Falsg Cards Elif Flashcards

Question

Epoxy coal tar based is good for water proofing The cementitios acrylic polymeric is good for aestethic treatment The venal ester based coating is good at high chemical resistance Solvent based urethane coating is good at resisting graffiti

Answer 1

Story height panels should be connected to the beams by rod connections at the top and by bearing connections at the bottom. Spandrel panels have other connections. The top connections are bearing connections, and the bottom ones are rod connections if they are at the bottom of story-height panels. If the spandrel panel is at the top of the story height panel, then the bottom connections are rod connections and the top connections are the bearing connections. Figure 9-10 shows typical suspended-ceiling bracing. Diagonal bracing by wires or rigid members: spacing should not be more than 144 sq. ft. The vertical strut is recommended for large ceiling areas in high seismic zones; it may be provided by a piece of metal conduit or angle section. Heavy fluorescent light fixtures inserted in suspended ceilings must be supported independently, so that if the grid fails, the fixture will not fall. Figure 9-11 shows a lighting fixture with two safety wires located at the diagonal. For heavy fixtures, four wires must be provided. Suspended fixtures must be free to swing without hitting adjoining components. Heavy (Masonry) Full-Height Non load Bearing Walls:

Answer 2

Shear Walls Shear walls are solid walls constructed to resist the application of lateral forces. Though most often constructed of reinforced concrete, shear walls can be made of almost any structural material and range in size from small sections of panel-sheathed wood stud walls in residential buildings to massive steel and concrete structures in the tallest buildings. In compari-son to the other systems described on this page, shear walls are especially stiff, making them a good choice wherever a relatively compact arrange-ment of stabilizing elements is desired. Shear walls must be mostly solid, with limited openings through the wall. To minimize interference with floor plan arrangements, shear walls are often incorporated into the building core, stair towers, or other vertical structures within the building. Shear walls can also be part of the exterior wall, although in this location they limit access to daylight and exterior views. Braced Frames Braced frames are composed of open triangulated frameworks, most often constructed of steel or wood. In terms of strength per weight, they are the most efficient lateral force-stabilizing system. Like shear walls, braced frames are often incorporated into the building core or other vertical structures. They can also be part of exterior wall systems, where, in com-parison to shear walls, their greater degree of openness results in less of an impact on daylight access and views. Rigid Frames Rigid frames depend on extra-stiff connections in the column-and-beam structural framework to resist the effects of lateral forces. These connec-tions are most easily constructed in steel or sitecast concrete, though often at added cost in comparison to simpler, less rigid connections. Rigid connections may also be constructed in precast concrete, though with greater difficulty. The absence of solid panels or diagonal bracing makes this lateral force-resisting system attractive where the greatest flexibility in plan configuration is desired. However, the rigid frame is also the most structurally inefficient lateral force-resisting system. It is most suitable for low or broad structures requiring relatively modest resistance. In taller buildings, it is most frequently used in combination with either shear walls or braced frames. In addition, the rigid frame places greater stresses on the structural framework. Its application may result in columns and beams that are heavier or in columns more closely spaced than would otherwise be required. Connections with intermediate stiffness, termed semirigid, that are less expensive to construct, may also be used in combination with shear wall or braced frame lateral force-resisting systems

Answer 3

Continuous board piles Uncured soldier, piles requires tie bags which penetrates to the adjacent property and not preferred in dense urban areas Soldier piles with lumber lagging also only preferred where adjacent buildings are further away from property line bench traced excavation is a self supporting excavation method which cannot tolerate high and tight property condition

Answer 4

Two way flat slab: Parking garage -one way slab specially with post-tensioning are Alain suitable for parking garage and other building where long span in one direction is needed. Two way flat plate: Moderate span. It is the best Atr system for hotels, apartments, dormitories Two way slab (Two way slab and beam) which is different that two way solid slab. This is costly but can tolerate higher span Waffle slab Expensive- it Carrie’s heavy loads. It is used for it’s visual effect. They are not preferred for parking.

Answer 5

Two way slab and beam

Answer 6

Garages Storages Manufacturing building Outdoor area What structure is good for heavy load building Two way slab (two way slab and beam) Two way solid slab (more economical than two way slab and beam) Waffle slab Arches Trusses Etc

Answer 7

One way solid slab Two way flat plate

Answer 8

Two was slab and beam Waffle slab One way beam slab Any structure that has beam Two was solid slab

Answer 9

High pressure sodium Metal halide Low pressure sodium Fluorescent Incandescent

Answer 10

L (length) LxL LxLxL

Answer 11

Least expensive : shear wall Most expensive is moment connection Most efficient is bracing state Least efficient is moment connections

Answer 12

All air system

Answer 13

Closed loon active system What are other solar heating systems? Batch system : simplest solar water heating system- metal storage tank exposed to the sun. It’s not recommended in cold climate. Thermosiphon system: reliable and cheaper system. It depends on the passive heat exchange via gravity and convection to circulate cold and hot water in pipes. Drain down system: most vulnerable system in cold climate

Answer 14

Excellent insulation It does not respond well to rain and snow- wide roof overhang can resolve this problem

Answer 15

Need to be protected from rain. Probably will need wide overhangs It needs to be protected from humidity as well. It cannot handle large openings.

Answer 16

Adobe construction Straw bale construction

Answer 17

K= conductivity R= Resistance

Answer 18

Bilateral : provinding window on both wall is the most effective way to have the lighting equally distributed Unilateral lighting: providing windows on only one side of a room.

Answer 19

Weight of the joists Standardization: if the sizes are standard that will be less expensive. Custom trussed are very expensive

Answer 20

Maximum summer solstice: will be in jun 21th: 90-45+23,5= 68.5 Equinox: (March / sep 21)= 90-45-0= 45 Minimum (Dec 21), Winter solstice= 90-45-23.5= 21.5

Answer 21

Curbs, divert water directly to public servers, eliminating it, or did roads around the site will allow water to be filtered into the ground, but this method is more suitable for the less dense suburban area Rainwater harvesting : this method collect rainwater, received by the building inside an ant on the ground, a cistern or tank to reuse for flushing toilets, cooling towers and landscaping. It is becoming highly popular for building and then urban areas with hot or hot air, raid climates and limited ground water sources Temporary storage and infiltration field, which is a method that require a large site to create infiltration fields that drain water at a slow rate, after being collected in a temporary storage system Underground cistern with large storage tank. This is a good option specially when combined with the rainwater harvesting system in dens urban areas with only underground area, available to the store, and either reuse the collected water in the building or slowly discharge it to the ground

Answer 22

North light is evenly distributed and it’s rich for art centers or showrooms

Answer 23

Hydraulic elevator (conventional): low initial cost- higher maintenance and it’s not efficient. (60’) Homeless elevators can be for 50’- The roped hydraulic elevator can be for 60’ Geared elevators are somewhere in the midway in initial cost-maintenance cost- and efficiency. They use a gearbox and 250’ Gearless elevators can be within 2000’. They are higher in initial cost but more efficient than geared elevators. Machine roomless elevators are comparable in initial cost and maintenance cost to geared traction elevators. But they have lower emery consumption

