased snow load - why?

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2
Q

Integrated ceiling
Louvered ceiling
Coffered ceiling
Luminous ceiling

A

Integrated: clean and uniform appearance. Lines are aligned

Louvered ceiling: fitted with Louvered for ventilation
Coffered ceiling:
Luminous: shed light

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3
Q

Class A, B, C, D fire extinguisher

A

A: cloth, paper, plastic
B: gas, liquid, grease
C: electrical equipment
D: metal

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4
Q

How many percent of floor area should be aside for shafts?

A

4%

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5
Q

Bentonite clay at wall to floor joints

A

Water stop used at wall to floor joints in foundations subject to potential groundwater intrusion due to the location of the water.

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6
Q

What to use for foundations subject to water pressure if they are detailed correctly?

A

Concrete Masonry
What about cast in place concrete? No

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7
Q

Common cause of failure in retaining wall:

A

Overturning
Horizontal sliding
Settling

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8
Q

Low maintenance and environmentally sensitive landscaping in hot arid climate

A

Natural grass lawn? No
Artificial turf? No (plastic cannot be an environmentally friendly material at all)
Planting bed? It requires a good amount of maintenance. It’s in boxes, not natural looking

Xeriscaping ? Yessss
This uses drought-tolerant plant species in order to reduce the need for an irrigation system.

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9
Q

Building close to airport

A

Central air heating and cooling
Baffled vent
Exterior wallboard with resilient channel
Triple-pane windows

What about insulation for interior wall? No! Sound is from outside

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10
Q

Transit oriented development for a 5000 multi family apartment complex very close to transit infrastructure?
What development should be here to benefit from existing infrastructure?

A

No- this kind of development should be for very large project to be effective

Landfill development

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11
Q

Developing a site in a sustainable way

A

Selecting a site with a building that can be renovated
Providing pervious drainage
Connecting to existing public transportation

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12
Q

Why AHJ evaluate the flow rate from the waste water for industrial project?

A

To ensure they do not exceed the capacity on the treatment plant
To ensure they do not exceed the capacity of the collection system

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13
Q

Mowed lawns slope?

A

5% to 25%
Lawn above 25% slopes are dangerous to mow

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14
Q

Close to highway??

A

Build as far as possible.
What about a sound barrier wall close to the house?

It’s Brett to be close to highway, as tall as possible, and be impervious to air flow

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15
Q

Approximately what percentage of the site should be allocated for surface parking and landscaping?

A

25% building
50% parking
25% landscaping

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16
Q

R value of
Expanded polyurethane
Molded polystyrene
Extruded polystyrene
Cellulose
Polyisocyanirate
Rock wool

A

6.2 per inch
3.6 per inch
5 per inch
3.7 per inch
7.2 per inch
3.3 per inch

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17
Q

Green roof in northeast

A

Low height plants
Hardy plants(less water or no water)
Dought resistant species

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18
Q

Extensive green roof
Intensive green roof
Bed green roof

A

Low depth
Thicker depth
In the beds

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19
Q

Capital expenditures of a project

Fixed expenses

Operatngcost

Revenue

A

Physical and tangible:
Like buying computers

Fixed expenses: property hazard and liability insurance
Real estate taxes
Reserved for Future replacement

Operating costs: Repairing
Maintenance
Utilities
Management costs
Marketing

Revenge: total projected rent- operating cost - fixed cost - capital expenses

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20
Q

What is operating cost

A

Utilities
Repairs
Maintenance
Management cost
Marketing
Administration

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21
Q

What will be evaluated during value engineering:

A

Product initial cost
Life expectancy
Replacement coat
Energy usage cost

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22
Q

BEEF

LEED

EIE

EPD

A

Provid environmental and economic data for products and is specific to the USA

Certification includes life cycle analysis as part of the certification

This program is not specific to the United States

Environmental product declarations are based on life cycle analysis but it’s not a tool to generate life cycle analysis

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23
Q

Ease of constructibility

A

Have enough distance from an adjacent building

Have 1/2” shin space at all exterior glazing

Incorporate prefabricated components

Provide slotted connections at interior bearing walls

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24
Q

If the contractor buys cabinet for cheaper than what was expected, and he is supposed to get 40% of the profit, does retainage (10% for example) will be an indicator that how much a contractor will get?

A

No

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25
Q

Project planning and design

A

Preliminary Design
Site information
Building placement
Design alternative
Environmental design
Cultural and environmental and behavioral
SD to DD

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26
Q

Determining the building location

A

Building orientation

Wind patterns

Microclimate issues ( shadow، actual wind pattern)

Solis: (percolation, topography, septic system, cut and fill )

Detention pond
Retention pond
Bioswale
General drainage
Wetland and regulations

EPA
-Encapsulate -remove -remediate -bio-remediate (adding other substances like microbes!)

