Postmodern approaches

Question 1

What is a modernist?

Answer 1

They say objective reality can be accurately described/observed. Objective reality can be known through scientific methods, and reality exists independent of attempts to observe it.

Question 2

What is postmodernists beliefs?

Answer 2

They think clients are experts of their lives and there is not one right/wrong way to live life. Every individual has a different worldview. They believe in social constructionism (values clients reality without questioning its accuracy)

Question 3

Hx of social constructionism?

Answer 3

Focuses on diversity/multiple frameworks/integration. Seeks to provide a wider range of perspective in counselling practice. Change begins by deconstructing power of cultural narratives.

Question 4

4 types of postmodern therapies?

Answer 4

Solution focused brief therapy, motivational interviewing, narrative therpay and collaborative language systems approach.

Question 5

What is SFBT?

Answer 5

Developed by steve de shazer and insoo kim berg in the 1980s. Focuses on strengths/resilience of people by focusing on exceptions to the problem/their solutions. Emphasis is on constructing solutions rather problem solving.

Question 6

What is positive orientation of SFBT?

Answer 6

Assumptions that people are healthy and competent/have ability to construct solutions that enhance their lives. Therapist will help clients recognize competencies they possess/apply them to solutions.

Question 7

SFBT philosophies?

Answer 7

change in constant/inevitable, clients want change, clients are expert/define goals, problems are maintained by doing more of same/expecting no change. SFBT emphasizes what possible/changeable. Its solution focused (focuses on finding solutions not talking about problems).

Question 8

Assumptions of SFBT?

Answer 8

Pt have resources/strengths to resolve complaints, therapist job is to identify/amplify change, focus on what’s possible and changeable.

Question 9

5 steps of therapeutic process in SBFT?

Answer 9

1. Clients are given the opportunity to describe their problems and the therapist asks, “How can I be useful to
   you?”
2. The therapist works with clients in developing well-formed goals. Asks the question, “what will be different in your life when your problems are solved?”
3. The therapist asks clients about those times when their problems were not present or less severe – what did they do
   to make these events happen?
4. At the end of each solution- building conversation, the therapist offers clients summary feedback, encouragement, and suggests what clients might do before the next session to further solve their problem.
5. The therapist and clients evaluate the progress being
   made. Clients are asked what needs to be done before they see their problem being solved and what their next step will be .

Question 10

Goals in SFBT? 3 criteria for goals

Answer 10

Therapist strive to create climate that facilitates change. Concentrate on small/realistic/achievable changes that lead to positive outcomes.

1- start based: stated in positive terms as th start/prescence of something client wants
2- specific- concrete, observable, measurable, and detailed description
3- social: description of what significant others would notice/how they would respond/how the response might affect the client

Question 11

What is not knowing position?

Answer 11

Therapist retains their knowledge but enters the conversation with the client with curiosity/interest in discovery. They have no preconceived ideas about what direction the conversation will take. Clients are experts.

Question 12

Customer type relationship?

Answer 12

Client and therapist jointly identify a problem and solution to work towards.

Question 13

Complaint relationship?

Answer 13

Client describes problem but is not able/willing to take an active role in constructing a solution.

Question 14

Visitors?

Answer 14

Clients come to therapy because someone else thinks they have a problem .

Question 15

Therapeutic technique questions?

Answer 15

Skillful questions that allow people to utilize their resources.

Question 16

Pre change therpay technique?

Answer 16

What have you done since you made the appointment that’s made a difference in your problem

Question 17

Exception questions technique?

Answer 17

Direct clients to times in their lives when problem didn’t exist. Remind clients that problems aren’t all powerful.

Question 18

Coping questions?

Answer 18

Ask how clients manage to keep going when facing adversity.

Question 19

Reframing technique?

Answer 19

Involves building different frame of reference around the problem to make it more solvable.

Question 20

Scaling questions?

Answer 20

On scale from 0-10 where are you? How manageable is this problem or how committed are you to finding a solution.

Question 21

Formula first session talk?

Answer 21

Form of homework a therapists might given clients to complete between 1/2 session. Offers hope that change is inevitable.

Question 22

Therapist feedback?

