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Exotics Master > AVIAN - Dr. Rush only imp pts > Flashcards

AVIAN - Dr. Rush only imp pts Flashcards

1
Q

What is important to note about the shedding of Psittacine Beak and Feather Dz?

A

ALL (+) birds are actively shedding virus whether they are showing signs or not

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2
Q

Pacheco’s DZ - Most common C.S.

A
  • Bright yellow urates
  • Most common C.S = Death
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3
Q

Mortality rate of Diptheritic form of Pox virus

A

Mortality is often high

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4
Q

Fecal Gram Stain

What is normal to see?

A
  • Normal 150 bact/ field (100x)
    • 70% Gram (+) rods
    • 30% Gram (+) cocci
  • More Gram (-) in carnivores
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5
Q

What is important to note about beak trims?

A

Bill Tip Organ = sensitive/nerve endings

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6
Q

Which primary feather do you leave when doing wing trims?

A
  • 10 Primary wing feathers
  • Leave the most distal primary
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7
Q

Who is usually most affected by Avian Polyoma Virus (APV)?

A
  • Budgerigars –> confined to nestlings
  • Dz most typical in nestling parrots

Young birds - hight nestling MORTALITY, fledging morbidity

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8
Q

Are adult birds affected by Avian Polyoma Virus (APV)?

A

Adults may be asymptomatic carriers; they are asymptomatic 99% of the time

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9
Q

C.S. of APV?

A
  • Lethargy, fluffed, delayed crop emptying, sudden death
    • MOST of these birds DIE w/in 24 hrs of C.S (esp the nestlings)
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10
Q

If you suspect a bird has APV, what should you do?

A
  • If suspect APV –> send out Antibody titer
  • **Birds may remain AB (+) for years **
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11
Q

Which birds viruses are ZOONOTIC and REPORTABLE?

A
  • Newcastles (Viscertropic Velogenic Newcastles)
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
  • Avian Influenza
  • West Nile Virus (WNV)
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12
Q

Clinical signs of Newcastle’s Dz

A
  • Bright yellow, green D+
  • Opisthotonos (abnormal posturing due to strong muscle spasms)
  • Torticollis
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13
Q

Tx of Newcastles Dz

A

Symptomatic ONLY and not advised if suspected

Must be reported

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14
Q

Prevention of Newcastle’s Dz

A

Vax is prohibitted in birds entering the US b/c it doesnt eliminate carrier state and happers viral detection during quarantine

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15
Q

What are the 2 forms of Avian Influenza?

A
  • MPAI (Midly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
  • HPAI (Highly Pathogenic A.I)
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16
Q

Which species is more resistance to WNV?

A

Anseriformes (waterfowl)

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17
Q

Prevention of WNV?

A
  • Mosquito control
  • Vaccine for horses
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18
Q

Vaccines available for _____

A
  • Polyoma
  • Pox
  • Pacheco’s
  • EEE
  • WEE
  • WNV
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19
Q

If bird presents with Bright Green Feces, what do you suspect?

A
  • Biliverdinuria (liver dz)
  • Anorexia
  • Metal toxicity
  • Chlamydiophyla
  • E. coli
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20
Q

What type of muscle is foung in the avian eye?

A

Iridial skeletal muscle

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21
Q

What is the patagium?

A

Piece of skin that goes from wrist to the shoulder

(important to passively stretch this in birds that have bandaged wings to prevent contracture)

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22
Q

When conducting an avian fecal gram stain on a normal patient, what should you not see?

A

These should not be seen in a normal bird

  • Budding yeast
  • Gram (-) rods
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23
Q

When conducting a fecal gram stain on a bird with borderline malnutrition, what is expected?

A
  • Few bacteria
  • > 90% G (+) rods
  • < 10% G (+) cocci
  • Occasional G (-) rod
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24
Q

When conducting a fecal gram stain on an abnormal bird, what is expected?

A
  • Many Gram (-) rods or monomorphic bact. pop.
  • Budding yeast or hyphae
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25
Q

If administering Intraosseous fluids to your avian patient, which bones do you want to avoid and why?

A

Do NOT put in humerus of femur b/c part of pneumatic system

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26
Q

If using topical ointments on your avian patient, what do you want to avoid?

A

Avoid topicals with steroids

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27
Q

When is it acceptable to use steroids in birds?

