Porter Questions Answered by Linde, Converted to Brainscape by AH Flashcards
What type of poultry production brings the greatest income to the US economy?
Broilers
How many eggs are consumed per capita in the US?
~250
What species of poultry has the best feed efficiency – broiler or turkey?
Broiler
Export of US poultry products is valued at what level?
4.2 billion
In what species of growing poultry are the sexes raised together- pullet, poult or broiler chick?
Broilers
Artificial insemination is a common practice with what species of poultry.
Turkeys
Ninety-five percent of commercial layers are raised under what type of conditions?
Modified cages
Nipple drinkers should not be used for which one of the following species: layer, broiler, turkey, duck?
Turkeys
What types of information in daily poultry records might help a veterinarian with a field investigation?
- Egg production
- BWs
- Egg wts
- Feed/H2O consumption
- Mortality rate
- House temps
- Rations fed
- Vax HX
- Medication HX
- Air quality
- Who’s been there (visitors)
Why type of clothing is most appropriate for a veterinarian to wear upon entering a poultry facility?
Coveralls, boots, bouffant, dust mask & gloves
What are the various methods for vaccinating poultry?
Injection; In ovo injection; drinking H2O, Spray; Wing Web; Eye drops
How are killed vaccines usually applied?
IM or SQ
How are live vaccines applied?
- Injection Marek’s Dz; 1 d old chicks
- In ovo injection Marek’s Dz; possibly IBD; Coccidiosis
- Eye/Nasal drops ILT & Mycoplasma gallisepticum (TS-11)
- Wing Web Fowl Pox; Avian encephalomyelitits; Pasteurella multicodia (Fowl Cholera); Chicken Anemia (CAV)
- Drinking H2O New Castle Dz (NCD); IBV; IBD; Avian encephalomyelitits
- Spray:
Very fine (< 20 microns) NCD, IBV & MG
Fine (< 50 microns) NCD & IBV
Coarse (> 100 microns) IBD & Salmonella
What are examples of adverse effects of vaccination?
3-5 d. after NCD or IBV virus passes through flock & becomes pathogenic birds get Dz.
What vaccine virus is typically applied in ovo?
Marek’s mainly
What are the advantages of a live vaccine?
Easier Faster Superior in inducing mucosal immunity Long shelf life No skin/mm. rxns.
What are the Disadvantages of a live vaccine?
Adverse respiratory rxns
Require rapid application
Limited t1/2 in suspension
Dec. humoral immune response
What are two ways you might elicit an exaggerated vaccine reaction when administering a respiratory virus vaccine spray to young birds?
- Using too fine of a spray droplets penetrate too deeply into the RT
- Spraying birds when they are over-heated/panting deeper penetration of droplets
List three or four features or additives of drinking water that can reduce the viability of a live vaccine virus.
Chlorine;
Disinfectants;
Organic matter;
Inc. H2O temps
How is pox virus vaccine administered to chickens? What is the anatomic site of inoculation? How can one confirm that each bird was successfully vaccinated?
Admin: Wing Web stick
Site: Pytagium
Confirm: “Pox Takes” 5-10 d. after injection get a distinct swelling @ injection site
Why is a water soluble dye added to live vaccines when administered in drinking water or eyedrop?
Verify vax. status of the bird stains them a “marker” color
What is the name of the boney ring in the eye of birds? Is this structure present in mammals?
Scleral Ossicle; No
What unique anatomic features of the avian ribcage and vertebral column are useful for flight?
Synsacrum -Fused vertebrae give the spine rigidity for flight
Thoracic ribs have uncinate processes (overlapping projections, fused to adjacent ribs) to form a more rigid ribcage
What is pneumatic bone?
- Hollow bone that is infiltrated by air sacs; honey-comb structure on X-sec.
- Medullary cavity –> diverticula of internal air sacs
- Gallinaceous birds –> sternum, humerus, pelvis, C & T vertebrae
What bone of the wing anchors the secondary feathers?
Ulna
What two anatomic sites of the avian digestive tract have the lowest pH?
Proventriculs & Gizzard – pH 2.5
What anatomic features of the gizzard give it crushing strength and resistance to acid pH?
2 smooth mm. bands (thick & thin) oriented in opposite directions
Koilin –> thick protein cuticle that protects the mucosal surfaces
List 4-5 unique anatomic or physiologic features of the avian respiratory tract that distinguish it from that of mammals.
