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AVIAN - Dr. Rush only imp pts Flashcards

1
Q

What is important to note about the shedding of Psittacine Beak and Feather Dz?

A

ALL (+) birds are actively shedding virus whether they are showing signs or not

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2
Q

Pacheco’s DZ - Most common C.S.

A
  • Bright yellow urates
  • Most common C.S = Death
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3
Q

Mortality rate of Diptheritic form of Pox virus

A

Mortality is often high

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4
Q

Fecal Gram Stain

What is normal to see?

A
  • Normal 150 bact/ field (100x)
    • 70% Gram (+) rods
    • 30% Gram (+) cocci
  • More Gram (-) in carnivores
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5
Q

What is important to note about beak trims?

A

Bill Tip Organ = sensitive/nerve endings

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6
Q

Which primary feather do you leave when doing wing trims?

A
  • 10 Primary wing feathers
  • Leave the most distal primary
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7
Q

Who is usually most affected by Avian Polyoma Virus (APV)?

A
  • Budgerigars –> confined to nestlings
  • Dz most typical in nestling parrots

Young birds - hight nestling MORTALITY, fledging morbidity

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8
Q

Are adult birds affected by Avian Polyoma Virus (APV)?

A

Adults may be asymptomatic carriers; they are asymptomatic 99% of the time

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9
Q

C.S. of APV?

A
  • Lethargy, fluffed, delayed crop emptying, sudden death
    • MOST of these birds DIE w/in 24 hrs of C.S (esp the nestlings)
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10
Q

If you suspect a bird has APV, what should you do?

A
  • If suspect APV –> send out Antibody titer
  • **Birds may remain AB (+) for years **
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11
Q

Which birds viruses are ZOONOTIC and REPORTABLE?

A
  • Newcastles (Viscertropic Velogenic Newcastles)
  • Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
  • Avian Influenza
  • West Nile Virus (WNV)
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12
Q

Clinical signs of Newcastle’s Dz

A
  • Bright yellow, green D+
  • Opisthotonos (abnormal posturing due to strong muscle spasms)
  • Torticollis
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13
Q

Tx of Newcastles Dz

A

Symptomatic ONLY and not advised if suspected

Must be reported

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14
Q

Prevention of Newcastle’s Dz

A

Vax is prohibitted in birds entering the US b/c it doesnt eliminate carrier state and happers viral detection during quarantine

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15
Q

What are the 2 forms of Avian Influenza?

A
  • MPAI (Midly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
  • HPAI (Highly Pathogenic A.I)
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16
Q

Which species is more resistance to WNV?

A

Anseriformes (waterfowl)

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17
Q

Prevention of WNV?

A
  • Mosquito control
  • Vaccine for horses
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18
Q

Vaccines available for _____

A
  • Polyoma
  • Pox
  • Pacheco’s
  • EEE
  • WEE
  • WNV
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19
Q

If bird presents with Bright Green Feces, what do you suspect?

A
  • Biliverdinuria (liver dz)
  • Anorexia
  • Metal toxicity
  • Chlamydiophyla
  • E. coli
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20
Q

What type of muscle is foung in the avian eye?

A

Iridial skeletal muscle

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21
Q

What is the patagium?

A

Piece of skin that goes from wrist to the shoulder

(important to passively stretch this in birds that have bandaged wings to prevent contracture)

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22
Q

When conducting an avian fecal gram stain on a normal patient, what should you not see?

A

These should not be seen in a normal bird

  • Budding yeast
  • Gram (-) rods
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23
Q

When conducting a fecal gram stain on a bird with borderline malnutrition, what is expected?

A
  • Few bacteria
  • > 90% G (+) rods
  • < 10% G (+) cocci
  • Occasional G (-) rod
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24
Q

When conducting a fecal gram stain on an abnormal bird, what is expected?