Like existence is a tank underground

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27
Q

The septic system is a huge driving factor for rural area

Urban area have city system

A
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28
Q

Get rid of the run off

A

Porous paving for patio parking lots using more plants
Green roof
Detention pond
Retention pond

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29
Q

Detention

A

The pipe system has a restrictor to let water leave slowly to the city system. Not to supercharge the facility

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30
Q

Parking lots and drainage system

A

Vaults when you cannot have retention or detention, so you can have a small container cistern to lead water to underground retention or detention storage

Or detention retention (exposed systems)

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31
Q

X amount of rain in an area

A

If it’s lower that certain amount of treehhold, they will let the water to drain into the city system
If it’s above the threshold, they can use a detention pond to slow the glow down

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32
Q

Retention
Bio swale
General drain

A

Hold the water
The water eventually sips into the soil
Evaporate

Bioswale: parking lots that have a pond in front of cars. It will have plants 🍃 plants should be resistant to water when they are soaked in water
25 feet more will be needed in parking lots for bioswales!! Consider that!

General drain: do not manipulate the natural watershed! We do not change the pattern of wetlands!

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33
Q

Are wetlands always wet?

A

No! Sometimes thecwayersher is not visible and above ground

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34
Q

Wetlands

A

Part of watersheds
Do not miss the natural watershed
Lawsuit

Can you build on it?
Yes if you buy another land next to it and build a watershed. Moving the wetland
Expensive
Is flood plain the same as watershed? No!
The floodplain will be filled with flood. Occasionally

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35
Q

No evidence of REC

A

RECOGNIZED ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

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36
Q

Executive summary in EPA 1 is important

A
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37
Q

Federal NPL

A

National list of places with issues

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38
Q

Swamp pump

A

Not a big deal from EPA standpoint

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39
Q

Architect will never recommend the EPA 1or 2
Architect helps owner to understand

A
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40
Q

Mercury in soil

A

Solidification and stabilization
Put chemicals to make soil solidify to hold on to the mercury

Water table? Freeze it

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41
Q

Lead paint on window cases in a school

A

Sand out is not the best choice if students are there
Encapsulate it: repaint on top of it
(not the best idea for very little kids that chew the stuff)

Removal of pieces of wood (best way)

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42
Q

Determine sustainable approach:

A

Resilient design
Vulnerability assessment
Near amenities
Near transit
Compact and appropriate density
Preservation and Development of open space
Active lifestyle compact development (pocket parks, …)

Brownfield site adoption

General remediation

Adaptive reuse building

Low impact development

Passive site heating/cooling

Stormwater management (runoff issue)

Native plants

Water reuse

Efficient irrigation (lawn is not sustainable because it needs a large amount of irritation) Sometimes during irrigation, water evaporates. Drip like

Porous pavers (sips into soil)

Green roof (to hold water in the location)

Bioswale (if we have enough space)

Balance cut and fill

Regional materials

Low waist

Heat island effect

Night sky lighting

Providing habitat

Renewable energy (wind, water, solar panels) high initial cost

Somewhere water is a problem

Increasing the windows on the retail part of the street to make lives active

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43
Q

Plot of survey

A

At minimum should show all improvements (walkway, buildings, easement, gazebo…), boundaries, topography, trees, …

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44
Q

Metes and bound

A

Does not benchmark back

Base in landmarks

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45
Q

Covenant:

A

Private but mandatory

On deed

Tend to be more for the look of a community

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46
Q

Easement

A

Ride with Deeds stay with the land
No structure on the easement

Easement for view - scenic easement

we can have a walkway on it

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47
Q

We do not see the setback lines on a survey.

A

If we see setback lines on a survey, those are easements, not a real setback

For example: when you see a 2’ setback from all sides, that is easement.

When you see a front set back for 30’
It means a covenant. (can’t be for easement because it’s too much)

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48
Q

-What can you have in a setback?
-Setback is a zoning issues
-Covenants and easements are on Deed

A

Fence
garden boxes
Furniture

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49
Q

Transit-oriented is a context

Density is a context (walkability, retail, active life)

Scale and massing (future scale is the important one)

Neighborhood continuity (street frontage: 10’ distance between buildings with storefront) so we should have the same look- or all entrances are on the main retail walkway, ours should be like that)

Streets
Retail street( volume, speed, ) and street patterns should be continued.

