Postmodern approaches Flashcards
What is a modernist?
They say objective reality can be accurately described/observed. Objective reality can be known through scientific methods, and reality exists independent of attempts to observe it.
What is postmodernists beliefs?
They think clients are experts of their lives and there is not one right/wrong way to live life. Every individual has a different worldview. They believe in social constructionism (values clients reality without questioning its accuracy)
Hx of social constructionism?
Focuses on diversity/multiple frameworks/integration. Seeks to provide a wider range of perspective in counselling practice. Change begins by deconstructing power of cultural narratives.
4 types of postmodern therapies?
Solution focused brief therapy, motivational interviewing, narrative therpay and collaborative language systems approach.
What is SFBT?
Developed by steve de shazer and insoo kim berg in the 1980s. Focuses on strengths/resilience of people by focusing on exceptions to the problem/their solutions. Emphasis is on constructing solutions rather problem solving.
What is positive orientation of SFBT?
Assumptions that people are healthy and competent/have ability to construct solutions that enhance their lives. Therapist will help clients recognize competencies they possess/apply them to solutions.
SFBT philosophies?
change in constant/inevitable, clients want change, clients are expert/define goals, problems are maintained by doing more of same/expecting no change. SFBT emphasizes what possible/changeable. Its solution focused (focuses on finding solutions not talking about problems).
Assumptions of SFBT?
Pt have resources/strengths to resolve complaints, therapist job is to identify/amplify change, focus on what’s possible and changeable.
5 steps of therapeutic process in SBFT?
- Clients are given the opportunity to describe their problems and the therapist asks, “How can I be useful to
you?” - The therapist works with clients in developing well-formed goals. Asks the question, “what will be different in your life when your problems are solved?”
- The therapist asks clients about those times when their problems were not present or less severe – what did they do
to make these events happen? - At the end of each solution- building conversation, the therapist offers clients summary feedback, encouragement, and suggests what clients might do before the next session to further solve their problem.
- The therapist and clients evaluate the progress being
made. Clients are asked what needs to be done before they see their problem being solved and what their next step will be .
Goals in SFBT? 3 criteria for goals
Therapist strive to create climate that facilitates change. Concentrate on small/realistic/achievable changes that lead to positive outcomes.
1- start based: stated in positive terms as th start/prescence of something client wants
2- specific- concrete, observable, measurable, and detailed description
3- social: description of what significant others would notice/how they would respond/how the response might affect the client
What is not knowing position?
Therapist retains their knowledge but enters the conversation with the client with curiosity/interest in discovery. They have no preconceived ideas about what direction the conversation will take. Clients are experts.
Customer type relationship?
Client and therapist jointly identify a problem and solution to work towards.
Complaint relationship?
Client describes problem but is not able/willing to take an active role in constructing a solution.
Visitors?
Clients come to therapy because someone else thinks they have a problem .
Therapeutic technique questions?
Skillful questions that allow people to utilize their resources.
Pre change therpay technique?
What have you done since you made the appointment that’s made a difference in your problem
Exception questions technique?
Direct clients to times in their lives when problem didn’t exist. Remind clients that problems aren’t all powerful.
Coping questions?
Ask how clients manage to keep going when facing adversity.
Reframing technique?
Involves building different frame of reference around the problem to make it more solvable.
Scaling questions?
On scale from 0-10 where are you? How manageable is this problem or how committed are you to finding a solution.
Formula first session talk?
Form of homework a therapists might given clients to complete between 1/2 session. Offers hope that change is inevitable.
Therapist feedback?
Summary provided to client including strengths/signs of hope/commentary on what client is doing well to work towards goals. 3 components- compliments, bridges, suggesting tasks
Miracle questions?
Imagine waking up tomorrow morning and by some miracle overnight, life has turned out just as you have always
wished. What does this look like? What would your life be like if your problem disappeared/how would you feel?
What is motivational interviewing?
Founded by william millar and stephen rollnick. Shares characteristics from PCT and SFBT. Client centred and evidence based.
Philosophy of MI?
Clients possess abilities/strengths/resources/competencies. Therapist evokes inner resources of clients and MI is deliberately directive while staying in clients frame of reference. Goal is to reduce ambivalence and increase motivation.
5 principles of MI?
- Therapists strive to see the world from the clients
perspective. - Designed to evoke and explore discrepancies and
ambivalence. - Reluctance is viewed as an expected part of the process.
- Therapists support client self-efficacy.
- Once client’s are ready for change, therapists focus on
strengthening commitment and implementing a change plan.
5 stages of change?
Precontemplation Stage → no intention of changing
behavior anytime soon.
Contemplation Stage→ Awareness of problem,
consideration of change, no plans or commitment.
Preparation Stage→ Individuals plan to take action
immediately and small changes are noted.
Action Stage→ Steps are taken to modify behavior
and solve problems.
Maintenance Stage → Work is done to consolidate gains and prevent relapse
Reframing resistance technique for MI?
Every client wants something/is working towards it, avoid labelling client. Resistance helps counsellor adapt their approach to best support client.
What is narrative therapy?
Founded by Michael white and david epston. Stenghts based approach and emphasizes collaboration. Goal is to help clients see themselves as empowered.
Philosophy of NT?
Listen respectfully to client stories, search for time in clients life when they were resourceful, avoid labelling/diagnosing, dominate stories (events that clients have internalized)- therapists assist client to separate themselves from these stories to allow space for new ones.
What are stories?
Problems manufactured in social/cultural/political contexts. Our stories shape our reality
What is double listening?
involves listening to problem story while listening for counter story. Therapist sported person from problem while listening to story.
Totalizing langauge?
Therapists need to avoid this. TL means reduce complexity of individual by assigning and all embracing/single description to person
What is normalizing judgement?
Judge someone based on what’s deemed the normal curve.
Therapeutic goals for NT?
collaborate to identify problem, investigate how the problem has disrupted/dominated the client, inquire alternative meanings for event to see story differently, discover moments of strength, and help client live counter story outside of therapy.
Therapists role in NT?
Active facilitator, apply not knowing position, help clients create preferred story line, avoid language of diagnosis/intervention/assessment. Demonstrate care/respect.
What is externalizations?
Way of speaking that separates problem from person. Address what client uncritically accepts about themselves/examines this. (the problem is the problem, not the person)
Alternative stories/reauthoring NT?
Invite client to author alternate stories and it’s a turning point between problem saturated story and the preferred alternative.
Questioning in NT?
Ask specific questions to map influence of problem in clients life.
What is collaborative language systems approach?
Not knowing position used, intent isn’t to challenge/confront clients narrative but to assist in telling/re-telling the story. Conversation evolves into dialogue of new meaning which then means new narrative/new possibilities.
SFBT in groups?
Leader sets solution focused tone from beginning, focus on members see themselves as less problem saturated, members see themselves as resourceful, facilitator helps members recognize resiliency
NT in groups?
Leader emphasizes how cultural/social/political elements are neglected in how problem arise in first place, leader understands members problems as product of social forces that arise outside, create context where members join forces to fight against social forces of harm