Answer 24

Laser beam photoelectric: very highly sensitive laser technology. It should be in a clean environment. Because the atrium can be dirty and dusty, the sensitivity of these smoke detectors will not function well. False alarm!! Projected beam photoelectric smoke detectors: are the best in places with high ceilings but lighting fixtures can act. If the fixtures are recessed, this is the best choice for high-ceiling atriums Ionization smoke detectors: preferred for spaces less than 15 feet or less. Used in offices Video smoke detection is based on computer analysis of CCTV to detect fire. Usually used outdoors, historical buildings, roads and tunnels

Answer 25

(one end is free) Point load: PL^3 / 3EI (one end is free) Distributed load: W L^4 / 8EI (Both ends are tightened and the point load): PL^3 / 48EI (Both ends are tightened and distributed load): 5WL^4 / 384 EI I: area moment of inertia (in^4) E: modules of elasticity (psi or N/m^2)

Answer 26

Mansard Gable Hip - pyramid hip Dormer Combination Shed Open gable and box gabel Gambrel and mansare have the same cross sections

Answer 27

Soft story: also known as flexible story. A soft-story has a significant decrease in lateral stiffness compared to the floor above. Due to large openings The weak story has a reduction in lateral strength compared to the floor above.

Answer 28

If we make the distance 4 times larger, the sound intensity will drop by 12 db

Answer 29

These really only save energy in small building on cool-but-sunny days and when the building is air tight land well insulated and there is enough thermal mass exposed to the sunlight to store heat

Answer 30

Shallow foundation: strip footing Wall footing. Or continuous footing Width of this footing depends o the bearing capacity Does not need skilled labor Isolated footing: (stepped footing, sloped footing , simple footing) Bearing capacity should be high. Very economical. Simple footing (pad footing, flat footing, plain footing) So wooed footing is a kind of isolated footing which is outdated Trapezoidal footing or sloped footing (45 degree is slop is maintained on all sides) 3-combined footing: two isolated (individual footing) are combined together Trapidozual combined footing when the load of a column is much more the other columns they can be combined but not in a rectangular shape (plan view Strap beam combined footing : when one of the column is on the edge of property line we connect it to the next footing by strap beam Raft footing (May footing): shallow foundation but heavy load: or high water table

Answer 31

Pile footing Slender columns a few together carry one large columns: pile cap Soil is weak Water table is high Uplifting force to foundation Cassini foundation: Very tall buildings Bridges Bodies of water

Answer 32

Standard for preservations Use the property to maximize the retention of distinctive feature Retained his story character Repair historic features, so that the new material color texture and design match the old Preserve archaeological resource in place Keep the historic part whenever possible, while upgrading the accessibility and sustainability of the building Historic preservation, and sustainability : form a team with members that have a preservation background and members that have a sustainability background . Identify methods to reduce energy use but balance, the impact on the historic . Execute what is needed to meet energy performance goals, but start with that which is least likely to Denny Great, the historic nature of the building . Only engage the disruptive technologies after you have engage the list, disruptive ones . Begin, with the least invasive, most cost effective way. Address a tightness before adding insulation . Insulate unfinished spaces like attics basements crawlspaces . Then on the is the energy model deems necessary. Should you remove historic plaster and dream and finish the spaces to insulate there . Caulking the window is acceptable, Do not remove a historic durable, heart pine floor and replace it with a boodam bamboo floor, because the bamboo floors seems to be sustainable . Use solar only after other less intrusive options have been exhausted. Specially, if the PV panels will be visible . When upgrading the heating and cooling systems use the least invasive is strategy first, it should be a smart, programmable thermostat and ductless HVAC system that uses refrigerant or water pipes instead of large dogs, . If you require dogs, route them away from important is spaces and bit her to expose them if concealing, damn requires ripping out important historical finish materials . Don’t position outdoor track equipment where it can be seen . Consider a geothermal system, which is efficient and has no visible outdoor equipment . Retain the roofs character, if it is visible, typically decays in a sloped roof but if the roof is low slope or flat, feel free to install a green roof high albedo membrane or cool roof technology . If you want to add a new exterior addition to historic building, only consider new construction, if the existing buildings nonsignificant interest, please cannot accommodate the new functions . You can fit an ADA bathroom or elevator in the new edition . New edition building should be compatible with the scale and messing of the historic building but your addition should be differentiated from the historic building . Design the new edition, so that it can be removed in the future without destroying the original historic building . You can build a new parking in the history building lot . If you want to replace or repair some interior, history call feature that should be the same color same material, same texture,

Answer 33

Concrete is really the only a structural building material that can be exposed to water without rusting or rotting, almost all foundation use concrete. If concrete were a Countree, it would be the third highest in meter of greenhouse gases

Answer 34

Longest pants Repetition of identical, a structural member Almost no fault like perfect rot resistant

Answer 35

We should consider labor, material and contractor profit We should not consider construction contingencies, design fee, land acquisition, cost, professional cost like lawyers, fee, taxes, consultant fee,

Answer 36

The M for monocrystalline is four more more expensive to purchase more efficient an output Thin film photo wall tykes are flexible less expensive and less efficient

Answer 37

First layer is a synthetic stucco then rigid foam insulation, then drainage, plane, then rain layer then exterior sheathing, and then a structure