A

Only use steroid if bird in SHOCK, Toxicity, or Nervous System Compromise

(short acting steroids ONLY)

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28
Q

3 causes of anemia in all species (Anemia Rule Outs)

A
  • Hemorrhage
  • Hemolysis
  • Production
    • trauma
    • parasitism
    • toxicity
    • chronic dz
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29
Q

What is the easiest way to monitor fluid administration?

A

Wt. gain

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30
Q

Avian species don’t typically show pain because ____

A

Instinctual stoicism

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31
Q

Transfusion Administration

A
  • 10 - 20% of recipient blood volume
  • 1-2 ml/100g Body Wt
  • **IV, IO **
  • **CRI **
    • 2 mls/min
    • pediatric filter –> doesn’t lyse the cells
    • monitor carefully
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32
Q

Which NSAID is contraindicated in flamingos?

A

Banamine

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33
Q

Characteristics of DMSO

A
  • carrier
  • analfesic
  • anti-inflammatory
34
Q

What is important about using an ET tube in a bird

A

NEVER used CUFFED ET tube in a bird

either used a deflated cuff or a tube without a cuff because birds have fully ringed trachea –> too much pressure –> necrosis

35
Q

What one surgical instrument is absolutely contraindicated to use on a bird that is under anesthesia because may cause bird to explode?

A

electrocartery

36
Q

How do you administer Flouroquinolones to birds?

A

Can give injectable orally

DO NOT give via INJECTION

37
Q

What drug treats Chlamydiphyla?

A

Tetracyclines

38
Q

What is the anti-flagellate used in birds?

What does it treat?

Possible adverse reactions?

A

Metronidazole (Flagell)

Treats Giardia

May cause neuro signs in some species

39
Q

What type tube is used for venipuncture?

A

EDTA (purple top tube)

Lithium heparin tube is used for crows and ravens

40
Q

How much blood can you safely draw from your avian patient?

A

1% of body wt in grams

or

10% of blood volume

41
Q

Vein of choice for venipuncture?

A
  • Jugular
    • right side is always bigger than left
    • tunica muscularis around rt side is better –> helps hold off vein so dont bleed into cervicocephalic airsac
42
Q

Problems associtated with basilic v. venipuncture

A
  • Hematoma formation
  • Collapses easily
43
Q

How do you get your white blood cell count on an avian patient?

A

Has to be done manually b/c nucleated red cells

normal leukocyte count 5,000- 15,000

44
Q

What are the types of avian WBCs?

A
  • Granulocyte
  • Mononuclear cells
45
Q

What is unique about the avian RBC?

Normal PCV?

A

Nucleated

43-55%

46
Q

What is the most numerous inflammatory cell in most avian species?

A

AVIAN HETEROPHIL

Heterophils are the cells most likely smudge when making a smear –> why making correct smear is imp

47
Q

DDx of Marked Monocyte Abnormalities in the ill patient

A
  • Aspergillosis
  • mycobacteriosis
  • chlamydiophylosis
48
Q

Important viruses that causes Lymphocytosis (marked immune stim)

A
  • Cicovirus (PBFD)
  • Polyoma
49
Q

What do value do you look at to assess renal function in birds

A

Uric Acid

no BUN or Creatinine b/c not useful–> look at uric acid to assess renal function

50
Q

What common household agent is toxic to birds if inhaled?

A

Polytetrafluoroethylene C

(Teflon)

51
Q

Where are Carcinomas often found in Birds?

A

Internal organs

52
Q

TX of Carcinomas?

A
  • Solitary → excise
  • Chemo
53
Q

Is Total Bili useful in birds?

A

No

Birds lack bilirubin reductase

No biliverdin test (very short plasma T1/2)

54
Q

Where are SCC often found in birds?

A
  • Mucocutaneous jxns → head, distal wing/phalanges, UP gland
55
Q

In raptors, what can increase the uric acid level?

A

High protein meal consumption

56
Q

What can elevated uric acid levels indicate?

A

extensive proximal tubular damage in severly dehydrated non-carnivorous birds

57
Q

2nd most numerous inflammatory cell

A

Lymphocyte

58
Q

Which 2 birds most commonly get Pituitary Adenomas?

CS?

TX?

A
  • Bugies & Cockatiels
  • Neuro signs
  • + retrobulbar mass
  • Exopthalmia
  • NOT PRACTICAL to TX
59
Q

Is CBC a useful tool in avian medicine?