Parking:
-In front of buildings or back house
-A residential area has a garage door at the front

A
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50
Q

Impact of context on design:

A

Acoustic:

Sometimes by studying a context, we see problems with a site. Like our site is close to the highway! What if we have a daycare?
Triple pane window
Buffering courtyard spaces to buffer the sound

Cultural context:
Like connection to a history of a context

Use type: does the use fit?
What if we have the least expansive house on a street
Or having a 5 m house in a sketchy area! Can you please u sell it?

Materiality
All masonry neighborhood buildings
Or all brick building

Microclimate (wind and shadow pattern…)
Context and shadow
Big buildings are around or small and short?

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51
Q

Cultural context

A

Different location have different design

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52
Q

Building a new building in a historical street

A

Pay attention to
Lines
Size of windows
Pattern and setbacks
Materials
Height
Mass

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53
Q

Behavioral expectation

A

The building, the entrance, the drive way should be where people expect them there
Clarity of way finding
Clear statement of purpose
Help the neighborhood not just the client
Kevin lynch (line, edge, district, node,..)

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54
Q

What is the lowest slope
What is the lowest slope that we make sure water is actively running
For walking
Landscaping

A

%1
%2 (1:48)
%2 to %10 reasonable - pleasant to live
More than %10: needs more work
More than %20: difficult to walk
%50 is maximum for soil

Landscaping:

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55
Q

If we dig so deep to creat some swales

A

We will need textile or retaining walls as structure for the deep swale

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56
Q

Contamination in water and vapor. What will be your recommendation as an architect

A

Architect are not supposed to recommend it
In general encapsulation is not good for water, because water moves

57
Q

Putting a sidewalk caffe on a street with very tall building. Makes sense?

A

First we need to know if people there will need that coffee or not

Does it enhance the context?
Does it block sidewalk
Wind tunnels because of tall buildings around

58
Q

The most cost-effective feature of a very hilly site to have residential buildings

A

Flattening building pads

59
Q

An architect is working with a developer on a new riverside housing project. The project wants to take advantage of the adjacent river and wildlife habitats.

What is the minimum recommended width for a buffer between the development and the river to preserve the wildlife habitat?

A

300’

60
Q

The architects for a proposed recreation center building in an urban neighborhood are discussing the best options for receiving community input on the project.
ways to engage local community stakeholders in the design process?

A

Questionnaires
Design charrettes

Workshops

61
Q

The owner of a proposed three-story office building would like their architect to design the building so that it will receive LEED Gold certification and meet their specific energy usage goals. While the architect cannot guarantee this, they explain to the owner that if the building is built in accordance with their drawings and specifications, it will be capable of obtaining the desired certification and meeting the energy usage goals.

Which of the following factors that occur after design completion could affect the achievement of these sustainability goals?

A

Building systems operation and maintenance
Value engineering
Certification approval
Contractor documents
Permit approval? No
Shop drawing approval? No

62
Q

A mid-sized city is updating a historic riverway that has suffered from years of deferred maintenance and neglect. Their goal is to tear down abandoned factory buildings that line the river to provide open park spaces that can be enjoyed by the public.

Which of the following types of urban historic landscape projects would this project be?

A

Redevelopment of urban space

63
Q

A developer and their architect are planning to build a mixed-use building on a large suburban downtown site that is located two blocks from a commuter rail station. The building will contain high-density commercial and residential uses, with a pedestrian orientation and reduced parking requirements.

Based on this information, what type of project is being proposed by the developer and the architect

A

Transit oriented development

64
Q

An architect is working on a new high-rise building and the client requests that sustainable materials and practices be used as much as possible.

Which of the following are strategies the architect could employ to meet the client’s goal

A

Utilize local labor: no

Utilize smart technology:yes

Utilize prefabricated building elements:yes

Select products with high recycled content: yes

Specify high-VOC paint

Minimize field finishing of materials: yes

65
Q

What types of soil information will the geotechnical survey provide?

A

Permeability
Cohesion
Moisture content
pH level: No
Frost level: No
Shearing strength

66
Q

An architect is working on a renovation to an existing office building. The owner has asked to incorporate sustainable practices on the property, but would like to minimize the impact to the existing building as much as possible.

Which of the following solutions should the architect suggest?

A

Rainwater collection
Geothermal heat
Photovoltaic array

67
Q

A neighborhood with a multicultural population in a large city has become eligible to receive city funding for renewal development projects. One of the requirements for the funding is the preservation of the cultural context of the neighborhood.

Which of the following analyses should be undertaken first to evaluate potential development projects for the neighborhood?

A

Urban analysis: yes
Zoning code analysis: No
Program analysis:No
Building code analysis: No

68
Q

An architect is working with their partner to determine which types of services need to be performed on the various project types handled by their office.