Answer 38

All air system: VAV and CAV – Used in hospitals, Arena, Libraries Air and water system like chilled beams are used in laboratories, hospitals, All water systems: like fan coils and closed heat pumps are used in apartments, hotels, All water systems can be hydronic systems as well which are used in arenas , theaters, libraries Column stiffness: E I / L^3 Comparing two columns: Column1/column2 = (L2 / L1) ^3 What foundation system is used for building with high water table? Pile system and mat slab, but mat slab is more economical How can we prevent the glass from being water soluble? Silica is the primary component of glass. Soda ash lowers the melting point of the glass And lime enhances the durability and chemical stability of the glass and it prevents the glass from being water-soluble The vertical distance of pipes for closed loop heat pump is between 15’ to 25’- 20’ is recommended as minimum Having roads on hilly lots are critical, because these roads should be as much as possible parallel to the counter lines. Dead load act vertically always, but liveload may act vertically or horizontally, mostly horizontally Soldering, brazing, and welding are all methods of joining two or more pieces of metal and selected other materials. They are also methods used to fill gaps in metal parts. In welding, the two metals (or thermoplastic) must be similar. For example, copper cannot be welded to steel. Welding uses high temperatures to melt and join two metal parts. A filler metal is often used as well. When properly done, the finished weld is as strong as the surrounding metal. But if the process is not carried out and the welder applies too much heat, it can change the metal’s properties and weaken the weld. There are several different types of welding, including metal inert gas (MIG), arc, electron beam, laser, and stir friction. Welding is also widely used to slice apart large metal structures by melting through them. This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. Brazing joins two metals by heating and melting a filler (alloy) that bonds to the two pieces of metal and joins them. The filler obviously must have a melting temperature below that of the metal pieces. Brazing can join dissimilar metals such as aluminum, silver, copper, gold, and nickel. Flux is often used during brazing. It is a liquid that promotes wetting, which lets the filler flow over the metal parts to be joined. It also cleans the parts of oxides so that the filler bonds more tightly to the metal parts. In addition, fluxes are used in welding to clean the metal surfaces. Properly brazed joints can be stronger than the pieces being joined, but are not as strong as welded joints. Brazing also has minimal effects on the two metal parts. Soldering is a low-temperature analog to brazing. By the American Welding Society’s definition, soldering takes place with fillers (also known as solders) that melt at below 840°F (450°C). Metals that can be soldered include gold, silver, copper, brass, and iron. The filler, called solder, melts. When it solidifies, it is bonded to the metal parts and joins them. The bond is not as strong as brazed joint or welded one. Solder was once made mainly of lead, but environmental concerns are pushing industry to lead-free alternatives. Base building Efficiency= Useable area / Gross Area Loss Factor= Rentable area / useable area Seven ways to fight stack effect Vestibules are your friend. ... Revolving doors achieve the same result as vestibules – instead of a blast of cold air when the door is opened, it's just a little puff. Insist on tight construction. ... Place tight doors between your elevator lobby and the reception area. Including barriers to airflow between external entries and lift shafts, for example, is something that is far more easily accomplished in the design phase than as a retrofit. Changing specifications for doors, façade materials, windows, and vents is also a good way to head off stack effect problems. Different types of steel trusses: How- seissor- attic- hip- flat- mono- king-queen- Fan – Gambel – bow – inverted – Dead load: Structure Live Load: people, furniture, people standing Lateral load” Rain, wind, Snow, earthquick Live load and dead load both can be static load The difference between detention pond and retention pond: Detention pond are always dry. They send the water to municipal system in a slower rate to avoid owerwelming the municipal syste. They are designed according to run off efficient and the the most rain that an area can have Retention pond is always wet. If water accumulate more than a certain amount, they guild the water to municipal system. They have emergency spill away · At what time of year sun will have 90-degree altitude: · On the Cancer tropic (23.5° latitude north) it will happen once every year, on the day of the northern hemisphere solstice (about June 21st). · On the Capricorn tropic (23.5° latitude south) it will happen once every year, on the day of the southern hemisphere solstice (about December 21st). · On the equator it happens twice every year. One on each equinox (about March 21st and September 21st). Composition Well-graded gravel has a balanced proportion of fine and coarse particles, with smaller particles filling the voids left by larger ones. This creates a dense structure with more particle-to-particle contact, which increases stability and reduces water infiltration. Engineering properties Well-graded gravel has a large bearing capacity, small settlement, and is easy to compact. Workability Well-graded gravel improves the workability of cement concrete. In contrast, uniformly graded gravel decreases workability, and gap-graded gravel or changes in size distribution can also have an effect GW is a well-graded gravel. It has excellent shear strength, negligible compressibility, and excellent workability. GW soils are preferred for subgrade and base conditions. Well-graded sand has an excellent workability due to wide range of particles Well-graded gravel has an excellent workability and shear strength Well-graded sand are previous Poor-graded gravel are very pervious , VAV: Arenas, Exhibition Halls, Theater, Hospitals, Hotels, libraries, Offices, schools, VAV reheat and dual ducts : Hospitals, Factories, buildings that need colling even in winters like internal load buildings VAV induction system: Offices that need cooling in winters and heating (Radiators in winters CAV: Arenas, Theaters, Factories, Place of worships, Fan coils: Apartments – Arenas, Theater Closed loop heat pump: Apartments Recommended maximum slope: Lawn: 8% Parking lot: 3% Paved driveway: 10% Crown of a road: 2.5% Sustainably perspective: employ a low ratio of façade to floor area Percentage of aggregate to cement in a typical concrete mix: 60 t0 75% Admixture” less that 1% Is thin shell a two way or one way? 2-way Two major of dynamic load: wind and earthquack Static load: can be live or dead load People, rain and snow are live load Moving loads like cars are impact load Which wood framing structures shrink the least? Balloon framing Depth-to-span ratio of girder: 1/15 Depth to span ratio of a beam: 1/20

Answer 39

All boilers that their fuel is natural gas, oil, gasoline Heat pump? No, it has a compressor that works with electricity Ever time we need a boiler and furnace

Answer 40

Convection: energy recovery ventilation- ceiling fan, infiltration through cracks, ventilation introduced through the duct, exhaust air, fresh air, the air movement between gaps, the air movement between walls gaps. Conduction: thermal bridge, thermal break, R-value, U-value, resistivity, conductivity, blanket Radiation: heat transfer between hotter surfaces and colder surfaces. Direct gain spaces, Thromb wall, roof albedo, thermal Mass, foil facing, radiant roof cooling to the night sky, and why you feel cooler in shade all are radiation

Answer 41

It’s always about the combustibility or span. Arenas, concert halls, and theaters need non-flammable long horizontal spans. Like steel frame (open joist) steel trusses, concrete beams, girders, or post-tensioned slabs Laboratories: need noncombustible materials like masonry, open web joists, steel trusses, concrete beams, and girders. It does not need to have a long span! Parking garages, need to span a long distance like flat slabs and they need to carry high loads. Like concrete beams and joists, steel frames Nearly all office towers and parking garages are built of steel flames and concrete joist beam and girder or flat slab

Answer 42

There will be a smaller water heater that pumps return hot water constantly. That’s what when you are in the thirtieth floor you still can have hot water so fast.

