power and the people - chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
when did elizabeth die
A
1603
2
Q
who became king of england after elizabeth
A
James VI of Scotland became James I of England
-> for the first time, england and scotland were sharing a monarch
3
Q
what type of king was james
A
an extravagant king who often spent money unwisely
4
Q
why was there tension between James VI and parliament
A
parliament refused to give him any more money or raise it through taxes
-> they knew james would give it to his favourites at court
5
Q
what was one area that james succeeded in
A
religion
-> he managed to keep the majority of catholics and protestants content during his reign
6
Q
when did charles I become king
A
1625
7
Q
what did charles I believe in
A
the divine right of kings and he felt that the royal court should be removed from everyday life
-> he believed that he had been appointed by god and did not want many people involved in the decisions about the country
8
Q
why did charles want a small court
A
so he could make decisions that suited him without being challenged
9
Q
who did charles make a favourite and why did this alarm parliament
A
Duke of Buckingham (he had also been a favourite of James)
alarmed parliament because of the influence Buckingham had over the king
10
Q
how did charles respond to parliaments alarm over buckingham being appointed a favourite
A
charles dissolved parliament in 1629 and did not call it for another 11 yeasrs
-> some people refer to this as the period of personal rule but others call it the ‘Eleven Years’ Tyranny’
11
Q
what was king charles’ problem
A
money
12
Q
why did charles need money
A
to fight wars, specifically with spain
13
Q
why did parliament not give charles money
A
they felt they couldn’t trust him
-> concerns about the sincerity of his religious tendencies
-> was a fear that he would use the money to become independent from parliament
14
Q
what were concerns about charles
A
there were concerns about the sincerity of his religious tendencies; not helped by his marriage to a catholic
15
Q
what did charles introduce because he felt it was his divine right to have the money
A
introduced a tax known as ‘ship money’ in 1637
16
Q
what was the ‘ship money’ tax
A
a tax that was normally paid by those in coastal towns as a means of raising one’s to build the navy
charles made everyone pay the tax
17
Q
why was parliament concerned about the ‘ship money’ tax
A
it could make charles financially independent and therefore able to make decisions without consulting parliament
18
Q
what was the people’s reaction to the ‘ship money’ tax
A
people refused to pay
one member of parliament, John Hampden, refused and was taken to court
-> he was narrowly convicted and the case publicised the opposition towards charles and his personal rule
19
Q
what event had made england gradually become more protestant
A
henry VIII religious changes
20
Q
why were catholics regarded as a threat
A
- many catholic plots against elizabeth
- the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was a catholic attempt to kill james
21
Q
how was charles linked to catholicism
A
he was not a catholic but he did marry a catholic princess from france, Henrietta Maria
22
Q
when Buckingham was killed in 1628, who became charles’ closest adviser and what were the people’s reaction
A
his wife, Henrietta Maria
the people of england were scared of her influence and who this could mean for their church
23
Q
who went on to have the most influence over religion in england
A
William Laud
24
Q
when was william laud made archbishop of canterbury
A
he was made archbishop of canterbury in 1633
25
what religion was william laud
he was not catholic, but he was Arminian, which meant he thought people should worship in a similar way to catholics
-> for example, he wanted the church clergy to be more separate from the congregation and to be dressed in robes that showed their importance
-> he also wanted churches to be more decorated, with candles, crosses, statues and paintings
26
what similar view did william laud share with charles
he felt the same way as charles about bringing conformity back to the church
27
why did laud’s changes meet so much opposition
many puritans - who were protestants who wanted the king to reverse the laudian reforms - had become prominent in parliament
-> they were vocal in their opposition
28
what was one famous case of opposition to laud’s religious changes
- from three men: Prynne, Bastwick and Burton
- they wrote a pamphlet criticising the church
- the men were tried into the Star Chamber, which had become a substitute for parliament during charles’ personal rule
- it was used against anyone who spoke out against the king and laud and was known for being corrupt because it always came down on the side of the king
- they were all punished as thieves and would be: pilloried, their faces branded, and their ears cut off
- there was widespread support for the men
- when they were released from prison they were met by a large cheering crowd and when their ears were cut off people crammed to dip their handkerchiefs in the blood
- the men were seen as heroes
29
where else did charles’ religious changes cause unrest
scotland
30
what had scottish religion been like before charles
they had always had their own church which by this time was Presbyterian, a type of protestantism
31
when did the king insist that everyone in scotland should use the new laudian system
1637
32
what was the new laudian prayer book
relied on catechism - religious instruction from the priest - and moved away from the protestant method of personal worship
33
how did the scots react to the king telling them to use the new laudian prayer book
- there were riots in St Giles’ Cathedral in Edinburgh
-> the scot’s did not want to be told how to worship
- in 1638, they signed an agreement called a covenant, saying that they would not accept the changes
-> the people who signed it and its supporters became known as the Covenanters
- when charles sent an army to scotland in 1639, the covenanters defeated it then invaded england
34
why did charles need more money
he needed more money to defeat the scots
35
when did charles ask parliament to meet again, after 11 years, to get money to fight the scots
in april 1640
36
when parliament agreed to provide charles with the funds to fight the scots, what conditions did they make him agree to