Answer 22

Summary provided to client including strengths/signs of hope/commentary on what client is doing well to work towards goals. 3 components- compliments, bridges, suggesting tasks

Question 23

Miracle questions?

Answer 23

Imagine waking up tomorrow morning and by some miracle overnight, life has turned out just as you have always
wished. What does this look like? What would your life be like if your problem disappeared/how would you feel?

Question 24

What is motivational interviewing?

Answer 24

Founded by william millar and stephen rollnick. Shares characteristics from PCT and SFBT. Client centred and evidence based.

Question 25

Philosophy of MI?

Answer 25

Clients possess abilities/strengths/resources/competencies. Therapist evokes inner resources of clients and MI is deliberately directive while staying in clients frame of reference. Goal is to reduce ambivalence and increase motivation.

Question 26

5 principles of MI?

Answer 26

1. Therapists strive to see the world from the clients
   perspective.
2. Designed to evoke and explore discrepancies and
   ambivalence.
3. Reluctance is viewed as an expected part of the process.
4. Therapists support client self-efficacy.
5. Once client’s are ready for change, therapists focus on
   strengthening commitment and implementing a change plan.

Question 27

5 stages of change?

Answer 27

Precontemplation Stage → no intention of changing
behavior anytime soon.
Contemplation Stage→ Awareness of problem,
consideration of change, no plans or commitment.
Preparation Stage→ Individuals plan to take action
immediately and small changes are noted.
Action Stage→ Steps are taken to modify behavior
and solve problems.
Maintenance Stage → Work is done to consolidate gains and prevent relapse

Question 28

Reframing resistance technique for MI?

Answer 28

Every client wants something/is working towards it, avoid labelling client. Resistance helps counsellor adapt their approach to best support client.

Question 29

What is narrative therapy?

Answer 29

Founded by Michael white and david epston. Stenghts based approach and emphasizes collaboration. Goal is to help clients see themselves as empowered.

Question 30

Philosophy of NT?

Answer 30

Listen respectfully to client stories, search for time in clients life when they were resourceful, avoid labelling/diagnosing, dominate stories (events that clients have internalized)- therapists assist client to separate themselves from these stories to allow space for new ones.

Question 31

What are stories?

Answer 31

Problems manufactured in social/cultural/political contexts. Our stories shape our reality

Question 32

What is double listening?

Answer 32

involves listening to problem story while listening for counter story. Therapist sported person from problem while listening to story.

Question 33

Totalizing langauge?

Answer 33

Therapists need to avoid this. TL means reduce complexity of individual by assigning and all embracing/single description to person

Question 34

What is normalizing judgement?

Answer 34

Judge someone based on what’s deemed the normal curve.

Question 35

Therapeutic goals for NT?

Answer 35

collaborate to identify problem, investigate how the problem has disrupted/dominated the client, inquire alternative meanings for event to see story differently, discover moments of strength, and help client live counter story outside of therapy.

Question 36

Therapists role in NT?

Answer 36

Active facilitator, apply not knowing position, help clients create preferred story line, avoid language of diagnosis/intervention/assessment. Demonstrate care/respect.

Question 37

What is externalizations?

Answer 37

Way of speaking that separates problem from person. Address what client uncritically accepts about themselves/examines this. (the problem is the problem, not the person)

Question 38

Alternative stories/reauthoring NT?

Answer 38

Invite client to author alternate stories and it’s a turning point between problem saturated story and the preferred alternative.

Question 39

Questioning in NT?

Answer 39

Ask specific questions to map influence of problem in clients life.

Question 40

What is collaborative language systems approach?

Answer 40

Not knowing position used, intent isn’t to challenge/confront clients narrative but to assist in telling/re-telling the story. Conversation evolves into dialogue of new meaning which then means new narrative/new possibilities.

Question 41

SFBT in groups?

Answer 41

Leader sets solution focused tone from beginning, focus on members see themselves as less problem saturated, members see themselves as resourceful, facilitator helps members recognize resiliency

Question 42

NT in groups?

Answer 42

Leader emphasizes how cultural/social/political elements are neglected in how problem arise in first place, leader understands members problems as product of social forces that arise outside, create context where members join forces to fight against social forces of harm