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history > power and the people - chapter 2 > Flashcards

power and the people - chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

who were the de Montfort family

A

after the Norman invasion of 1066, the de Montfort family was one of the first aristocratic families to come to england from normandy

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2
Q

what happened as a result of the de Montfort family loosing more and more of their land to the king, over the 200 years since their arrival

A

in 1229, Simon, the leading member of the de Montfort family, tried to reclaim some of the family land so he approached henry

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3
Q

what did henry do when simon de montfort approached him with the problem of the de montfort family loosing all their land to the king

A
  • henry agreed to give the family some land back
  • henry made de montfort one of his favourites, and gave him the position of steward
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4
Q

why did de montfort enjoy his role of steward

A

it put him in a position to meet rich widows: marrying one might be a way to sort out the family finances

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5
Q

who did simon de montfort marry

A

he married henry’s sister, eleanor
-> she had been married before, at the age of 9, and was a widow by the time she was 16

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6
Q

how did marrying the king’s sister open up the door to wealth and opportunity

A
  • once marrying, de montfort was given special favour and was sent to represent the king abroad
    -> this position helped him in what was arguably now his main aim - reclaiming the land that he felt his wife was owed from her first husband’s family
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7
Q

what did simon de montfort eventually become

A

an opponent of the king and a controversial figure
-> some view him as a hero and the creator of modern democracy
-> others view him as an opportunistic baron, who got lucky marrying the kings sister

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8
Q

why was henry being a pious (devoutly religious) king not a good thing

A

his links with rome created financial problems for england
-> henry had increased payments to Pope Innocent IV to help the pope fight wars in europe
-> the pope had convinced henry to help him remove the royal family of sicily and put his young son, edmund, on the throne instead
-> four years later, when henry failed to pay the promised money, another pope (Alexander IV) threatened to excommunicate henry and suggested that Henry’s brother, Richard, become Holy Roman Emperor: an important job that would being part of europe under control of the pope
-> this meant henry and england would foot the bill for the sicilian war, which would mean an increase in taxes for the barons

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9
Q

what led to the barons becoming increasingly frustrated by henry’s subservience to the pope

A

henry gave away town jobs in english churches to italian clergy
-> this stopped english men being promoted in the church

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10
Q

how did henry have close ties to the french, especially the House of Lusignan

A

due to his marriage

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11
Q

why did henry’s links to the french through his marriage alarm the barons

A
  • the english severely disliked the french
  • their alarm increased when henry started to allow french men into parliament
  • this was also down to his tutor and advisor, Peter de Roches: a French man
  • the barons started to feel that england was coming under foreign rule
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12
Q

why did henry raise taxes

A

to fund his campaigns to win back the land his father had lost in france

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13
Q

when did henry take an army to Brittany and Gascony and what was the result

A

in 1230
he lost the campaign and returned to england

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14
Q

when was simon de montfort sent to france to win back land and what was the result

A
  • in 1248
  • he had been training to go on a crusade so was ready to fight
  • he crushed the rebellions and established order with a combination of military skill and ruthlessness
  • the previously lost land was now under control of henry and de montfort
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15
Q

why was the king unhappy with de montfort’s use of force against the french and what did he do

A
  • he was sympathetic to the french
  • so he called de montfort back to england for an inquiry
    -> he was found innocent but was furious with the king
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16
Q

why did de montfort’s anger at the king (after the king was mad he used violence in france) worsen and what did he do

A
  • when henry insisted that his son, edward, should take charge of the campaign when de Montfort returned to france
  • de montfort felt os let down the by king he considered fighting with the french, against the king
  • he returned to england at the request of the barons, feeling betrayed by the king and hitter at his perceived fall from grace
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17
Q

when had the relationship between the king and barons deteriorated

A

by 1254

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18
Q

why had the relationship between the king and barons deteriorated

A

henry’s various schemes, including:
- land lost in france
- more money to the pope in rome for wars against sicily

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19
Q

who was slowly becoming the baron’s spokesperson

A

simon de montfort

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20
Q

how did henry face a crisis on two fronts

A
  • he needed the support of the barons but they did not support increased taxes
  • this meant that henry could not provide the funds the pope desired
    -> without the money from increased taxes it was likely he would be excommunicated
21
Q

when did the barons call the great council against henry and who led them

A

led by simon de montfort
in 1258

22
Q

having previously secured his position of wealth, what did de montfort become obsessed with