Which of the following projects is most likely to require a master plan?

A

Suburban office addition

Community college expansion: Yes

University renovation of historic structures

Urban infill mixed-use building

69
Q

An architect is assisting the owner of several automobile dealerships with the selection of a site for a new dealership in a suburban area. There are several available sites in the area and they all have existing buildings that would need to be demolished for the proposed new construction.

Which of the following types of buildings are more likely to have a contaminated site that might require remediation? Check the four that apply.

A

Print shop: Yes
Dry cleaner: Yes
Restaurant: No
Gas station: yes
Grocery store: no
75-year-old house: Yes

70
Q

Assembly: A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Business: B
Educational: E
Factory: F1 F2
High hazard: H1 H2 H3 H4 H5
Institutional: I1 I2 I3 I4
Merchandise: M
Residential: R1 R2 R3 R4
Storage: S1 S2
Utility and Miscellaneous: U

A

A building that use for assembly purposes but has the oil less than 50: Business

71
Q

Small assembly spaces:

A

Less than 50 person, and if they are accessory to a different occupancy, they should be considered as Business

72
Q

Erosion

A

Silt fences
Plants
Gravel

73
Q

Grand stair

A

It’s not an egress stairs
Aesthetic
Look

There are some rules about treads and rise

74
Q

Comfort

A

Temperature and humidity

75
Q

Stand pipes

A

Like a fire hydrant but for a building
Three classes for standpipes:
Class I: 2 1/2” pipe and no hoses
Class II: 1 1/2” pipe and 100’ hose
Class III: both 1 1/2” and 2 1/2”

76
Q

Automatic ventilation hatches

A

It’s not for smoke, it’s mostly for heat.
Smoke dissipation is mostly a minor than a heat dissipation)

77
Q

Parallel blade or opposed blade for dampers

A

Opposed blades: zig zag (modulated) it’s like glob valve
Parallel: to completely open it or close it (it’s like gate valve)

78
Q

Amber book practice problem - all divisions
Electrical equipment distance

A

What is the maximum spacing for electrical outlets behind a kitchen?
4’

On bathroom walls, there must be a receptacle at least 3 feet from the outside edge of the sink basin

If we have major electrical equipment like switch gear, meter, switches, we need at least 3’ clearance

30” wide working area for equipment less than 600v

Hallways more than 10 feet long must have at least one electrical outlet, preferably at the mid-point.

Minimum headroom clearance of 6’ or the height of equipment which ever greater

Maximum spacing between electrical receptacle (generally not in ketches) :12’

Each wall more than 2’ must have a receptacle

No point along a wall should be more than 6’ from a receptacle and that 6’ cannot across a door or fire place

Residential:
A receptacle every 575 sf
For kitchen no point on the wall behind a counter should be more than 2’ from a receptacle

Outlets should not be positioned higher than 20 inches above countertops

Any counter more than 1’ requires to have a receptacle

Receptacle cannot be lower than 18” above the floor nor can be higher than 5.5’

Floor receptacle should have a cover
They cannot be on surfaces like bathroom, kitchen, or garages

79
Q

Microwave refrigerator dishwasher and any other permanent devise must have:

A

It’s own dedicated circuit
Dishwasher also

80
Q

Where can’t outlet be?

A

Never should be lower than 18” above a garage floor, gasoline fumes hover.
In general they should not be lower than 18”.

Or

Higher than 5.5’

They cannot be directly over a sink, tub, electrical base board heater.

81
Q

HVAC filters

A

Charcoal:
Activated charcoal system. Removing odors and chemicals from the air. It is very resistant to air flow. It can be noise and consume electricity. Low air velocity it should be to be able to remove the odor. They have to be replaced regularly.

Electrostatic: charged plates. Like rubbing a balloon on your hair and then a lot of particles get stuck to the balloon. Expensive to install.
Have to be clean regularly. We don’t have to replace them we only need to maintain them. Less resistance to air flow.
If you have a weak fan, or convoluted ducted system, or you want less noise, then we can have electrostatic filter.

Fibrous (what we use at home)
It removes dust, dirt, mold spores. They must be replaced regularly.

High performance filter: HEPA filter which have smaller pores. More energy the fan consume. Noise consequences.