Answer 43

Encapsulation Enclosure Removal Removing will be used in major renovations and will be very expensive

Answer 44

No! As long as we are sharing air, we will share sound as well

Answer 45

CCTV close circuit television The pan, tilt and zoom one can tilt and monitor everywhere, so we won’t need a lot of them. Conventional CCTV: has a lot of cameras Thermal CCTV: detect the heat and they monitored the perimeter of building

Answer 46

3 inch aerospace with Boyle on both sides

Answer 47

Hello motors to ramp up and down gradually based on thermal needs, they save energy, provide for enhanced thermal comfort produce less noise, and last longer

Answer 48

Erv provides the beat air quality

Answer 49

Poured in place concrete Younger and groove wood panel Performed aluminum panel Acoustical ceiling tile laid in an aluminum grid Acoustical ceiling laid in an aluminum grid can mitigate the sound inside not outside to inside

Answer 50

5 times of the height of a tree : 62 to 78%

Answer 51

You can put the short face toward the prevailing wind direction

Answer 52

Cv : is the effectiveness factor. A value of 25% means that 75% of the breeze in the area is lost to the friction posed by the building. V is the design wind speed F is the total building, or Rome Inlet fenestration as a proportion of the total flower area Qg is the building heat loss pair floor area from cross ventilation in BTU per hour pair is square foot of floor area

Answer 53

A tape that has a thickness of 0.03”. I under carpet Not expensive We don't use them unless it’s a very small room Not for large rooms It requires a junction box Raised floors which are on a pedestal 12” above the structural floor. But you will need a ramp to connect other floors to each other When you walk on it it feels hollow It is flexible

Answer 54

This means that less light will get to the work plane - less light

Answer 55

RCR(from cavity ratio) 2.5 * Total wall area / total floor area You can find the CU according to the RCR number in the legent It depends what your wall and ceiling ratio

Answer 56

K-12 is educational University classroom with more than 50: Assembly University classrooms with less than 50: group Business

Answer 57

Doors Door frames Window frames Hardware Transom Side light Glazing

Answer 58

If you have 20 minutes frame and a 45 minutes door, the rating is 20 minutes

Answer 59

In the corridor if the walls are 1 hr, the door should be 20 minutes

Answer 60

Vertical Windows that we have as a skylight. Heatgain? Maybe Win’tonight large rooms No rain gaining Bring like deeper in space

Answer 61

Really big floor plate

Answer 62

Absolutely

Answer 63

According to azimuth which is less that 90 degree or more than 90 degree, depends on the angle of the sun (Azimuth) And the blades are from south-east to north-west

Answer 64

Height of light shells should be such that it shades of room occupants from sky view Height of top light should be as high as possible Extension of light shelf should be 1.4 times than the upper level of light shelf (the top part of light shelf and the top part of window opening) Extension of light shell should be 1.7 times if light shells faces more than 20° to the east or west of south. To get light deep into the room, sunlight should reflect off top of lights shelves, and then off light colored ceiling Because of you to a sky is shaded areas close to the window, have a lee glare Top of light shells should be painted white in cold climates. The top surface can be mirrored bottom of large shelf should also be light colored so that it does not contrast too heavily with the bright outdoors when we used from within.

Answer 65

Aali is there with within 30 range of a railing count as egress sisters so where the width of the example above more than 60 inch wide we will need an intermediate railing in the middle of a stairs or more likely add a fourth stair

Answer 66

No, because piles even if long enough to get to the competent soil, should be belled end to be effective. Or they need to be skin friction to be effective but they the incompetent soil will not be effective for skin friction piles. The belled one is very expensive. What is the solution. Pile cap! Just create a bunch of them to only get to the competent soil then carry a pile cap for foundation walls.

Answer 67

Make the area of footing larger or Make the soil more competent That’s why sometimes we combined two spread footings together to make the area larger

Answer 68

Designed to resist bending of the foundation and transform the weight on foundation (all elements on foundations) equally

Answer 69

Map that shows earthquake areas

Answer 70

Better to be built on perimeters

Answer 71

Vertical foot candle is from side

Answer 72

Cellular metal deck for new construction

Answer 73

First, convert the R-value to the U-value and multiply each you value to the related surface and then combine them together

Answer 74

More compact building Lower ratio in facade to floor area

Answer 75

Displacement ventilation uses a slow-moving stream of fresh air from the floor to displace the waste air, which is forced to the ceiling and then out of the room through exhaust panels. Used for large rooms and high ceilings More than 9’ high

Answer 76

Listening protection which is a cage, consists of meshed conductors that cover the roof and walls of the structure to be protected.

Answer 77

What kind of supports for longitudinal and transverse bracing? Cable supports and rigid brackets

Answer 78

Wood Wax Cellulose insulation Linoleum

Answer 79

Sprinklered—No sprinkle red Stairways .2 (44” min)—.3 (44”min) Corridors .15 (44”)——.2 (44”) Doors .15 (32”min)—.2 (32” min)

Answer 80

Firewall most astringent you essentially build two different buildings structurally independent of one another which separate to construction types or two different area is extend from foundation through the roof Fire barrier is most common extends from floor to underside of a structural ceiling or a slab and does not need to be as structurally independent required for mechanical, shafts, mechanical walls, egress, stair walls, seperated use, use, and incidental use Fire-resistance rated construction, commonly referred to as passive fire protection, is a crucial component in safeguarding building occupants and protecting property from damage. The base philosophy behind providing fire-resistance rated construction is compartmentalizing the building in such a way that limits the effects of fire on structural components, slows the spread of the fire, and allows the building occupants enough time for safe escape. Many industry professionals use the term “fire wall” or “rated wall” when discussing any fire-resistant rated wall assembly. However, not all fire-resistant rated wall assemblies are the same. In fact, Chapter 7 of the International Building Code (IBC) specifically identifies four separate fire-resistance rated wall assembly types: fire partition, fire barrier, smoke barrier, and fire wall. Fire Partitions A fire partition is the least restrictive of the four fire-rated wall assemblies mentioned. Fire partitions are primarily utilized for corridor wall construction and as tenant separations in malls and residential units. Like a fire barrier, a fire partition may extend from floor to roof deck above. A fire partition is not expected to completely stop the fire from spreading but rather slow down the fire spread enough to allow for additional time for occupants to escape. Fire Barriers Fire barriers serve a variety of purposes such as separating different occupancies, enclosing exits, shafts, and incidental use areas, and separating hazardous material control areas from other portions of the building. A fire barrier is designed to restrict the spread of fire across the assembly and can have a one to four-hour fire-resistance rating - i.e., the period of time, according to the IBC, a fire can be confined, continue to perform a structural function, or both. Although fire barriers typically provide a higher degree of protection than a fire partition, they lack the inherent structural integrity of fire walls. Fire barriers are constructed to span vertically from the floor to the roof above. Smoke Barriers A smoke barrier is very similar to a fire barrier and is typically used in specific applications such as Group I-2 and I-3 occupancies and Areas of Refuge. A smoke barrier is an assembly that is intended to restrict the movement of smoke but also has a one-hour fire-resistance rating. The biggest difference between a smoke barrier and a one-hour fire barrier is a smoke barrier only requires a 20-minute rated opening protection assembly (i.e., fire door/shutter), whereas a one-hour fire barrier requires a one-hour rated opening protection assembly. Fire Walls The fire wall is the most robust and restrictive of the four wall types indicated. A fire wall must provide a higher level of fire safety, continuity, and structural integrity than other types of fire-rated walls. The hourly rating requirement for fire walls ranges from two to four hours with three hours being the most common application. Unlike other rated walls, the fire wall is required to span horizontally between exterior walls and vertically from the building ground floor slab to 30 inches above the roof deck (unless specific exceptions of the IBC are met). They are primarily used to subdivide a structure into separate buildings for the purposes of complying with IBC requirements such as allowable height and area requirements. Fire walls allow for collapse of the structure on either side of the fire wall without collapse of the wall under fire conditions.

