power and the people - chapter 4

Question 1

what was the reformation

Answer 1

a religious movement in the 1500s that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic church

Question 2

what did many people start to believe about the church

Answer 2

many people believed there was a problem with the church’s wealth and its influence in society
even the king started to question the church

Question 3

why were church’s an important part of Medieval life

Answer 3

monasteries were at the centre of many communities, acting as hotels, hospitals and refuges for the poor

Question 4

what were the general opinions on the church

Answer 4

• most people were happy with the role of the church but other started to feel that the monasteries and nunneries were becoming too powerful
• it was said that many people inside had forgotten their vows of poverty and were living a life of luxury, while people outside starved

Question 5

what fueled the changing attitudes to the church and monasteries

Answer 5

the writings of Martin Luther in 1517§

Question 6

what religion was henry VIII

Answer 6

he was a devout catholic

Question 7

what was henry VIII opinions on the church

Answer 7

he was unhappy with the wealth and power of the church

Question 8

how did henry see the pope and why

Answer 8

• he saw the pope as competing power
• people would take direction for the pope as the head of the church, but henry wanted the people of england to listen to him only

Question 9

was henry VIII a supporter of Luther and the new protestant religion, and what did he do with them

Answer 9

no
but he used these new ideas to go against the pope and, most importantly, to get a divorce for Catherine of Aragon

Question 10

what did henry do because the pope refused to let him divorce

Answer 10

henry made himself head of the Church of England through the Act of Supremacy, 1534
-> this gave him full control and meant he no longer had to pay taxes to the Pope in Rome

Question 11

what were the opinions of Henry as head of the church

Answer 11

many people refused to recognise henry as head of the church; most famously his Lord Chancellor, Thomas More

Question 12

what law did Henry create, with the help of Thomas Cromwell

Answer 12

law that made it treason not to accept henry as head of the church

Question 13

what happened to Thomas More because he didn’t accept henry as head of the church

Answer 13

he was beheaded

Question 14

what did henry’s conflict with the pope cause

Answer 14

it had angered catholics in other european countries and he began to worry about invasion

Question 15

what did henry do because he was worried about foreign invasion because of his conflict with the pope

Answer 15

made sure every change he wanted was made through parliament so he could blame his gov for the changes

Question 16

what did cromwell promise henry

Answer 16

that he would make him the richest king in europe

Question 17

what was one way to make henry the richest king in europe

Answer 17

to take the money form the monasteries
-> this action became known as the dissolution of the monasteries

Question 18

why did the dissolution of the monasteries make henry rich

Answer 18

• the monasteries controlled 1/4 of all the land in england
• the monasteries had a combined income of £200,000 which was nearly double that of the king

Question 19

how did henry get rid of the monasteries

Answer 19

• in 1536, parliament passed an act closing all small monasteries that had an annual income of less than £200
• cromwell then set up Valor Ecclesiasticus, which was an evaluation of monastery finances
  -> he sent inspectors to the monasteries to see what they were spending their money on
  -> if they were not seen to be run properly they would be closed down and the crown would take the finances
  -> reports were sent back to cromwell and if they were positive, they were sent back to be rewritten in a way that showed them in a less positive light

Question 20

why were people unhappy about henry’s changes

Answer 20

• cromwell’s power
• landowners lost influence
• changes to religion
• rising prices

Question 21

why were people unhappy about henry’s changes:
cromwell’s power

Answer 21

• cromwell was seen as the creator of the new religious policies as he had helped henry get a divorce from catherine
• many of the landowners disliked him, as he was the son of a blacksmith and therefore was seen as not good enough to advise the king

Question 22

why were people unhappy about henry’s changes:
landowners lost influence

Answer 22

• many landowners who had been advisers to the king fell out of favour after the divorce
• they had been supporters of catherine and felt pushed out
• they blamed cromwell

Question 23

why were people unhappy about henry’s changes:
changes to religion

Answer 23

• many people disliked the changes made to the church
• they wanted the monasteries back and the pope as the head of the church

Question 24

why were people unhappy about henry’s changes:
rising prices

Answer 24

• prices normally stayed the same every year, but they continued to rise under henry
• people blamed his advisers

Question 25

what happened as a result of henry’s changes

Answer 25

in 1536 a rebellion broke out in yorkshire it was an uprising by devout christian’s who were worried an angered by the changes henry had made to the church

Question 26

why did the pilgrims in the pilgrimage of grace have to be careful

Answer 26

the change in law meant that criticism of religious changes was a criticism of the king -> they could be charged for treason