82
Q

Pressure needed for some fixtures

A

Most to least:
Water closet flush valve
Urinal
Sink, shower, laundry machine, hose bib, dishwasher machine, bathtub faucet (around 5-6)

Less:
bidet
Lavatory faucet
Water closet with close coupled tank, ballcock

83
Q

IIC
Impact insulation class
Code minimum:50
65 is good

A

Decoupling the finish floor from the structure below.
From less to most robust:

1-Concrete floor
2-concrete floor + thin acoustic underlayment
3-Concrete floor + spring isolation hangers + batt insulation+ gypsum ceiling
4- concrete floor + thick acoustics underlayment
5-concrete floor + thin acoustic underlayment + spring rod and batt insulation and ceiling panel
6-concrete floor + thick acoustic underlayment + spring rods + batt insulation + ceiling
7-floating two concrete floors with acoustic underlayment between them
8-concrete floor with carpet on it
9- concrete floor + spring isolation hangers + batt insulation + ceiling
10- Two concrete flooring (floating slab) with an acoustic layer between them and spring isolation hangers + gypsum ceiling

84
Q

Is carpet on slab a long solution?

A

No, because what if next owner rip off the carpet

85
Q

Wood construction
IIC
Code minimum: 50
Best number we can get is 65

A

IIC 50: Wood floor + batt insulation + spring hangers + ceiling

IIC 55: thick underlayment above sheathing + gypsum concrete topping

IIC 65: ( less likely to get complaints)
Carpet on floor (but not a permanent solution)

86
Q

Rentable area
Useable are
What is gross-up factor?

A

Everything but spaces that are shared with other floors

Useable area: where we can carpet the floor (everything but core)

Gross up factor: rentable are / useable area higher the number is the building is less efficient

87
Q

Uniform at
 Master format

A

Uniform at list things by system like foundation structure stair

Master format developed first
Master format list things by material like concrete, steel, wood stone


88
Q

Phased bid
Phased construction

A

Phased bid is fast track
Designing and bidding happening simultaneously

Phased construction:
Design for expansion
Element of

89
Q

Which are developed as a part of the programming phase
Adjacencies
Budget
Code
Goals for the project
Preliminary design schism
Research into building type

A

Adjacencies
Budget
Research into building type
Goals for the project

90
Q

Play Survay for cities
Modern time

In rural: metes and bounds
Old fashion

A
91
Q

LLC, which is life cycle costing
And
LCA which is life cycle analysis

A

LCC is an economic analysis that is used in selection of alternatives and it includes construction and first cost,
maintenance and lifespan and repair

LCA assess environmental impacts from the raw material extraction manufacturing distribution installation, repair, and maintenance 

92
Q

The neighborhoods population is expected to grow to grow by 4000 people over the next decade bringing in 300 to 500 additional elementary school student will you design the new elementary school sized for current number of a student enrolled for 300 additional students for 500 additional students or four 400 addition of a student

A

We call it future facility demand:

We should design for future expansion in the present time. Redesign for minimum additional students which is 300 or for maximum additional students which is 500.

93
Q

LCC DECISION

A

AUTOMATION DECISION
computer can calculate and make decisions

ROUTIN DECISIONS
People do that

ONE TIME DECISION (construction industry as well)
Everyone stuck with the decision

94
Q

Buckling coloumn
Column compression

A

In proportion with E and I
And in reverse with L (به توان ۲)

P( the force in the column divided by cross-sectional area)

95
Q

Acoustic

A

Windows are upper ( better)
Door: put your widows out of your listening zone
Put the door out of the listening zone

96
Q

Wind

A

Building on stilts has good ventilation.

Keep the bushes away from the building and trees with big canopies should be used.

97
Q

Transfer shower

A

3’ wide and 3’ deep
Clear floor space 36x48
12” beyond the shower space on one side

12-15 “ the depth of seat
L shaped for seat

Clear floor space in front of a shower without a seat
Beveled floor or having a trench in case of changing floor finish

The lavatory can be inside the floor clearance in front of the shower space

Grab bars on the side and back walls

Standard rolling showers can have a seat too

Roll-in shower the space of shower floor clearance should be 30 x 60“ lavatory can be in this curious but not any other fixtures 12 inches beyond the wall that has a seat

For transfer for transfer bathroom, we need to have L-shaped seats 12 to 15 inches for the center part and 23 to 25 inches to the sea Carawan. We need grab bars on two sides of the shower walls if you have a set  for transfer for transfer bathroom we need to have L-shaped seat 12 to 15 inch for the center part and 23 to 25 inch to the sea Carawan. We need grab bars on two sides of the shower walls if you have a set y

The tub should have a temporary or built and if it has a built-in it needs to have 12-inch clearance for this seat to rotate
we need to double grab on the back wall one small 18-inch length grab on the sidewall and one 18-inch grab on the left side the curious is 3rd inch to the west of the bathtub we can have. We can have a lavatory and this floor is curious but not any other fixtures.

