Powerpoint 1 Flashcards
0
Q
What are the drug indications
A
The specific disease or condition for which the drug product is approved
1
Q
What is a drug
A
A substance used to diagnose, prevent or treat disease.
2
Q
What are the contraindications
A
The reasons why you shouldn’t use it. Ie: pregnancy
3
Q
What is xylotol used for
A
It is a sugar free solvent for many human drugs. Toxic to dogs
4
Q
What is the veterinarian-client-patient relationship for rx drugs
A
The veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgement about the health of the animals and the need for treatment.
5
Q
What does the vet have to do for the animal to get medicine
A
The vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis. Must have seen the animal recently and must be available for follow up evaluation of the patient
6
Q
What are the drug sources
A
Plants, minerals, animals, synthesized
7
Q
What does xylotol cause in dogs
A
Causes liver necrosis and hyperglycemia due to insulin release. Aka seizure and death.
8
Q
What are inactive ingredients
A
Classified as binders, coatings, colouring agents, disintegrates, emulsifiers, fillers, flavourings, flow agents, humectants, preservatives
9
Q
Describe prescription drugs
A
May have toxic effects
Has been approved for specific uses etc
Has contraindications.
Sometimes has extra label it off label use
10
Q
What is a drug regimen
A
Includes the dose, the route of administration, the frequency, the duration
11
Q
What is a dosage
A
The general principal
12
Q
What is a dose
A
The quantity of specific time
13
Q
What are the control drugs groups
A
Five schedules.. According to their potential for abuse. The schedule is designated with a C with a Roman numeral 1,2,3,4,5
14
Q
Describe schedule 1 drugs
A
Substances with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Heroin etc
15
Q
Describe schedule 2 drugs
A
Drugs have accepted medical uses but have a high potential for abuse. Codeine etc
16
Q
Describe schedule 3 drugs
A
Less potential for abuse
17
Q
Which drugs have to be kept in a locked cabinet
A
2-5
18
Q
What are the technician responsibility for all drugs
A
Make sure the correct drug is administered
Administer by correct route Nd correct time
Observe animals response to drugs
Question unclear orders
Put labels on containers
Explain medicine instructions to clients
Put into into medical record
19
Q
What are pharmacokinetics
A
Includes the stdy of mechanisms of absorption and distribution of the administered drugs.. The chemical changes of the substances in the metabolism and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug
20
Q
Where is a drug first absorbed/placed
A
Into the blood stream
21
Q
How can a drug move in the blood stream
A
May bind with a plasma protein or may exist in the free state
22
Q
Where does a drug go from the bloodstream
A
Distributes the drug to the capillary level
23
Q
Where does the drug go from the capillary level
A
Into the interstitial fluid. It enters the cell or binds with surface receptors
24
Where does the drug go from the cell
Exits the cell and moves back to the interstitial fluid, reenters the circulation and is transported to the liver for metabolism.
25
Where does the drug go after it is metabolized in the liver
The metabolite is transported to the kidneys for excretion
26
What are the routes of administration
Oral
Parenteral
Inhalation
Topical
27
What does pharmokinetics involve
```
Routes of administration
Drug absorption
Drug distribution
Biotransformation (metabolism)
Drug excretion
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28
What does the therapeutic index tell you ?
Lethal Dose 50/ Effective dose 50
| Safe range for a drug.
29
What type of drugs does the kidney filter
Water soluble
30
What type of drugs does the liver excrete
Fat soluble, through the bile
31
Where else are drugs excreted from other than the kidney or liver
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Mammary glands
Lungs
Intestinal tract
Sweat gland
Salivary glands
Skin
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32
What is pharmacodynamics
Study of the mechanism by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body. How a drug works and it's mechanism of action
33
What is an antagonist
Blocker
34
What is an agonist
Activates the receptor
35
What is a partial agonist
Partially activates the receptor
36
What are the different types of drug interactions
Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmaceutic
37
What is pharmacokinetic
How the drug moves through the body
38
What is a pharmacodynamic interaction
The action of one drug is altered by another. These reactions occur at the site of drug action.
39
What is an antagonistic interaction in terms of pharmacodynamic interaction
Ie: a reversal agent.
40
What is an additive action in terms of pharmacodynamic interaction
Ie: combining to produce two effects
41
What is synergistic interaction in terms of pharmacodynamic interactions
Helps to aid in an effect
42
What is pharmaceutic interaction
When physical or chemical changes take place as a result of mixing drugs in a syringe or other container
43
What is drug compounding
Combine two or more drugs to make something new etc
| Diluting a drug etc
44
What is the cba composed of
The brain and the spinal cord
45
What is the peripheral nervous system composed of
Everything else
46
What is the peripheral nervous system divided into
Afferent and efferent
47
What is the peripheral nervous system divided into
Somatic and autonomic nervous system
48
What is the autonomic nervous system composed of
Efferent nerve cells that carry info from the cns to cardiac muscle, glands and smooth muscle. Involuntary
49
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic.