A

the reform of royal control and influence

23
Q

during the great council meeting what did the king agree to

A

the Provisions of Oxford

24
Q

what did the provisions of oxford state

A
  • a council of 15 barons would be in charge of the great council
    -> they would be elected by 24 men: 12 appointed by the king and 12 by the barons
  • foreign members of the royal household would be banished
  • castles would be held by englishmen
  • each county would have a sheriff and taxes would be decided locally
25
what did the provisions of oxford do
- settled some of the grievances the barons had about foreign control of england -> they also reused to fund the planned payment to the pope over the wars in sicily - gave the barons the majority of the power
26
how did the provisions of oxford give the barons the majority of the power
- stated that the barons could make decisions without the kings presence or approval - but the king could not make decisions without the approval of the council
27
which barons were angered by the provisions of oxford
- some, especially Richard de Clare, the Earl of Gloucester - he and many other older barons felt that the reforms were interfering with their local interests - the younger barons also disliked them because they had not been elected to the council and had therefore lost their influence - also, those lower in society were given a greater say -> the barons longer for the feudal system when knights and burgesses had much less influence
28
when were the provisions of oxford extended and who were they popular with
- extended in october 1259, with the creation of the Provisions of Westminster - these provisions reformed local gov and were popular among the less powerful and wealthy members of society - many barons resented the provisions, as they forced them to accept reforms demanded by their tenants -> therefore they had another reason to not be happy with the settlement de Montfort had agreed to - the barons were clearly divided
29
how did henry return to power
- the barons were divided, which led the way for henry to return to power and reject the provisions of oxford and westminster - henry wrote to the pope and asked for his permission to cancel the provisions -> in 1261, he received confirmation from the pope that he would be released from the provisions - he appointed his own men to the council - henry was back in power and de montfort left for france in disgust
30
after three years of henry’s revived rule, what did the barons do
sent for de montfort: they had had enough
31
when de montfort returned (during henry’s revived rule) what happened
- he started the second barons war - england was now in the midst of another civil war -> the barons were fed up of negotiating and were now using military strength instead
32
what happened at the Battle of Lewes
- de Montfort and his men were victorious - de montfort captured the king and imprisoned his son, prince edward - england was now without its king, and de montfort was in charge -> england was on its way to being a republic
33
what were opinions when simon de montfort ruled over england
- some barons began to get worried he was too powerful - not all the barons supported the new system of the Great Council - the barons who supported henry wanted their old lives of influence and money back
34
what was the great council like when de montfort was in charge
de montfort appointed a council of 9 which consisted of his own friends and allies
35
what did de montfort do when he was in power
reconfirmed magna carta and the provisions of oxford
36
when was the battle of lewes
1264
37
when did de montfort start to worry he was losing his grip on the country
in 1265
38
what did de montfort do when he felt he was losing his grip on the country
- called a meeting of the great council - unlike previous meetings, he invited burgesses and knights from every county -> this increased support for de montfort, which he was lacking from the powerful barons -> the burgesses represented the growing merchant class who were making money in the growing towns all over england -> so ordinary people - sometimes known as commoners - had been invited to the Great Council to have their voices heard for the first time, in what became known as the commons
39
what were the barons beginning to think about de montfort’s rule
he was ruling as an autocrat
40
what did the barons decide to do because they thought de montfort was ruling as an autocrat
began to put all their support behind henry his son, prince edward, had been released and had raised an army: they were out to get de montfort
41
when was the battle of evesham
4th august 1265
42
what happened at the battle of evesham
de montfort fell off his horse his body was cut into pieces - even his genitals were cut off - and the pieces were sent around the country as a warning
43
when did henry rule until
ruled until 1272 and never called another meeting of the great council
44
when edward became king what did he realise
he knew he had to tread carefully with the barons
45
what did edward do when he needed money to fight the scot’s and the welsh
- he knew what would happen if he simply demanded the money from the barons instead of negotiating with them - therefore, he called many parliaments to raise the funds required
46
when did edward call the Model Parliament
1295
47
what was the Model Parliament
- the parliament that most resembles ours today - the lords were invited to attend but the commoners (by far the largest group) were elected - the was still not a perfect system as only the elite, such as the barons, could vote and voting was not done in secret
48
does de montfort deserve to be remembered 750 years on
- his parliament was not perfect and its powers would continue to change throughout the middle ages - the kings power was not totally challenged until the Glorious revolution, when parliament gained more control than the monarch in 1688 - regardless, most people agree that he was influential in the common man’s growth of power - however, women had to wait a few hundred years more for their voices to be heard

history (38 decks)

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