- Choanal slit –> communicates directly w/ nasal cavity
2 Cycle Respiration –> unidirectional air movement & greater O2 exchange via counter current mechanism - Have air sacs
- Infraorbital sinus communicates directly w/ nasal cavitiy & is not encased in bone
- Dorsal & ventral bronchi –> Parabronchi air capillaries –> Blood vessels (O 2 movement)
What is the name of the national organization the monitors several egg-transmitted diseases in poultry breeder flocks? List five infectious agents that are monitored through this program.
NPIP - National Poultry Improvement Plan
- S. pullorum-gallinarum;
- M. gallisepticum;
- M. synoviae;
- M. meleagridis,
- Avian Influenza
What is the official NPIP test for antibodies to Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum? What term describes a bird that tests positive on this test?
Salmonella pullorum Plate Agglutination Test
+ = Reactor bird
List 7-8 possible sources of Salmonella contamination in a poultry operation.
Transovarian (Vertical); Direct or indirect contact w/ infected birds (respiratory or fecal); Contaminated food, water or litter; Egg or hatchery contamination; Poor biosecurity
What is “inflammatory process” of broilers? With what microorganism is this usually associated?
Cellulitits; E. coli
What is the classic triad of lesions that is characteristic of Escherichia coli infection in chickens?
Pericarditis Perihepatitis Airsacculitits
What is salpingitis? What microorganism is most often isolation from this condition in laying hens?
Inflammation of the oviduct E. coli
How does a bird generally incur infection with Staphylococcus aureus?
Invades through damaged skin as it is ubiquitous in the environment
List 3-4 conditions that are commonly associated with staphylococcal infection.
Wounds accidental or induced
Damaged skin
Nutritional deficiencies (such as of biotin)
Contamination through naval at hatchery
Immune-compromised animals
Attention to what features in a poultry house should help to reduce staphylococcal infections?
- Proper management
- Prevent injury and immunocompromised poultry
- Reduce wood splinters in litter, protruding wires from cages, and fighting/cannibalism
- Sanitary equipment beak and toe trimming procedures
- Good litter management –> prevent Bumblefoot
- Hatchery sanitation and good egg management practices
Of the four possible sources of infection what is the most common manner in which male turkeys contract Erysipelothrix infection? What is one additional route in which turkey breeder hen can contract the infection?
Fighting amongst male
Via AI
Do Pasteurella multocida and Erysipelothrix usually infect young (10 weeks) birds? Which of these agents is Gram positive and which one is Gram negative?
Erysipelothrix: older birds (> 10 wks); Gram (+)
Pasteurella multocida: older birds (> 10 wks for turkeys & > 16 wks for chickens); Gram (-)
What microorganism that is commonly isolated from the oral cavity of cats and raccoon can be carried into a poultry house and is directly infectious to poultry?
Pasteurella multocida
What are gross lesions of Mycobacterium avium infection in poultry?
Emaciation w/ nodules in Spleen, Liver, Intestine & BM (granulomas or tubercles)
What parasitic infection or dietary features might predispose a broiler chicken to develop necrotic enteritis?
Coccidiosis & Roundworms
Fish meal or wheat in rations
What disease and infectious agent of broilers is associated with a necrotic pseudomembrane lining the small intestine?
Necrotic enteritits Clostridium perfringens (A & C)
What is the hallmark lesion of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in turkeys, and hence the disease name in turkeys? What is the anatomic site that is usually enlarged? Is the exudate associated with MG infection in turkeys caseous, suppurative or seromucoid?
Lesions:
Nasal exudate on wings & air sacs; Conjunctivitis with frothiness about the eyes Swollen infraoribital sinus –> called Infectious sinusitis in Turkeys
Clear, seromucoid exudate
What Mycoplasma agent preferentially infects joints (arthritis)?
Mycoplasma synoviae
What Mycoplasma agent, in particular, is referred to as “venereal disease of tom turkeys” because it has been transmitted to hens by artificial insemination.
Mycoplasma meleagridis
“Raccoon eye” is a prominent feature of what bacterial infection of turkeys? Why is exudate also present on the shoulders of infected birds? What effect on the trachea can cause infected poults to have a high-pitched chirp and respiratory distress?
Bordetlla avium
Turkey Coryza
Conjunctivitis w/ shoulder exudate
Tracheal cytotoxin –> damages ciliated epithelium; dissolved cartilage (tracheal collapse)
How is Aspergillosis contracted? What is the hallmark lesion in the lung? Can it be transmitted from bird to bird?
Due to spore inhalation –> ubiquitous in environment –> dusty litter or contaminated eggs.