- he had to promise not to pass laws without parliaments agreement
- not to raise unpopular taxes
- stop laud’s religious changes
charles did not give in to their demands
37
what was the parliament charles called to get money for the scots called and how long did it last
the Short Parliament
it only lasted a month
38
who was one of charles favourites
Thomas Wentworth, the Earl of Strafford
39
what had wentworth been sent to do and why
sent to ireland to keep control
there was tension between catholics and protestants in social and political life
many of the protestants were from scotland or england and had been originally sent to ireland by james and charles to keep order and prevent rebellions; these postings were known as plantations
40
why were parliament not happy about wentworth’s control in ireland
he had a strong and loyal army and parliament was concerned that charles would try to bring this army to england and use it against the english
41
when parliament refused to give charles the funds to fight the scots, what did wentworth encourage him to do
rule england on his own without parliament
42
why did charles call another parliament in november 1640
he was running out of options and was keen to defeat the scots and restore order
43
what did parliament demand when they were called again in november 1640 and what did charles agree to
PARLIAMENT DEMANDS
- wentworth and laud must be removed
- ministers should be appointed from parliament to advise charles
- the king must get rid of the star chamber
- parliament must meet regularly
- no taxes without parliaments approval
- reversal of laudian reforms
CHARLES AGREED
- wentworth was executed and laud was imprisoned
- some of charles’ critics were appointed as his advisers
- courts of the star chamber were abolished
- parliament would meet every three years
- the Long Parliament could be dissolved by charles without its permission
- ship money was made illegal
44
when did the english civil war begin
august 1642
45
when wentworth returned to england in 1640 what happened in ireland and why was this bad for charles
- riots broke out in ireland
- thousands of protestants were killed by catholics
- many people in england thought charles supported the rebellion: they saw it as a catholic plot
46
what did parliament do to suppress the irish rebellion
- parliament was willing to give money to suppress the irish rebellion but they did not want charles in charge of the army
- despite charles’ response to parliament of, ‘by god! not for an hour’, parliament took control of the army
- the king was furious
47
by 1642, relations between the king and parliament had deteriorated again, so what happened
- John Pym, a leading opponent of the king, presented the Grand Remonstrance
-> this was a list of grievances towards charles, and was his final straw
- charles, not wanting to be made a fool of by parliament, raised an army and marched into parliament
48
what happened when charles raised an army and marched into parliament
- marched into parliament to arrest the five men - the Five Members - who led the opposition
- they had already escaped but now everyone knew how far charles would go to protect himself
- this was even more proof that he was a tyrant who would not listen to people
49
what were the two sides of the english civil war
the Roundheads (parliament) against the Cavaliers (royalists)
50
what affected which side people supported and who tended to support who in the english civil war
- people’s social class affected who they supported
- the wealthy landowners supported the king, as a way to show personal loyalty and to keep in place the social structure they benefitted from
- the middle class and peasant workers supported parliament, as there was a less rigid social hierarchy in parliament
- there were also clear geographical allegiances
-> the kings support was mostly from the north
-> parliament had support in the south and in london
51
why did parliament have most of its supporters in the south and london
partially due to a merchant class (eg. traders and business men) who were not happy about the taxes charles had been imposing
52
what gave people a good reason to go against charles
- religious and political reforms brought in by charles
- many felt his personality did not make him a good king
53
how did wealth depend on who people supported
- some families divided their loyalties so that no matter who won, they would be on a winning side
- many poorer people were forced to support whoever their lord supported
54
what was the first battle of the english civil war
the Battle of Edgehill
55
who won the Battle of Edgehill
it had no clear winner
56
when was the Battle of Edgehill
1642
57
what happened at the Battle of Edgehill
- the king tried to take london but failed and withdrew to oxford
- both sides fought using cavalry and infantry and used tactics that had been seen in many battles before
58
who was one of the most prominent royalist commanders
the king’s nephew, Prince Rupert
-> he led successful campaigns against parliamentary forces and this earned him a bad reputation among the Roundheads
59
what did parliament do to combat prince rupert’s successes
created propaganda against him
-> made people think he was weak and made the king look weak
60
what did parliamentarians want
not all wanted full removal of the monarchy
they just wanted the removal of royal reforms
61
how did the attitude of parliamentarians annoy cromwell
he was committed to removing the king, rather than just removing royal reforms
62
who was oliver cromwell
the MP for cornwall and had been leading the roundheads against the calverts, with thomas fairfax
63
what battle could have been a defeat for parliament
the Battle of Marston Moor
64
what did cromwell do to make sure parliament didn’t lose
he trained a new army which would be known as the New Model Army
65
how did cromwell recruit men for the New Model army
based on their ability, rather than their privilege
66
what were the rules of the new model army
the army was disciplined and lived by strict religious and moral code
the men were not allowed to drink or swear
67
when and where was the new model army used for the first time
at the Battle of Naseby in 1645
68
how did parliament win the war
- the new model army, with 14,000 men, outnumbered the king, with 9000 men
- they defeated royalist cavalry by slowly approaching, rather than charging