50
How are nerve impulses transmitted
Sodium potassium pump.
51
What is a synapse
How one nerve cell communicates with another
52
What are the different types of receptors
Muscarinic, nicotonic and adrenergic
53
What are the 4 ways that drugs can effect neurotransmitters
Mimicking neurotransmitter
Interfering with neurotransmitter release
Blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors
Interferes with the breakdown of neurotransmitters
54
What are the neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
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55
What are the two classes of autonomic nervous system agents
Cholinergic agent and adrenergic agent
56
What are the types of cholinergic agents
Direct acting cholinergics,
| indirect acting cholinergics anticholinesterase agent
57
With both classes of autonomic nervous system agents what are there
Blocking agents. Cholinergic blocking agent and adrenergic blocking agent
58
What do adrenergic agents act like in the body
Like the sympathetic nervous system i.e. epinephrine
59
What do cholinergic agents do
Aid in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis,
reduce the inter-ocular pressure of glaucoma,
stimulate G.I. motility,
treat urinary retention,
control vomiting,
act as an antidote for neuromuscular blockers.
60
What are the direct acting cholinergics that are most important
Bethanechol
Pilocarpine
Metoclopramide
61
What does bethanechol do
Is used to treat GI and urinary tract atony
62
What does pilocarpine do?
Reduces intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma
63
What does metacopramide do
Metoclopramide is used to control vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying
64
What is the most important indirect acting cholinergic agent
Organophosphate compounds that are commonly used in the insecticide dips and may result in toxicity if used inappropriately.
65
What are the adverse side effects of excessive cholinergic stimulation
Bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, increased intestinal activity, intestinal rupture, increased bronchial secretions
66
What are cholinergic blocking agents
Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system
67
What are the clinical uses of atropine and glycopyrrolate
Treatment of diarrhea and vomiting by decreasing G.I. motility,
as a preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia,
to dilute the pupils for ophthalmic examination,
to relieve ciliary spasm of the eye,
to treat sinus bradycardia
68
Why do we use atropine and glycopyrrolate as a preanesthetic
For sedation, decreased dose of prescription of anesthetic. prevents problems caused by other prescriptions, pain management
69
Describe atropine
Used as a pre-Anna static to dry secretions and to prevent bradycardia, as an antidote to organophosphate poisoning in, to dilute the pupils for ophthalmic examination, to control ciliary spasms of the eye, to treat sinus bradycardia, to slow a hypermotile gut
70
Whats the difference between atropine and glycopyrolate
It provides longer action than atropine and is used primarily as a preanesthetic. Doesn't result in a higher heart rate. Does not get degraded by atropinase
71
What are the adverse side effects of anticholinergics
Overdose can cause drowsiness, disorientation, tachycardia, photophobia, constipation, anxiety, burning at the injection site
72
What is the purpose of giving a pre-anesthetic
Sedate, decrease dose of drugs to administer, prevent problems caused by other drugs, pain management
73
Why is atropine not effective in rabbits and some cats
Because rabbits and cats have atropinase which destroys atropine
74
Will atropine or glycopyrrolate cause sedation ?
No
75
What do adrenergic agents do
Bring about action at receptors mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine
76
What are the two things adrenergic agents may be classified as
Catecholamines or noncatecholamines.
77
How are adrenergic agents classified
They are also classified by receptor type activated
78
What are adrenergic agents used for
To stimulate the heart to beat during cardiac arrest, to reverse the hypotension and bronchoconstriction of anaphylactic shock, to strengthen the heart during congestive heart failure or, to correct hypotension through vasoconstriction, to reduce Cappellar he bleeding through vasoconstriction, to treat urinary incontinence, to reduce mucous membrane congestion in allergic conditions, to prolong the effects of local unaesthetic agents by causing Vasoconstriction of blood vessels at the injection site
79
Which receptors does epinephrine stimulate
Epinephrine stimulates all for receptors.
80
What are the effects of epinephrine in the body
To cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. Constriction of the blood vessels in the skin. Dilation of blood vessels and muscle. Dilation of the bronchioles. Increase in metabolic rate
81
What is phenylephrine used for
It is an alpha stimulator that is used as a nasal vasoconstrictior for kittens with rhino
82
What does phenylpropanolamine used for
Urinary incontence in dogs
83
What are beta agonists used for
Bronchodilation
84
What do tranquilizers do and give two examples of them
Tranquilizers such as Acepromazine and droperidol act as Alpha blockers and cause vasodilation
85
What is yohimbine used for
Yohimbine is used as an antidote for xylazine toxicity
86
What is atipamezole (antisedan) used for
It is a reversal agent for medetomidine (dormitor)
87
What do beta blockers do
Slow heart rate down
88
What are two types of beta blockers
Propranolol and atenolol
89
What are the types of adrenergic receptors
Alpha 1,2 and Beta 1,2
90
Where are beta 1 receptors located and what do they do
Beta-1 receptors are located in the heart. They increase the heart rate, the strength of contraction by the cardiac muscle.
