hardwick hall

Question 1

when was Bess born

Answer 1

1527

Question 2

what class was Bess born into

Answer 2

the lower gentry

Question 3

what was Bess left after her fathers death

Answer 3

a few hundred acres of land and £26

Question 4

when did Bess die

Answer 4

1608

Question 5

what was Bess title

Answer 5

Countess of Shrewsbury

Question 6

where did Bess own estates

Answer 6

Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Devon and Cornwall

Question 7

how did Bess acquire wealth

Answer 7

through marriages to her 4 husbands

Question 8

what did Bess’ extreme wealth mean for Hardwick Hall

Answer 8

she could employ skilled craftsmen, afford the latest designs, and make use of the new technology

Question 9

what natural resources did Bess have on her land

Answer 9

timber, slate, stone and clay

Question 10

where did her iron come from

Answer 10

her own foundries at Wingfield

Question 11

how did Bess make a lot of money

Answer 11

selling the materials she made on her land - the start of the building boom meant they were in high demand

Question 12

what did Bess use portraits to do

Answer 12

convey the importance of her legacy, her family, and its continuity with the four generations it represented

she also wanted to show her loyalty to the queen by displaying portraits of her, William Cecil and the Virgin Mary

the portrait of Elizabeth was full length to represent the queen’s authority and power

Question 13

what did Bess use in the high status areas

Answer 13

sophisticated ideas with imagery relating to classical literature and mythology

Question 14

what was on the top of every tower

Answer 14

Flemish inspired crests enclosing Bess’ initials, ES

Question 15

what did the long gallery reflect

Answer 15

high social status

Question 16

from 1570 to the end of the 1620s what should a gallery measure

Answer 16

100ft

Question 17

what was the purpose of a long gallery

Answer 17

entertaining, exercising, showing off paintings and tapestries

Question 18

who did Bess buy tapestries off and what did she do to them

Answer 18

brought them from the estate of Sir Christopher Hatton and she replaced his coat of arms with her own

Question 19

how many paintings did Bess own

Answer 19

97

Question 20

what was the roof made out of

Answer 20

lead

Question 21

what did the loggia allow

Answer 21

exercise without leaving the house, and the pleasure of looking at the view

Question 22

how had staircases been built before the 1580s

Answer 22

had to be built around a central column, rather than a single straight flight of steps

Question 23

what was the staircase at HH made of

Answer 23

stone

Question 24

how were elizabethan gardens set out

Answer 24

in a symmetrical pattern within squares of varying sizes, and with ornamental ponds or possibly lakes

Question 25

what did Bess use in the low status rooms

Answer 25

heraldry

Question 26

long gallery at Hardwick Hall

Answer 26

ran along the whole east wing of the house -> provided impressive views of the countryside

Question 27

what was the most distinctive features of HH

Answer 27

the glass windows

Question 28

windows at HH:

Answer 28

- most distinctive feature - increased in size as you moved up building -> higher up building you were, the more important you were - brick walls behind several of the windows to ensure symmetry from the outside but practicality and comfort form the inside

Question 29

what proved that bess was practical and not prone to waste

Answer 29

everyday furniture was made from onsite materials

Question 30

how was the layout designed to impress

Answer 30

- long and magnificent route from the hall on the ground floor via the main staircase to the formal receiving rooms on the seconds floor to the best state rooms on the third floor - on the third floor there was the High great chamber, with the state withdrawing room next to it leading to the best bedchamber and the long gallery

Question 31

what shows new fashions

Answer 31

- function of the great hall - changes to main staircase - development of long gallery

Question 32

purpose of great hall at HH

Answer 32

to impress arriving visitors

Question 33

great hall at HH

Answer 33

- Smythson turned it 90 degrees - placed it in the middle of the house runnings from front to back (east to west) - allowed it to be used as an impressive entrance hall - warmer, with wall fireplaces and less smoky - where lower servants ate and socialised

Question 34

how does the staircase demonstrate changing times

Answer 34

- before the 1580s, staircases had to be built around a central column, rather than as a single straight flight of steps - stone staircase at HH - led all the way to the most prestigious rooms at top of house - provided a ceremonial route

Question 35

what were a lot of walls covered with at HH

Answer 35

tapestries - silk and metal thread in high status rooms - coarser wool in lower class rooms

Question 36

how does HH demonstrate changing times

Answer 36

- change from medieval times - no more need for defensive structures - not built around a central courtyard

Question 37

what did HH not being built around a central courtyard mean

Answer 37

- able to show symmetry on outside - smythson could design HH with a row of rooms laid out side by side

Question 38

roof at HH

Answer 38

- made of lead - covered rows of rooms - gently sloping leading to gutters around edges

Question 39

why was the need and function of a great hall going in decline

Answer 39

due to the changing relationship between a noble and his tenants

Question 40

gardens from the 15th century

Answer 40

the nobility wanted larger gardens close to their homes to use for pleasure and relaxation, rather than areas for hunting