Question 27

who was the leader of the pilgrimage of grace

Answer 27

Robert Aske, a lawyer

Question 29

what did the pilgrims want

Answer 29

- to restore the monasteries (in the north of england the monasteries did important social work and were not as corrupt as some in the south) - recognise the pope as head of the church - dismiss cromwell and other ministers who were giving the king poor advice

Question 30

did the pilgrims want to challenge henry

Answer 30

no

Question 31

what did the pilgrims do so the king would be in no doubt of the purpose of the pilgrimage

Answer 31

marched carrying a banner showing the five wounds of Christ -> the uprising was about religion and was against those seen to be corrupting it

Question 32

throughout october 1536, what did the pilgrims do

Answer 32

captured key locations -> rebellion began in Lincoln with Lord Hessey, who had been a staunch supporter of catherine. he, and others, wanted a removal of taxes in peacetime -> then york and pontefract castle, which had been held by lord darcy, a supporter of henry. darcy surrendered to the pilgrims and joined their campaign -> by the end of october that had control of most of england, north of Cheshire and Lincolnshire

Question 33

who did henry choose to represent him and negotiate with the pilgrims

Answer 33

the duke of norfolk -> he was a catholic and a critic of cromwell

Question 35

when and where did norfolk meet the pilgrims

Answer 35

on 27th october doncaster bridge

Question 36

what did norfolk reassure aske

Answer 36

that he would resent a list of demands straight to henry

Question 37

how long did the rebels take to draw up their demands

Answer 37

a month

Question 39

in december 1536, after the list of demands had been given to the king, what happened

Answer 39

ask spent the christmas holiday with henry at his palace in greenwich

Question 40

what did henry not disagree with aske about

Answer 40

opinions on cromwell

Question 41

what did henry reassure aske over christmas

Answer 41

that aske had his support

Question 42

what news reached the rebels and what did they do

Answer 42

that the king was strengthening his garrison in the north; he had no intention of sticking to his word the rebels decided to strike first

Question 43

how did the rebels start the attack and what did this mean

Answer 43

in january 1537, they attacked castle in Hull, Beverley and Scarborough -> this gave henry an excuse to cancel the pardons

Question 44

what did norfolk do after the rebel attack and what happened

Answer 44

travelled north the rebels surrenders

Question 45

how many rebels were hung and why did norfolk not hang more

Answer 45

74 didn’t hang more because he felt they had been humiliated enough

Question 46

what happened to aske, darcy, and hussey

Answer 46

they were arrested

Question 47

what did cromwell want

Answer 47

wanted for all that had gone against the king to be killed

Question 48

when and where was aske killed

Answer 48

killed in york on 12th july 1537

Question 49

when and where were darcy and hussey beheaded

Answer 49

in 1536 in london

Question 50

the did the campaign against smaller monasteries in 1536 give way to

Answer 50

the dissolution of larger monasteries in 1539

Question 51

who tried to resist the closures of the monasteries and what happened

Answer 51

- some abbots, for example the abbot of Glastonbury - he was dragged through the town, hung, and had to head place on a spike on the abbey gates

Question 52

who brought monastery land

Answer 52

some landowners

Question 53

what happened to many monasteries

Answer 53

they were left empty, having been stripped of gold and jewels by the monks the doors, beams, lead, and stained glass windows were taken by locals

Question 54

what happened to court finances after the pilgrimage and why

Answer 54

they improved greatly with the money from the monasteries

Question 55

what did henry spend the money from the monasteries on

Answer 55

developing the royal navy and building more ships like the Mary Rose, and reinforcing fortifications as he was still worried about foreign attack

Question 56

in the long term what did henry achieve

Answer 56

- he consolidated his control in the north with the Council of the North - the increase the power of loyal families and secured the border with scotland

Question 57

in the short term what did henry think

Answer 57

he was convinced about the need for the end of the monasteries and was adamant that he should have control over all people and institutions

Question 58

how many more rebellions took place during henry’s reign

Answer 58

none

Question 59

how many executions happened at the end of the pilgrimage of grace and what did they serve as

Answer 59

200 served as a warning to those who dared to challenge henry’s authority

Question 60

what happened to thomas cromwell

Answer 60

executed

Question 61

why was cromwell executed

Answer 61

fell out of favour with the king and was charged with treason and corruption

Question 62

what did henry blame cromwell with

Answer 62

encouraging him to marry Anne of Cleves, his fourth wife, who was not to his liking

Question 63

when was cromwell beheaded

Answer 63

july 1540

Question 64

what size army did aske have compared to norfolk

Answer 64

aske - 30,000 men norfolk - 8000 men

Question 65

what change did they make to their demands and why

Answer 65

they were exactly the same except this time they added that parliament must meet in york -> they wanted better representation for the north