A

Yes

60
Q

Is serum biochemistry useful?

A

May be if interpreted correctly

61
Q

Zoonotic and Reportable bacterial dz in birds

A

Chlamydiophila

62
Q

Where in the cell is Chlamidiophila psittaci found?

C.S?

DDx:

Tx:

A
  • Intranuclear organism
  • C.S.: URT, depression, anorxia, PU, biliverdinuria, dehydration,dyspnea
  • DDx: Ag/Ab testing; culture of ocular/liver.URT/blood (often difficult)
  • Tx: Doxycycline - injectable formulation must be specific for IM injection; oral tx most commonly used
    • 45 day regimen is recommended
63
Q

Why are ALL seed diets bad for birds?

A

seeds are deficient in Vit. A, Ca2+ & fatty acids

64
Q

Which 2 birds are notorious for “Feather Picking”?

A

CAPTIVE African Greys & Cokatoos

65
Q

Bumblefoot is often associated with

what vitamin deficiency?

A

Vit. A deficiency

66
Q

Which air sac is most commonly ruptured?

Cause?

A
  • Cervicocephalic air sac
  • infection/inflammation OR
  • Trauma
  • Iatrogenic
67
Q

Facts about Aspergillus fumigatus

How do they become infected?

What animals is it most commonly noted in?

C.S

Dx

Tx

A
  • Ubiquitous in environment
  • inhaled spores
  • Most commonly stressed/ill/immunosuppressed individuals
  • C.S: URT/LRT, dypsnea, anorexia, wt loss, secondary to other problems, voice change
  • Dx: absolute monocytosis
  • Tx: Itraconazole; surgical removal
    • nebulization possible
    • No long term curefor the granulomatous dz
68
Q

C.S. of a Ruptured Air Sac?

TX?

A
  • SQ emphysea
  • SX placement of Cutaneous Teflon stent
69
Q

How do you TX a Broken Blood Feather?

(1° feather)

A
  1. Anesthesia
  2. Place forcepts as close to skin as possible → base of the feather shaft
  3. Support bone
  4. Twist & pull shaft from follicle

(only way to stop, bird will bleed out if do anything different)

70
Q

What should you look out for when trimming wing feathers for clients?

A

BEWARE of a feather with a DARK quill

(could be a blood feather)

71
Q

Circulatory parasites of birds

A
  • Heamoproteus
  • Leucocytozoon
  • Plasmodium
  • Atoxoplasma
72
Q

C.S. of Cryptosporidium infections

(Protozoa)

A
  • GI signs
  • Respiratory signs
  • Urinary
  • Canaries & Finches
73
Q

Plasmodium is of concern for which birds in captivity

A

Penguins

74
Q

Cochlosoma (Flagellete) C.S.

A
  • Adult birds are usually asymptomatic carriers
  • Dz most commonly affects young birds 10d - 6w of age
  • Dehydration, D+, undigested food droppings, yellow staining nest/nest mates, death
75
Q

C.S of CHRONIC Toxoplamosis ?

(most are subacute)

A
  • Blindness
  • Ataxia
  • Torticollis
  • Cats in home?
76
Q

What is another name for Syngamus trachea (roundworm)?

Where are the adult worms found?

C.S

Tx

A
  • Gapeworm or Redworm
  • Adult worms live in permanent copulation in lumen of the trachea
  • C/S = head shaking, sometimes see “gaping”
  • Tx: adults can often be pulled from trachea
77
Q

Which Coccidia has its ENTIRE LC in the GIT of birds?

A

Isospora spp.

(UNLIKE Atoxoplasma)

78
Q

How do you Dx tracheal mites in the bird?

A

Visulization of “black spots” within the lumen

79
Q

What Coccida causes “Big Liver Dz”?

A

Atoxoplasma lankastrella

80
Q

What are the 2 types of blood sucking mites in birds?

A
  • Dermanyssus gallinae (red mite)
  • Ornithonyssus sylviarium (northern fowl mite)
81
Q

What parasitic agent causes Palpable Hepatomegaly?

A

Atoxoplamsa

(Big Liver Dz)

82
Q

Can you get rid of Atoxoplamsa?

A
  • NO
  • Can TX w/ Toltrazuril

Exotics Master (22 decks)

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