Answer 81

5 feet or 60 inch if you do not go deep enough, freeze thaw cycle will heave your foundation

Answer 82

Do you textiles, which may look like a woman in the mesh or plastic trap can be buried to strengthen the soil stabilize the soil in parking lot and roads separate different as Trotta of soil, prevent erosion along a stream bank. Keep out weeds in a garden keep water out, allow water to filter through or seal soil to keep contaminants in or out.

Answer 83

Old thinking says that crawlspaces may be ventilated, but nowadays we need to treat them like a small basement and think of them as part of the buildings thermal enclosure underlay them with gravel plastic sheeting and a concrete slab to keep out ground water, insulate the walls and heat or cool them just like the house

Answer 84

Office building because they work during the day and it’s empty overnight

Answer 85

Stucco EIFS must be an expensive same with stick, build a structure, PVC, piping, precast, concrete, gravel path and roads local subcontractors why no flooring, vinyl, siding and vinyl windows. If a new technology has almost entirely replace an older technology, I assume that the newer technology is some combination of less expensive easier to install or more efficient thermal EPDM or rubber roofing must be better than hot mop asphalt build up roofing same with an air barrier energy is store, appliances and drainage mat instead of gravel at basement walls

Answer 86

Piped system, which is ductless include fun coil units or chilled beam service to buy a central chiller fine coil units. Serve by a boiler in room evaporator condenser served by VRF which is ductless. Mini split rooftop package unit can cool the space directly below them without running ductwork, but they are noisy ugly you invisible and in efficient it’s cold on the roof in the winter and hot up there in summer attic or crawlspace insulation may be added, and high-efficiency equipment may be a specified to improve energy use without it, taming the historical character

Answer 87

Central trailer and AHU systems with fewer compressor and send to Ron renewable systems like active solar when the sun hits of hot water intern moves through a Thermosiphon piped loop- waste head, capturing system, like a variable refrigerant system, which is dauntless one example is Douglas minutes late or an example of the- system that circulate leftover head from the hot water heater there or other combustion process to a pool or radiant floor- systems that deliver is the temperature outside or underground lake economizer cycle that allow us to use cold outside to air condition for free or geothermal system that allows us to use my temperatures underground- dedicated outdoor air system that allow us for fresh air in separate dogs so we can turn off the AC while still maintaining air quality- all electric heating system in municipalities very electricity is generated with renewables and radiant and displacement, ventilation system that allow us to lower the thermostat in winter and raise it in summer while maintaining the same level of thermal comfort- radiant floor, heating radiant ceiling, healing, old fashion, radiators, chilled, beams, and displacement cooling with from to flirt, slow air

Answer 88

Direct expansion are noisy, expensive façade, ugly Multi docked used too much building volume for ductwork Dual docked in efficient, heat and cold air and then mixes them to to get the right temperature Swamp cooler, low energy, but brings unwanted humidity into the space

Answer 89

Life safety is the first charge of the architect, so analyzing the existing building exits and evaluate their adequacy for the new use classification should be the architects first task to do

Answer 90

5’ x 8’

Answer 91

First, we need to make sure that our maximum foot print meet the zoning code, and then, if so, we will pick the most compact building in a cold climate Multiple stories and more compact

Answer 92

The USGS is a valid source of topographic information for the adjacent property is not included on this site survey A topographic survey will inform the side design, particularly regarding potential great or drainage information Send mom, Mabs will provide information on potential site. Flood risks, drainage concerned that may be evidence by deposits on the site.

Answer 93

The angle of sun ray and vertical line is azimuth in plan

Answer 94

The angle of sun ray and vertical line is azimuth in plan

Answer 95

Transfer the load to the base structure. There are two types of pavement: rigid and flexible The base should be a foundation of well graded aggregate that transfer the pavement load to the sub grade. It also prevents the upward migration of capillary water. The subflgrade with carry the load should be undisturbed or compacted fill. Flexible pavement consisting of unit pavers of concrete, brick or stone laid on a sand setting bed Rigid pavers like reinforced concrete slabs Grid or turf blocks are very good for draining Granit funnel are so strong

Answer 96

Movable loads like occupancy, collected snow and water or moving equipment It is vertically downward but maybe horizontally as well

Answer 97

Weight of people, furniture, stored material,

Answer 98

We can. By knee bracing.

Answer 99

Cantilever and combined footing is when a foundation, a buttes, a property line, and it is not possible to construct a symmetric Aali loaded footing to prevent the rotation or differential settlements that in a asymmetrical loading condition can produce continues and cantilever footings are proportioned to generate uniform soil pressure

Answer 100

Elevate timber is structure above the ground plain require minimal excavations and preserve the natural features and existing a drainage pattern of a side. They are particularly useful when building on steep slopes and in areas subject to periodic flooding. Treated poles are usually lead out along a Great defined by the beam and joist framing pattern . Their spacing determines both the beam and joist spans and the vertical loads they must support. They will be protected against the K and insect infestation the treated polls make stand vertically to form the load bearing frame of super is structure or terminate at the first floor level to support a conventional platform frame

Answer 101

Friction pies depend principally on the frictional resistance of a surrounding earth, mass for support skeins of friction, a developed between the sides of a pile, and the soil into which the pile is driven, is limited by the adhesion of soil to the pilot sides, and the sheer strength of the surrounding soil mass The allowable pi load is the maximum XIO and Laetrell loads permitted on a pile is determined by a dynamic pile formula

Answer 102

closed loop heat pump Precast, concrete and post tension Use hollow precast plank for the floor decks closed loop heat pump does not require any duct work

Answer 103

Is a relatively thin floor assembly, but it does not allow dogs to run through things. If we only have old air system, it can be very good.

Answer 104

Most hotel rooms have limited space above ceiling if any, so it means that the sprinkler heads and lighting will have to be wall-mounted K factor : hotel rooms, dormitories apartments fall into lower hazard category for a spaces meaning the need for a higher volume of water is nominal, the mechanical equipment room, as well as most equipment rooms typically employ the upright sprinkler head as most of the ceiling in these spaces are open or unfinished, and they usually contain a large amount of piping utilities and fixture, making it difficult to successfully cover the area required by code effectively the key factor for a spaces like mechanical room, or a storage of hazardous chemicals should be high, so it means we need a higher volume of water

Answer 105

Most hotel rooms have limited space above ceiling if any, so it means that the sprinkler heads and lighting will have to be wall-mounted K factor : hotel rooms, dormitories apartments fall into lower hazard category for a spaces meaning the need for a higher volume of water is nominal, the mechanical equipment room, as well as most equipment rooms typically employ the upright sprinkler head as most of the ceiling in these spaces are open or unfinished, and they usually contain a large amount of piping utilities and fixture, making it difficult to successfully cover the area required by code effectively the key factor for a spaces like mechanical room, or a storage of hazardous chemicals should be high, so it means we need a higher volume of water

Answer 106

C electrical equipment D metal A cloth B liquid

Answer 107

A: cloth, paper, plastic B: gas, liquid, grease C: electrical equipment D: metal Kitchen: ABC

Answer 108

The ballroom and is larger gathering spaces are also considered low hazard of spaces. Those need to have a nominal k. -factor. Call vert drive through the location given in the question as that deciding factor in the selection in theory, and of any of the heads with a nominal key factor could be used. However, the reason why the operative sprinkle heads is the correct answer is because the design of head prevent it from freezing up when exposed to cold temperature since we are in upstate New York, we will be exposed to sub freezing temperature at various times through the year. The operate head is especially designed to prevent water building and freezing if that were to happen, the sidewall hit at the Penn, then head from the risk of for raising deer to the shape of the trays and the orientation. The correct answer is short.