98
Q

what is a structural bay ratio threshold that we can jump from one way a structural to a two-way structural system

A

2:1

99
Q

The windward slope of the roof (roof pitch is 7:12)

A

The windward side of the roof with pitch up to 7:12will be negative pressure

The windward side of the roof with a pitch greater than 7:12 will be positive windward side

100
Q

Most vulnerable wall is the case of earthquake

A

Um- Reinforced Masonary walls

101
Q

combustion air intake for the laboratories
Or for air intake for boilers furnaces
Should be under the boiler

A
102
Q

Blast resistance building

A

Locate the extent of .4 from building so event with bomb cannot get very close to the building.

Concrete with extra rebar’s

Building with materials that are able to bend, but not break ductility . Thin light gauge metal is start with bracing can be ductile

The last resistant glazing systems,

Avoid Masonary 

103
Q

Plastic piping
ABS
PVC

A

Plastic piping has less friction, which is good but more thermal expansion which we cannot use plastic piping for a long distance they will break up

ABS: four waste water, so they cannot tolerate the high-pressure of supply water. They are for vent wastewater . Easy to install.
In expensive
Low friction

PVC:
Not for supply water because this kind of piping cannot handle UV, high temperature, and high-pressure. The supply water is under high-pressure so we cannot use PVC and ABS.
PVC is being used mostly for irrigation and waste water

CPVC:
A type of PVC that can be used for hot water and drinking water as well 

PEx:
Blue for cold water, and read for a hot water

Copper: ductile
Mostly for bigger buildings
Expensive
More friction
Supply water
K m l
Resistant to UV so you can leave it outdoor

CPVC or PEX
PEx less noisier
CPVC can tolerate more heat
CPVCc can tolerate more pressure

104
Q

Entrance and exit off a parking

A

Entrance goes to Major Street and exit goes to Mina
It’s always more efficient to have exit and entrance separated for a parking

Put the exit discharge for away from the building on minor Street why ? Because is exiting cars always tend to drive a slower

The entrance or exit, should not be very close to intersections 

105
Q

What are appropriate and inappropriate floor finish when we have flooring radiant system

A

Carpet is not that good
Hardwood is not that good, because of expansion and
Engineered wood is better than hardwood
Ceramic and tiles are the best

Vinyls not bad, but it should not be too hot

106
Q

When we are being asked about embodied embodied energy per kilogram, or LBS, keep in mind that 1 kg of aluminum has more material than 1 kg of steel so all the menu in this case will have more embodied energy than steel or concrete

A
107
Q

PTAK

A

PTAK: packaged terminal air conditioner

Same as window unit but in a wall or you have a closet for it.
A lot control
Inexpensive
Easy to instal

Very noisy
Ugly
Inefficient because each room should have one condenser and evaporator.

108
Q

Mini split

A

One outdoor unit which serves multiple indoor units
No duct
Heating and cooling
Efficient because one condenser serves multiple indoor units
Quite
Expensive
Not got large buildings

109
Q

Fan coil for residential

A

Remote ducted, air handling units in the Corredor 

110
Q

2 way slab and beam construction

A

High floor to floor ratio
Expensive
Square bays

111
Q

Cost estimating in
Programming
SD
DD
CD

A

Programming: rough order of magnitude - off by 2x
SD unit rate because we know how many units we have
In CD: number of pipe bend, number of epdm rolls when we know how many square footage area we have in the roof.

112
Q

Engineering flooring

A

like laminated that this engineered wood flooring consist of 35 or seven layers of wood Winnier H oriented at 90° to the adjacent layer
Like plywood
Some of this engineered wood can be glued together on their sides, and then lay on the concrete floor or loosely, but some of engineered wood can be glued directly to the concrete

Because engineered wood, like laminated block, flooring are more stable and expanding for shrinking 

113
Q

Resilient flooring

A

Vinyl
Vinyl composite
Asphalt
Rubber
Cork

Cork is the best which is sustainable and made of natural material
Where we need acoustical flooring or resilient flooring we use cork flooring

114
Q

Cellulose insulation

A

Low embody energy
High recycled content

115
Q

What insulation may have asbesto

A

Loose fill vermiculite

116
Q

If in some places like basement we use batt insulation

A

Batt that has a flame -resistance facing because it’s left exposed

117
Q

Types of insulation

A

 loose insulation like vermiculite perlite fiberglass, mineral wool, rock wool

Batt: fiberglass high-density and low-density

Board: EPS XPS ployiso

118
Q

Board insulation or rigid insulation

A

organic or inorganic material, formed into the rigid board, organic like wood, cane, fiber, or straw that is sand wedged between a coating of Bituminous or foil or paper. 