91
What are beta-2 receptors and where are they found
Beta-2 receptors are found in smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels of the heart, skeletal muscles, arterioles, and the terminal bronchioles in the lungs. Beta-2 receptors cause vasodilation and dilation of the airways in the lungs a.k.a. bronchodilation
92
Where are the alpha-1 receptors and what do they do
The alpha-1 receptors cause smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels in the skin and intestinal track to contract which decreases blood flow. Vasoconstriction via the flight or fight response
93
What's special about acepromazine
It is a tranquilizer that has a side effect of causing hypotension. Causes vasodilation
94
Where are alpha 2 receptors located and what do they do
Alpha-2 receptors are located on the ends of adrenergic neurons where they help regulate the release of norepinephrine
95
What do alpha-2 agonist do
Located on the terminal Bhutto of norepinephrine secreted merlins they decrease norepinephrine release from the neuron both within the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nervous system
96
What is acepromazine used for
Sedation and to allay fear and anxiety without producing significant analgesia. Produce an antiemetic effect by depressing the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain. Have a mild Antipuritic effect. Reduce the tendency of epinephrine to induced cardiac arrhythmias
97
Why do we use Acepromazine as a pre-anesthetic
Because it calms the animal
98
What are the adverse affects to acepromazine
Can cause hypotension and hypothermia through their vasodilation a fact. They can also induce seizures in epileptic animals. Contraindicated in young, geriatric, sick animals.
99
What's special about Acepromazine
There is no reversal agent
100
What are some benzodiazepine derivatives
Valium, versed, Xanax
101
What is the mechanism of action of Valium
Causes depression of the thalamus and hypothalamic areas of the brain. Produces sedation, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation, anticonvulsant activity. Often used in combination with ketamine to induce short-term Anesthesia. Diazepam is very useful for treating Seizures in progress but not preventative due to short half life
102
What is special about diazepam
Should be stored at room temperature and protected from light, should not be stored in plastic, should not be mixed with other medication, diazepam is metabolized by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys
103
What is xylazine? What are some side effects to xylazine? What reverses it?
Xylazine is a alpha 2 agonist with sedative and analGesic and muscle relaxant properties. This agent causes vomiting in a large percentage of cats. Xylazine is reversed by yohimbine
104
What is dormitor. What are some side effects of dormitor. What is the reversal agent for dormitor.
Dormitor is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used as a sedative and analgesic in dogs older than 12 weeks of age. Adverse side effects are bradycardia, decreased respiration, hypothermia, vomiting, hyperglycemia. Reversed by antisedan.
105
What are the three types of barbiturates. What are they used for. What are some common side effects
Long acting barbiturates, short acting barbiturates and ultra short acting barbiturates. They are used as sedatives, anticonvulsants, general anesthetic, euthanasia agent. They depress the respiratory system
106
What are long acting barbiturates. How long do they last for. What are they used for. What class of controlled substance are they
Phenobarbital is a long acting barbiturate. It lasts for 8 to 12 hours. Use as an anticonvulsant to prevent epileptic seizures. It is a class 4 controlled substance
107
What are short acting barbiturate. How long does the sedation last for. What is it used for. What class of controlled substance is it
Pentobarbital sodium provides 1 to 2 hours of general anesthesia. It is a euthanasia agent. It is a class 2 controlled substance
108
What are ultra short acting barbiturates. What is special about them
Thiobarbiturates. Must be given iv in order to avoid necrosis. Redistrubuted to the fat stores within 5-30 mins. Can cause apnea if administered too quickly and CNS excitement if done too slowly
109
What are the two types of Thiobarbiturates
Thiopental: general anesthetic
Methohexital: 5-10 min anesthesia for thin animals.
110
What are special instructions for barbiturates
Not for old young or critically ill animals, barbiturates depressed the respiratory system, cause tissue injury if out of the vein
111
What is ketamine considered. What does it do.
Ketamine is a disassociative agent. It causes involuntary muscle rigidity, amnesia and analgesia. laryngeal reflexes are maintained and muscle tone is increased.
112
Where are opioid receptors located
In the brain, spinal cord, digestive tract.
113
What are the four opioid receptors
Mu, Kappa, Sigma, Delta
114
Describe synthetic narcotics and their uses
Produce analgesia and sedation while reducing anxiety and fear. Narcotic effects are produced when they act on opiate receptors in the brain. Used as preanesthetic's or post anesthetics because of their sedative and analGesic properties. Sometimes used alone or in combination with tranquilizers.
115
List a few synthetic narcotic's
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Demerol,
Oxymorphone,
Torbugesic
Fentanyl
Hydrocodone
Etorphine
Lomotil
Apomorphine
Buprenorphine
```
116
What is buprenorphine used for
It is a potent analGesic that is used in several small animal species. Good for mild to moderate pain. Provides longer duration of analgesia than other opioids
117
What are the opioid reversal agents
Naloxone
118
What is neuroleptanalgesia
Opioid combined with a tranquilizer. Used for sedation unrestrained to produce anesthesia