Answer 109

Even if the public are is more than 30’, we should only consider 30’ as width

Answer 110

Remember you can use metal as stock for a building with construction type two but you cannot use wood a start if you have a question about wall types and the question is asking you picking the best wall type for a type one or . two building. Be careful to look at the start. If it is a Woodstock it’s not non combustible.

Answer 111

Where they burn objects It can be human bodies or other trashy

Answer 112

You lean a skill there

Answer 113

If the point load is at the end of the beam: The shear force will be a strait horizontal line with the same number of point load. The moment force will be a straight line which start from the maximum moment force (the length of the beam x the point load) and end in zero. If the point load is NOT at the end, shear force which is still a horizontal line will be go to the negative portion of the XYZ (-p) where the point load is. The moment will be maximum at the point load but after the point load it will slope to zero.

Answer 114

The fixture that we have in toilet, or in the sink to adjust the flow of water is a a globe valve Check valve as the valve that it should be right after where the Watermain gets into the building which turn off the water of entire building Some plumbing fixtures like fixtures and toilets. They should have a gate 12 dead in case that we need to repair toilet we can just block the water for toilets.

Answer 115

First Industrial Then transportation Residential Commercial

Answer 116

It is white old insured that dirt that contaminate rainwater when it hits the roof surface should be illuminated as much as possible the roof washer gets the first run off and should be emptied regularly. Once it is fool the dirt is assumed to settle down while I clean water at the top is transferred to sister this roof washer can sometimes be a sand filter with a flapper valve. The flapper valve allows the first run off to be diverted in the sewer system and repositioned after some time to divert water in the sister.

Answer 117

It is white old insured that dirt that contaminate rainwater when it hits the roof surface should be illuminated as much as possible the roof washer gets the first run off and should be emptied regularly. Once it is fool the dirt is assumed to settle down while I clean water at the top is transferred to sister this roof washer can sometimes be a sand filter with a flapper valve. The flapper valve allows the first run off to be diverted in the sewer system and repositioned after some time to divert water in the sister.

Answer 118

In cold climates, the vertical things or east and west windows should be a slanted south, and in hot climates they should be a slanted north In cold climate, no shading device is required for the north if a question insist on selecting a shading device for north windows remembered that the best solution is vertical sense

Answer 119

A couple things to note here if you read further into the mobile, Florissant, you will learn that this feature only works on fluorescent lights This system works for the spaces that are exposed to a large amount of daylighting and they won’t need a lot of lights during the day, but when it gets darker, they will need lighting, so this is places will not work perfectly with air on and off switch for lighting Moreover, classrooms are the two obvious answers that would not need auto dimming on the lights. The medical operation room would not either as there would be a greater need for an overly late space the possible curveball, and this question would be the auditorium if you remember back to any time you have been in an auditorium and sat through a lecture or performance. The lights will dim up and dim down as needed. However, this is done with his switch, and a person operating that switch, instead of relying on an automatic system to do that , it would be much harder to do with an automatic function for this application So atrium and multiple is story. Lobby spaces will be exposed to a large amount of daylight thing in day, but because it gets darker slowly, they will need dimmable fluorescent light that adjust the light slowly.

Answer 120

They reduce energy consumption day, correct over lighting the balance illuminance through integration with daylighting and allow flexibility when full lighting output is required

Answer 121

Machine room less traction Geared traction from the initial cause stand point of you can be like machine room list traction but machine room list. Traction is more efficient. Geared traction can move up to 200 feet Gear less traction can move up to 2000 feet they are very expensive, but they are more efficient than geared traction. They are very fast.

Answer 122

The railing exited at top landing 12” horizontal And 11” extend the railing (not horizontal) at the bottom landing 12’ height we need an intermediate landing The height of handrails is 34” to 38” above nosing (top of railing) Handrail to wall next to it: 1 1/2” distance Bracket from lower bottom of handrails to the wall Circular railing : قطر between 1 1/4” and 2” Vertical distance from nosing to ceiling is 80” And for under bottom as well Width of stairs if NOT part of egress: 36” for occupant load of 50 or less 44” for more than 50 Stairs for egress: Minimum of 48” Between railing if we do not have sprinkler system Or clear of the width without considering the railing of it is sprinklers or accessed by refuge area + horizontal exit Based on occupancy: We multiply the occupant load by 0.3 or if we have sprinkler system and an emergency voice alarm system or the facility has smoke protected assembly seating we can use 0.2 The width of landing is 48” or the width is stair whichever is greater The door’s moving curve should not be less than 1/2 required width of stair when is fully open. And 7” when is fully open Landing should have more than 2% slope

Answer 123

Type for is for dumb or a large amount of concrete that make a lot of heat Deering curing so we use type for that make less heat

Answer 124

Where the soil is sticky and has a lot of clay The presence of silt make it non sticky and caisson is not a good choice! So we can use caisson when the soil is very cohesive

Answer 125

Providing windows on both walls of a space also noun as bilateral lightning generally resolved in the most equality, distributed daylighting in a space on the other hand unilateral lighting windows on only one wall cannot compare to buy later on lighting similarly, please sing windows on higher elevation on walls, rather than at lower elevation, provides a better distribution of daylight in a space, because light can travel farther in a space

Answer 126

Anchored soldier piles requires tiebacks, which penetrate to the Jason property and not preferred intense urban Soldier pies with lumber lagging also only preferred. We’re at Jason buildings are afford her away from property line due to requirements of recessed. Pinterest excavation is a self-supporting excavation method which cannot tolerate how to properly conditions like that Continuous board piles is anchoring to the Jason property is not possible and this is them augers with hollow center in screwed it to the ground and later filled with concrete wall auger is with down which create concrete pours to support excavation Area

Answer 127

That location with more cooling degree days means the building is in a warm or hot climate. A spectral is selective glazing with 0.23 SHGC is the best answer because a spectral is selective coding or a special type of low E coding that can filter 40% to 70% of the heat that would normally be transmitted to the space without reducing the capacity of the light transmit sense , they promote a low solar heat gain coefficient with keeping a high visible transmittance