or it can be in organic like XPS, EPS, poly iso

119
Q

XPS EPS polyiso

A

Xps has a higher R-value
It’s more expensive than the other two
It’s a close-cell
Closed cell means as you hear this cells are compacted rigidly together and do not allow air or moisture to encroach into the space. They are more rejected because they are closed-cell insulation materials. Below grade, roofing system

 closed cell means as you hear this cells are compacted rigidly together and do not allow air or moisture to encroach into the space. They are more rejected because they are closed-cell insulation materials.
Xps which is extruded is more rigid than EPS and is used for residential sheathing and walls, foundation, and roof insulation.

EPS (expanded polystyrene) is the same as the foam we see everywhere. It’s a closed cell - it is for roofing and wall - moistur migration can be a problem

Polyiso: closed cell
Laminated between engineered facing material
It can be blown in place but not below grade. Except inside of the foundation walls. Better to have at least 9% recycled contract for the EPA purposes

120
Q

Sprayed foam

A

IVC requires a spray applied foam insulation products to be sseparated from the interior of the building with an approved thermal barrier, such as half-inch thick chips and wallboard IVC requires a spray-applied foam insulation products to be separated from the interior of the building with an approved thermal barrier, such as half-inch thick gypsum wallboard

The most common sprayed foams are cellulose (paper and a fire reverser substance
The second one is fiberglass )BIBS)
Rock wool is commonly used for commercial building

121
Q

Radiant barrier

A

Sheets
Highly reflective
Aluminum
It faces an open space
Most often by blocking summer heat
Sometimes to help retain winter heat

When a radiant barrier which is a sheet combined with insulation, we call it reflective insulation

In cold climate we can face the radiant barrier toward the warm side of a room

I hot climate we face the radiant barrier toward the outside to reflect the heat toward the space

122
Q

ICF

A

XPS
used for foundation walls
they can be used from foundation to the roof 


123
Q

SIP

A

Structural, insulated panels
skin tension
two skins sandwiched with an inner core of rigid, insulating material 

EPS

124
Q

Shingles

A

Soft and smooth surface
Can be in felt and wood
Different colors

If the surface is not smooth it is a shake
The wooden one is manufactured from cedar

125
Q



A
126
Q

Roofing tile

A

The slope is 4:12 or greater
Slate is very expensive
Very durable (100 yr)
Heavy
Should be on a sloped roof 4:12 or greater
They laid like shingles with sides and edsa overlapping
It is fire-resistance
Attached with copper or galvanized nails driven through pre-punched holes

Clay tile:
Expensive
Fire reactance
Heavy
Diff colors
Shapes

Concrete:
Less expensive than slate and clay
Fire resistance

Metal roofing system:
Expensive
Durable
Copper, galvanized iron, aluminum,
Terneplate
The necessary accessories like gutter, downspout, and fasteners are available in copper as well

127
Q

Which metal roofing is maintenance free

A

Stainless steel is maintenance-free
Very expensive
Very durable
The roof must be designed to allow for expansion and contraction.
The minimum slope for a metal roof is 3:12
Interlocking joints fabricated min field

Most metal roofs I stalled on asphalt roofs which are laid on wood or concrete decking

If it is terneplate which has tin, the asphalt felt is replaced with rosin sized paper

128
Q

Performed panels

A

Corrugatedorflutedmetal or assemblies of two finishes of the metal face with insulation between

In the roof they span purlins and in the wall system they span horizontal girts

129
Q

How to install built up roof

A

It depends
If the roof deck is nailable or it’s not Nailable

If it is nailable, a base sheet of unsaturated felt is nailed to the deck and covered with a coating of roofing cement

If it is not nailable
The base sheet can be removed from the assembly

5layers is the most protective system
A final coating should be applied on top of all layers then gravel tonproyltect the roofing from sunlight

130
Q

Inverted memberqne roof

A

In traditional built-up roof members, we have a baseboard on the nailing roof then 3 or 5 layers of felt and membrane on top of it. Then at the end a layer of coating on top of built-up layers and then ballast to protect the roof from the sun (on a nonnailing roof we remove the baseboard)

In an inverted membrane roof system, we have rigid insulation on top of all of the layers. Simply defined as a type of roof construction where the waterproofing layer lies beneath the insulation instead of above it — as in other forms of roofing — inverted roofs ensure that the complete roof construction, including roof covering, is kept at warm temperatures during winter months and at moderate temperatures during the summer months.

131
Q

What if we have built up roofing system, and a chimney how to flash around the chimneys wall?