Yellow to grey nodules a few mm to several cm in diameter in the lungs
No, it’s an environmental contaminant
What husbandry practice is a common cause of overgrowth of Candida yeast in the crops of young birds.
Long-term oral Antibiotic therapy (> 7-10 d)
Compare Marek’s disease and Lymphoid Leukosis: a) Which virus can be transmitted vertically (through the egg?) b)What form of cancer is produced by each virus?
a. Lymphoid Leukosis transmitted through egg.
b. cancer produced by each: Marek’s Dz –> T-cell Lymphoma & Skin leukosis. Lymphoid Leukosis –> B cell Lymphoma of the Bursa of Fabricius
What is the etiologic virus for Marek’s and Lymphoid Luekosis?
Marek’s Dz : GHV-2
Lymphoid Leukosis : Retrovirus
Which disease causes formation of tumors with paralysis?
Marek’s Dz.
Which virus has the shorted incubation period- i.e., can occur as early as 4 weeks of age?
Marek’s Dz.
Which condition is routinely covered by hatchery vaccination. How are the birds vaccinated?
Marek’s Dz.
in ovo vaccines
What virus causes immunosuppression in chickens by direct damage to the Bursa of Fabricius
Lymphoid Leukosis
Aside from neurotropic END and HPAI, what are two viruses that can cause neurological signs (paralysis, tremors, ataxia) in chickens?
Infectious Bursal Dz (IBD)
Marek’s Dz
Newcastle Dz.
Avian encephalomyelitis virus is usually administered in a wing web stick along with what other virus?
Pox virus
What are the dry and wet forms of poxvirus infection?
Dry: scabs on comb, eyelids, wattles & feet On the skin where there are no feathers
Wet: scabs in mouth & trachea (“tracheal plugs”) worse Occurs in the mucosa
What is the classical histological lesion that can be used to diagnosis poxvirus infection?
Bollinger bodies –> IC inclusion bodies w/ proliferation of epithelium
How is poxvirus vaccine usually administered to chickens?
Wing Web Vax
What are the pathotypes of Newcastle disease? Which pathotype is widespread in U.S. poultry operations? Which pathotype is reportable to the state and federal governments.
Pathotypes: APMV-1, 2, 3, 6, & 7 (Paramyxovirus)
Widespread in US: Lentogenic strain, Velogenic strains of APMV 1
Reportable: Exotic Newcastle Dz -
What pathotype of Newcastle disease can closely resemble that of highly pathogenic avian influenza?
Cyanosis Facial edema Edema of neck, especially near thoracic inlet Visceral hemorrhage Hemorrhage & necrosis of cecal tonsils
What pathotype of Newcastle disease is used to create U.S. vaccines?
Lentogenic strains
Mild B1 strain, followed by LaSota strain
What is the hallmark histological lesion of infectious laryngotracheitis?
Heterophilic inflammation & necrosis
Epithelial syncytia containing eosinophilic IN inclusion bodies
Why is it practical to vaccinate a chicken flock for infectious laryngotracheitis at the same time that the flock is experiencing a challenge with field ILT virus?
Because it is spread slowly, so Vaxing during an outbreak will protect other birds from the field challenge.
What respiratory virus of chickens can undergo a latency phase in the trigeminal ganglion?
Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) for up to 16 months
What are two herpesviruses that infect chickens?
Marek’s Dz ILT
What respiratory virus of chickens can also cause reduced egg production, wrinkled egg shells as well as kidney damage (urolithiasis- nephrotropic virus)?
Infectious Bronchitis
What are the two routes of infection for the reovirus that causes viral arthritis?
Direct Egg transmission
Reovirus has been documented in 2014 to cause arthritis in what poultry species other than chickens?
Turkeys
What term describes the phenomenon of influenza viruses sharing genomic segments in a host cell?
Antigenic shift –> significant feature of Orthomyxovirus
What types of birds have been shown to serve as a long time source and mixing vessel for avian influenza viruses?
Wild Water fowl & Shorebirds
How do the gross lesions of HPAI resemble that of viscerotropic END?
Swollen faces; dark combs, wattles & legs; cyanosis & hemorrhages throughout the internal organs; necrosis of cecal tonsils
What form of avian influenza regularly occurs in Midwest turkey flocks?
Low pathogenicity form LPAI
What two hemagglutinin types of avian influenza virus, when identified, must be reported to the World Health Organization and can result in a ban on export of poultry products to other countries?
Avian Influenza H5 & H7