- they overcame the royalist infantry by manoeuvring behind them and attacking from the rear
- the Battle of Naseby was the end of the kings last great army
- the new model army, under cromwell, went on to capture bristol and then oxford in 1646
69
what did charles want to do while he was imprisoned
negotiate with parliament to secure a peaceful end
however at the same time he was writing to the scottish parliament to convince them to raise arms against the english parliament and the new model army
70
how did charles convince the scottish to raise an army against parliament
he promised them a presbyterian church in england
71
what happened when the scots raised an army
- second civil war began
- the two sides met at the Battle of Preston, 1648
- the scots were defeated and charles had proved he couldn’t be trusted
72
why was the Rump Parliament formed
- in december 1648, any MPs who were known to support negotiations with charles were refused entry to the houses of parliament
- thomas pride was a soldier in the civil war and had fought with cromwell against the scots
-> his actions became known as ‘pride’s purge’ and meant the king would stand trial with no supporters
- the remaining members formed a parliament that was known as the rump parliament
73
for charles’ trial, out of the 135 commissioners, how many turned up and why
only 68
because they were scared as they had openly fought against him; this was not the way society worked
74
what did cromwell want to happen to charles
wanted him executed
75
what was a problem parliament faced at charles’ trial
he refused to give a plea - would not say whether he was guilty or not guilty
76
why did charles refuse to give a plea
he said parliament had no right to act as judge and jury
he said they could not try th eking for treason
77
what happened on the second day of charles’ trial
- the court president, john bradshaw, allowed the king to speak
- they exchanged angry words and bradshaw ordered for the king to be removed
78
what happened on the 24th -27th jan at charles trial
witness statements were heard
-> none were in support of charles
79
what did the court rule at charles’ trial
- charles was guilty of starting the war by trying to raise an army in nottingham
- charles approved of the ill-treatment of parliamentary forces during the war - calling his own subjects enemies
- charles was plotting with his son to start another war while negotiating with parliament
80
when did parliament find charles guilty of treason and sentence him to death
27th jan 1649
81
how did bradshaw justify sentencing charles to death
said charles had not done his duty by calling regular parliaments, attacking the basic liberties of the country
82
what was the method of death for charles
beheading
83
when was the king taken to Whitehall to be executed
10am on 30th january 1649
84
why did charles have to wait hours to be executed
- partly down to the executioners not turning up - they were too scared to be the one to kill the king
- partly down to legislation - parliament had to secure a law that said no new monarch could be installed on the king’s death
85
what were the many factors that motivated people to support the execution of the king
- there were religious, political and moral objections to the way charles had been ruling
- the soldiers saw charles’ defeat in battle as a sign god was against him
- others wanted to end the taxes they had endured under his reign
86
what happened after the execution
- the system of taxation was reorganised to make it more efficient for everyone after the kings execution
- many enjoyed the new sense of freedom; society became ore equal and ordered because of puritanism
- jews, who had been expelled in 1290 as a result of religious intolerance, were invited back to britain
87
positive views of cromwell’s rule:
- he won wars agasint the dutch and the spanish
- he restored england’s reputation abroad
- he introduced the navigation act in 1651 -> stated that any ship coming into or leaving england had to be british
- people were free to worship any way they wanted
- many ordinary people felt that cromwell was on their side
88
negative views of cromwell’s rule
- he didn’t please everyone
- he appointed Major Generals to the 11 districts he created
-> people resented their presence because they kept such strict control on any aspects of life: they even tried to stop christmas celebrations
- the Levellers, a religious group who believed in equality, were imprisoned by cromwell and their leaders were killed
- in ireland, cromwell laid siege to the town of Drogheda and even when the townspeople surrendered he still killed them - women and children included
- land was taken from catholics in ireland and given to protestants, so england would always have allies in ireland
89
aspects of cromwell’s rule that could be positive or negative:
- he ended up with more power than charles
- he secured his son as his successor
- he felt that his victories since naseby meant it was gods providence that he should be in charge
- sinful activities were banned to ensure the commonwealth was godly
90
what emerged from the many challenges to cromwell’s Protectorate
a new political and religious radicalism
91
what developed in the civil war that would challenge cromwell’s authority
many protestant groups
92
what group caused the biggest challenge to cromwell and the commonwealth
- a political group, the Levellers
- they wanted a reform to political representation for the men who had fought in the new model army
93
how did cromwell deal with the Levelelrs problem
- cromwell met with them and their leaders, john lilburne, during the putney debates in 1647 where their demands were heard
- support for them soon decreased and lilburne was imprisoned
- cromwell was able to rule for 10 years
94
when did cromwell die and who took over his role
1658
his son, Richard, took over the role
95
what did cromwell’s son, richard, do when he was in power
he was not interested in politics and resigned in 1659
96
when was charles II crowned king of england, scotland and ireland
1660
97
when charles II became king, what happened to cromwell’s body
it was dug up from its grave and hung in tyburn
his head was placed on a spike where it stayed for decades
98
what was the general opinion to charles II being crowned
most people were happy to have a king back on the throne