A

intersection of a vertical obstacle and build up the roof should be is with a triangular Kent stripe so that the fouls do not have to be bent at a 90° angle 

132
Q

Disadvantages of built up roof

A

Weight. One of the significant disadvantages of a built-up roof is its weight. …
Installation Complexity. The installation of BUR is more complex and time-consuming compared to some other roofing systems. …
Potential for Leaks. …
Limited Design Flexibility. …
Odor and Fumes. …
Environmental Impact.

133
Q

What type of the roof last the longest

A

Slate

134
Q

What type of flashing is installed on the sides of a chimney at the roof?

Step flashing is primarily used against the sides of walls and

A
135
Q

Roof-mounted equipment should be placed on curbs and the curbs should be flashed

A
136
Q

gories: thermoset plastics and thermoplas-
The quality o f a built-up roofing system is tics. When thermoset plastics are cured by being
largely dependent on proper installation, subjected to heat, they harden into a perma-
nent shape. Once they have set, fi they are
which is labor intensive. For this reason, heated they wil char rather than melt again,
single-ply roofing has come into
so they cannot be remolded. On the other
widespread use.
hand, thermoplastic materials, also called thermo-
plastics, can be repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling, so they can be remolded. Ther-
moset roofing materials include EPDM and CSPE. Thermoplastic roofing materials include PVC and
TPO, as well as various hybrid blends.
Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM roofing is athermoset plastic membrane manufactured in thick- nesses of 0.045 in and 0.060 in. It has excellent resistance to weathering, heat, and fatigue, but is only available ni black. Because ti si a thermoset material, seams of EPDM roofing must be sealed with adhe- sive or pressure-sensitive tape. EPDM can be installed loose and covered with ballast, fully adhered with
adhesive, mechanically fastened, or used in a protected membrane roof system. EPDM is one of the most common types of single-ply membrane roofing materials.
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE), trademarked as Hypalon, si highly resistant to weathering and is avail- able ni white. As a roofing material, ti is applied fuly adhered. However, CSPE roofing has generally been superseded by PVC and TPO roofing.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) roofing si a thermoplastic membrane manufactured in thicknesses of 0.048 in, 0.060 in, and 0.072 in. PVC membranes have excellent resistance to weathering (including hail), are easy to install, and are relatively inexpensive. PVC tends to be more resistant to animal fats and other types of oils than other membranes. It loses flexibility over time, so many manufacturers add a resin called ketone ethylene ester (KEE), trademarked as Elvaloy, to the material; this helps maintain flexibility perma- nently. Seams are heat welded. PVC can be installed loose and covered with ballast, fuly adhered with adhesive, mechanically fastened, or used as a part of a protected membrane roof system. It si available in white, tan, or gray. However, as mentioned in Chap. 13, PVC can cause environmental problems during manufacture and disposal.
Thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) roofing is a type of single-ply membrane made with a blend of polypropy- lene and ethylene propylene. It can be installed loose and covered with ballast, fuly adhered with adhe- sive, mechanically fastened, or used as a part of a protected membrane roof system. The mechanically attached system is used where high wind uplift is a concern and for reroofing applications. It is available in 45 mil, 60 mil, and 80 mil thicknesses. It has a lower installation cost than EPDM and can be ordered in a variety of colors, but white, tan, and gray are the most common.
Both PVC and T O roofing materials are available ni white, making them good choices for cool roof systems that minimize heat transfer into abuilding and the subsequent energy needed to cool it, as well as for minimizing the heat island effect. The beat island efect is the unnatural buildup of heat around buildings, especially in urban areas. Some jurisdictions such as California require the use of cool roofs to minimize interior heat gain and save energy. They can also help a building gain LEED credits. Anew, white PVC or TPO roof wil reflect approximately 78% of the radiant energy striking it, compared with about 6% for a black EPDM roof. This si ideal for climates where cooling demand outweighs heating demand. In northern areas of the country, however, where heating takes precedence over cooling, a white roof isn’t necessarily the most energy efficient option.
Because PVC and T O membranes are thermoplastics, they can be recycled for roofing, but thermoset membranes such as EPDM cannot be reused for roofing. To be recycled, EDM roofing must be chopped up and mixed with another material to make another product, such as rubber flooring.

A
137
Q

California
Single ply

A

In some areas in California using a cool roof is mandatory
Then the membrane should be white like PVS and to

138
Q

Pvc and tpoare recyclable
Epdm is not. To recycle it, they add some substance to make rubbers

A
139
Q

To control the depth of sealant in an expansion joint, we should use joint fillers and backing rod, then we can use sealant

A

ARE (17 decks)

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