Answer 128

For chimney in places that have high velocity and wind, we use type S if this chimney extend it to the floor we keep using mortar S for that fireplace

Answer 129

In absorption refrigeration cycle uses water as the main refrigerant and lithium bromide as absorber. It’s less efficient. In compressive refrigeration cycle in this system, the heat is circulated from hot to cold with the help of refrigerant being condensed or evaporated to evaporate the refrigerant. The heat is received from the space and given to refrigerant, which makes displays cool down, and then compressing the gaseous refrigerant the heat is released back , which is heat pump

Answer 130

Disadvantages is harder to conceal mechanical or electrical system and it is less convenient for a regular building design because we need a smaller units or lighter elements for a regular designed like wood, light frame, metal, Lloyd frame, or Masonary systems Advantages it’s suitable for a low rise, residential or commercial buildings, and it is commonly and relatively economical option

Answer 131

H Arby’s are designed to recover only the heat energy from the outgoing air there as ER rescan recover both heat and moisture humidity from the exhaust air E Arby’s have a moisture transfer core or a membrane that allows the transfer of water weigh per between the incoming and outgoing, airstreams, and H Arby’s on the other hand do not transfer moisture between the airstream ER Wees are particular beneficial in climate with high humidity because they help to reduce moisture load on the cooling system by transferring some of the moisture from the incoming air to the outdoor air HRV’s while they do not actively control humidity can indirectly contribute to humidity control by exchanging stale, humid indoor air with fresh dryer, outdoor air Play transferring both heat and moisture. Your Reese can’t help reduce the heating and cooling load on HVAC system resulting in energy saving an HRV is primarily focus on recovering heat energy and may not be as effective in area where humidity control is a significant concerns.

Answer 132

Convectors can work both with water and steam. They provide a large amount of heat, especially when combined with fans if there is no fan, they depend on natural convection to heat up the space they are typically only use for heating, but if there is a fan included, then the heat by force convection, call victors with fan can be used for both heating and cooling. There are wall hung, freestanding, semi recessed and fully recessed models. They are typically used in areas like this to Boles. We’re high heat loss is expected. They can heat or cool in a space so fast

Answer 133

Chilled beams are commonly used in a commercial and is situational buildings to provide cooling, and sometimes heating. They are typically installed in the ceiling and consist of a metal casing with sand cooling through which cool water circulate. The chill beams work on the principal on convection, because when the air around them gets cooler, it gets denser and sinks. The temperature difference between warm and cool air in the same room creates a current. There are two main types of chill beams, active two beams have integrated fans that supply additional air movement to improve the cooling performance. They can also provide heating by incorporating a heating coil, active chill beams, require a separate air handling system to supply the primary add that is mixed with the room air for circulation, on the other hand passage to the beam rely solely on the natural convection process without the use of fans they do not supply or extract air from the space and are typically used for cooling purpose on the passive chili beams are more energy efficient than active to beam, or as they do not require additional sun power

Answer 134

In central system, it’s easier to control and fix issues and like noise at maintenance and excessive heat in local system. It can be noisy in the room because the equipment is not centralized in central system instead of occupying space in each room to mechanical system his house in a central locations in local system, it can answer room by room, HVAC demand and central system in the system has an issue it can cripple the entire building Essential system, it can waste energy when it is almost impossible to estimate the usage of different zones precisely and a lot of air can leak out between mechanical system, and the destination Local system the response time can be faster, but in central system the response time is longer

Answer 135

Envelope or a scam Lil occupant load Mostly operable windows are enough for ventilation For dachshund pipes, cavities in walls, floors or ceilings are typically enough For mechanical equipment typically basement or attic is use but if attic is ventilated or its or the basement is ventilated, it can waste more energy There are many systems available,

Answer 136

Forced air heating system or one of the oldest heating system and it is simply a furnace produces hot air and the dogs carried to the space. It is called an upflow furnace if the horizontal duct works are located above the furnace and it will be called a downflow furnace. If the horizontal docks work are located beneath the furnace, it can be retrofitted by adding a condenser to help cooling capacity as well if the diagram had a condenser outside, this would be a heating and cooling system.

Answer 137

EPD is environmental product declaration are based on lifecycle analyze data and are not part of the analysis it’s self BEES provides environmental at economic data for products and is a specific to the United States EIE while it is possible to do a lifecycle analyzes using the EIE the products are generic and are not a specific to United States as the EE covers all of North America LEED certifications include lifecycle analyzes as part of the certification process but LEED is not a lifecycle Allen lysis to itself

Answer 138

The first year is 250+ .02 x (250) = 255 The second year is= 255+ (0.02) (255)= 260.1 The third year is= 260.1+ 260.1 0.02) = 265.302

Answer 139

Utilizing coursing dimensions as masonry walls Providing half inch, Shaemus, Faeze at all exterior glazing or doors Providing slotted connections at interior bearing walls Incorporate prefabricated components

Answer 140

800.000-765000= 35000 35000 x 40% = 14000

Answer 141

Width to height

Answer 142

We need a transformer first to step down 13,000 V to about 480 V distribution and then we can transfer for 8228/208

Answer 143

Concrete Concrete Masonary unit White painted asphalt

Answer 144

Install fire walls

Answer 145

First we need to make sure we understand the beam. If your beam is in equilibrium, it means forces, positive and negative should cancel each other. (Positive forces are the forces that point up and negative forces are forces that point down) Forces that are not point load, and they are distributed, should be calculated and converted to a point load, this point load will be on the center of a rectangular shape or a third of a triangle). After converting all loads to point loads, we know that they need to cancel each other. Remember the sigma of moment forces and other forces in a rigid connection should be zero. You consider that zero then solve the equilibrium equation. نمودار Shear forces is simple. If it’s a positive force and point force it will be only a straight horizontal load. If it’s a distributed load it will be tilted line. For moment force we calculate the area of shapes in shear

Answer 146

First we need to make sure we understand the beam. If your beam is in equilibrium, it means forces, positive and negative should cancel each other. (Positive forces are the forces that point up and negative forces are forces that point down) Forces that are not point load, and they are distributed, should be calculated and converted to a point load, this point load will be on the center of a rectangular shape or a third of a triangle). After converting all loads to point loads, we know that they need to cancel each other. Remember the sigma of moment forces and other forces in a rigid connection should be zero. You consider that zero then solve the equilibrium equation. نمودار Shear forces is simple. If it’s a positive force and point force it will be only a straight horizontal load. If it’s a distributed load it will be tilted line. For moment force we calculate the area of shapes in shear

Answer 147

Cement plaster is not a good choice is humidity because it is porous Benotite is overkill for situations that not have hydrostatic pressure and only has moisture - it’s difficult to use for existing building btw Odd shapes for a building? Use spray insulations

