Poverty and Violent Conflict - Justino 2009

Question 1

direct impact of violence

Answer 1

• household breakdown
• change in assets in livelihoods
• displacement

Question 2

indirect impact of violence

Answer 2

• on local markets
• on community relations
• on political institutions
• on economic growth and distribution

Question 3

direct effects of household breakdown

Answer 3

• loss of earnings, assets, livelihoods
• loss of human capital: education and health

Question 4

indirect effects of household breakdown

Answer 4

• loss or disability of prime age workers (replaced by women and children) -> children removed from school
• social burden imposed on remaining household members to care for the injured and disabled

Question 5

effects of change of assets

Answer 5

• assets get lost or destroyed through heavy fighting and looting
• houses, land, labor, utensils, cattle, livestock
• households left without means of earning a living or providing food and shelter for their members

Question 6

effects of change of livelihoods agri

Answer 6

• armed conflict affects the rural sector; only rarely do armies and armed groups fight in cities
• agriculture sector and agriculture-based livelihoods recover very slowly in the post conflict period

Question 7

channels of impact of conflict on rural livelihoods

Answer 7

• destruction due to fighting: loss of fields, crops, landmines
• expropriation of land
• displacement of people
• destruction of trade markets or limited access to them

Question 8

effects of change of livelihood economic

Answer 8

• losses impact on ability to recover economic and social position in post-conflict settings
• net effects (some people gain): looting, redistribution of assets, privileged access to market and political institutions for those that win the conflict or support winning factions during the conflict

Question 9

displacement

Answer 9

• armed conflict associated with large population movements
• forces families to leave behind assets and have to start anew (often times they can’t)

Question 10

civilian populations targets for armies and rebel groups

Answer 10

• territorial expansion
• weaken population support
• increase support base
• add to resources through looting and appropriation of valuable assets and sites

Question 11

cycle of displacement and deprivation

Answer 11

• refugees and displaced populations living under most difficult forms of socio-economic exclusion and deprivation
• healthcare stretched in camps; lack of food, nutrients and medicine
• spread of infectious diseases

Question 12

breakdown of families and social networks

Answer 12

• disrupts risk sharing mechanisms amongst affected communities
• disrupts formal and informal social protection mechanisms, such as loans from relatives and acquaintances
• disrupts health

Question 13

indirect impact of violence on exchange markets

Answer 13

exchange markets -> changes in prices (staple goods tend to increase; cattle decreases) -> food insecurity

Question 14

indirect impact of violence on employment markets

Answer 14

employment markets-> changes in wages -> may affect soldiering choices

Question 15

indirect impact of violence on insurance and credit markets

Answer 15

insurance and credit markets -> changes in savings -> rely on costly coping strategies with adverse health effects (child labor)

Question 16

net impact of violence on local markets

Answer 16

• initial conditions (wealth and health endowments)
• ability to adapt
  - idiosyncratic shock (selective violence)
  - covariant shock (indiscriminate violence)

Question 17

indirect impact of violence on community relations

Answer 17

• destruction of networks and community relations due to: death, abductions, displacement, loss of trust
• networks and community relations are crucial elements of the capital of the poor

Question 18

impact of changes on household poverty will depend on

Answer 18

• initial characteristics and alliances of households at the start of the conflict
• extent of the breakdown of social cohesion during the conflict
• strength and types of new networks and alliances formed during and after the conflict

Question 19

indirect impact of violence on political institutions

Answer 19

• structure of political institutions
• relations between populations, political institutions, security forces, economic political elites and the legal-judiciary system
• war results from and leads to forms of state and governance failure and the weakness of state institutions

Question 20

armed conflict is likely to impact those in conflict areas

Answer 20

• changes in provision of public goods, physical security, and protection of property rights
• effects worse for
  
  • households on welfare
  • households whose members are more likely to be targets of violence due to inherent characteristics

Question 21

t/f strong rebel governance tends to increase the duration of irregular wars, and create strong social interactions and alliances between rebels and community members

Answer 21

true
- government often persists during violence, usually by institutional changes rather than anarchy

Question 22

indirect impact of violence on economic growth

Answer 22

• damage to infrastructure, markets, and social cohesion
• decrease in public and private investments (health)
• increases in military budgets at the expense of social expenditure
• deaths, injuries, loss of assets, displacement, and migration result in destruction of valuable human and physical capital
• armed conflict affects capacity of responding to other shocks

Question 23

indirect impact of violence on inequality

Answer 23

• little evidence on impact of conflict on inequality, but violence likely to lead to profound social transformations
• improved inequalities after the conflict (the wealthy are often targets)

Question 24

participation is a function of two interdependent variables

Answer 24

• the first is initial household characteristics, which determine the extent of the household’s vulnerability to poverty
• the second is the extent of the exposure of the household to violence during conflict or, in other words, its vulnerability to violence

Question 25

H1 for Justino

Answer 25

the poorer the household is at the start of the conflict, the higher is the probability of the household participating and supporting an armed group

Question 26

H2 for Justino

Answer 26

the higher the risk of violence, the higher is the probability of the household participating and supporting an armed group