Answer 148

Cement plaster is not a good choice is humidity because it is porous Benotite is overkill for situations that not have hydrostatic pressure and only has moisture - it’s difficult to use for existing building btw Odd shapes for a building? Use spray insulations

Answer 149

Matt foundation Or simple lab on grade Or Perimeter grade beam Deep foundation like caisson and piles can be affected too much by earth movements and make a building to fil By a shallow foundation we can dramatically reduce the shear forces on foundation

Answer 150

If we have 6000 sf for a restaurant we simply say بیا جذر بگیریم Cut it’s a square or rectangular, it works

Answer 151

For high-rise buildings usually have much larger wall then roof area east and west walls which should have a few if any windows can be covered with meditation such as climbing fine changing color in atumn

Answer 152

Number of treads is always one less than number of risers

Answer 153

Well, graded gravel Poorly graders gravel Well graded. Sand And poorly graded sand

Answer 154

Well, graded gravel Poorly graders gravel Well graded. Sand And poorly graded sand

Answer 155

From highest to lowest Compacted clay Dry sand Clay, Silt, and Sand mix Saturated clay

Answer 156

Latitude between 30 to 70 Longitude between 60 to 150 Latitude 40 N, is on the middle latitude line on United States

Answer 157

When a building goes under retrofitting, if the risk of earthquake damage is overlooked, it can have a significant impact. Therefore, one redesigning an old or existing building. The architecture of carefully review the current, the structural condition of the building together with this Sorour patrol engineer, they should ensure that the near use and design can still say, fleas survive, earthquake a structural reinforcement might be required. Specially white river, waiting an old or historic building.

Answer 158

Observation of ground service conditions is what we usually know as the site survey. The site survey includes swear, line, power, and telephone line and existing a structure on the side, road existing Bridgette Tatian, including side, boundaries, neighborhood, the structure, utility locations, site, elevations contour, lines, etc.

Answer 159

Acceleration: rate of change of velocity Natural period: horizontal push from earthquake - the duration in seconds of the full cycle of this movement is natural period of a building. mass: with of the building at the base floor Frequency: the inverse of the natural period

Answer 160

Number of stories decided by 10 60 stories: should be about 7 4 stories should be about 0.5 1 story should be about 0.1

Answer 161

What kind of buildings will be damage mostly in earthquake Midrise buildings

Answer 162

W(uniformly distributed ed load) P (point load) 1- WL^2 / 8 2- WL^2 / 2 3- PL/4 4- PL For maximum moment forces we do not need the shape and materials of a the beams For deflection: we will need the material and cross section of the beam

Answer 163

When making a frond approach to a door you push open you will need 48 inch clearance When making a front approach, pooling a door, you will need 60 inch clearance In the same situation, if one door open inside the Corredor, and the other one open outside of the corridor we will need 48 inch clearance I am the same situation if two doors both open inside the corridor we will need 48 inch minimum clearance In the same situation if both doors open out war of the Corredor, we will need 60 inch clearance between them

Answer 164

I / R total

Answer 165

Altitude is the height of sun. Draw a line from the sun to Down to the earth, that is altitude Draw a line from sun to the earth, the angle between this spot to the vertical line is azimuth How to calculate the highest point of the sun at your location What do we need to know to calculate the highest point of the sun at our location is to know the altitude of the sun in our location. 90° minus altitude of the sun in our location is the highest point of sans Deering, March and September 90° minus altitude of the sun in our location minus 23.5° is the highest location of sun in December. 90 minus altitude of the sun in our location plus 23.5° as the highest location of the sun in our location during June July may.

Answer 166

Machine room less use a smaller motor directly inside the elevator shaft and because the motor is a smaller it can go lower than geared elevator. Their initial cost are comparable beard elevator can go up to 300 feet tiered. Elevator will need a penthouse for gearbox traction, geared elevator can go higher than Europe elevator.

Answer 167

Machine room less use a smaller motor directly inside the elevator shaft and because the motor is a smaller it can go lower than geared elevator. Their initial cost are comparable beard elevator can go up to 300 feet tiered. Elevator will need a penthouse for gearbox traction, geared elevator can go higher than Europe elevator.

Answer 168

Townhouses And Detached residential one and two dwelling units: need to check on residential model code But in general and hey should be sprinklered and a light duty 13D is enough R-4: for not more than 4 stories or 60 feet height, we will need 13R with is the cheapest version of the sprinklers systems

Answer 169

High chemical resistance Epoxy against damp, water Urethane for anti graphics Coal tar modified is for damp proofing Water repellent against thaw and freeze

Answer 170

FOOTINGS: Trench footing: when the water table is above, or the soil is loose. if we need a frost depth footing. We cannot use it above clay even compacted clay. If we have clay, we should not use shallow footing because trench footing is a shallow footing. We can use mat footing, which is another shallow footing, but we can use it when the water table is upper. In general, when we have gravel (Coursed) or coursed sand, they are excellent for shallow footing. We can use spread footing and strap beam between spread footing. If we have wall (foundation wall) that need to be supported, we need to use grade beam. Trench footing is around the perimeter of a building and slab on grade if we do not need frost depth like in Florida, Texas If the soil is strong enough and has no first depth requirement, then we can use a grade beam or slab on grade. If the soil is majority clay, then we need to use deep foundation. If we want to build a shallow foundation on clay, we will need back fill and compacted soil. Compacted sand is usually used under a slab not footing. Piers should be used for large building not small buildings.

Answer 171

Incorrect. Traffic impact studies are limited in that they determine the effect of a development on the traffic in the development area. Therefore, they wouldn't answer many of the questions that the design team is seeking answers to. Correct. An environmental impact study analyzes the effects of a project on the surrounding community, including on the natural environment. It analyzes factors like air quality, water resources, wildlife, and ecosystems. The purpose of the environmental impact study is to identify any potential issues, minimize potential adverse effects that the project could have, and maximize the benefits of the project to the community. Incorrect. A fiscal impact analysis is the tool a municipality uses to determine costs and revenues in regard to land uses and new development.

Answer 172

Correct. A vicinity map locates a project site in the greater region. It includes surrounding natural landmarks and built features, such as bodies of water, major roads, and points of interest. Vicinity maps allow anyone looking at the map to get a rough idea of where the site is located. Incorrect. Location maps zoom in to the location of the site. The location map shows the project site relative to neighboring sites, showing all adjacent roads and buildings. While these are helpful when submitting plans to the AHJ so that they can review the proposed project in the context of the existing neighborhood fabric, this type of map does not respond to the specific objection submitted by the AHJ.

Answer 173

Correct. An environmental impact study (EIS) involves identifying, evaluating, and discussing potential impacts of a building/project on the surrounding environment before the project is built. Traffic considerations are typically addressed in these studies, which can help determine the best location for parking lots and other transportation-related activities. If a parking lot will cause potential traffic hazards or stress, it is likely the EIS will recommend moving its location.