A
  • Many Gram (-) rods or monomorphic bact. pop.
  • Budding yeast or hyphae
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25
If administering **Intraosseous fluids** to your avian patient, which **bones do you want to avoid and why**?
Do NOT put in **humerus of femur b/c part of pneumatic system**
26
If using topical ointments on your avian patient, what do you want to avoid?
Avoid topicals with steroids
27
When is it acceptable to use steroids in birds?
Only use steroid if bird in SHOCK, Toxicity, or Nervous System Compromise (short acting steroids ONLY)
28
3 causes of anemia in all species (Anemia Rule Outs)
* Hemorrhage * Hemolysis * Production * trauma * parasitism * toxicity * chronic dz
29
What is the easiest way to monitor fluid administration?
Wt. gain
30
Avian species don't typically show pain because \_\_\_\_
Instinctual stoicism
31
Transfusion Administration
* **10 - 20% of recipient blood volume** * 1-2 ml/100g Body Wt * **IV, IO ** * **CRI ** * 2 mls/min * pediatric filter --\> doesn't lyse the cells * monitor carefully
32
Which NSAID is contraindicated in flamingos?
Banamine
33
Characteristics of DMSO
* carrier * analfesic * anti-inflammatory
34
What is important about using an ET tube in a bird
NEVER used CUFFED ET tube in a bird either used a deflated cuff or a tube without a cuff because birds have fully ringed trachea --\> too much pressure --\> necrosis
35
What one surgical instrument is absolutely contraindicated to use on a bird that is under anesthesia because may cause bird to explode?
electrocartery
36
How do you administer Flouroquinolones to birds?
Can give injectable orally DO NOT give via INJECTION
37
What drug treats Chlamydiphyla?
Tetracyclines
38
What is the anti-flagellate used in birds? What does it treat? Possible adverse reactions?
Metronidazole (Flagell) Treats Giardia May cause neuro signs in some species
39
What type tube is used for venipuncture?
**EDTA** (purple top tube) ## Footnote Lithium heparin tube is used for crows and ravens
40
How much blood can you safely draw from your avian patient?
1% of body wt in grams or 10% of blood volume
41
Vein of choice for venipuncture?
* **Jugular** * right side is always bigger than left * tunica muscularis around rt side is better --\> helps hold off vein so dont bleed into cervicocephalic airsac
42
Problems associtated with basilic v. venipuncture
* Hematoma formation * Collapses easily
43
How do you get your white blood cell count on an avian patient?
Has to be done manually b/c nucleated red cells ## Footnote normal leukocyte count 5,000- 15,000
44
What are the types of avian WBCs?
* Granulocyte * Mononuclear cells
45
What is unique about the avian RBC? ## Footnote Normal PCV?
Nucleated ## Footnote 43-55%
46
What is the most numerous inflammatory cell in most avian species?
AVIAN HETEROPHIL Heterophils are the cells most likely smudge when making a smear --\> why making correct smear is imp
47
DDx of Marked Monocyte Abnormalities in the ill patient
* Aspergillosis * mycobacteriosis * chlamydiophylosis
48
Important viruses that causes Lymphocytosis (marked immune stim)
* Cicovirus (PBFD) * Polyoma
49
What do value do you look at to assess renal function in birds
**Uric Acid** no BUN or Creatinine b/c not useful--\> look at uric acid to assess renal function
50
What common household agent is toxic to birds if inhaled?
Polytetrafluoroethylene C | (Teflon)
51
Where are Carcinomas often found in Birds?
Internal organs
52
TX of Carcinomas?
* Solitary → excise * Chemo
53
Is Total Bili useful in birds?
No Birds lack bilirubin reductase No biliverdin test (very short plasma T1/2)
54
Where are SCC often found in birds?
* Mucocutaneous jxns → head, distal wing/phalanges, UP gland
55
In raptors, what can increase the uric acid level?
High protein meal consumption
56
What can elevated uric acid levels indicate?
extensive proximal tubular damage in severly dehydrated non-carnivorous birds
57
2nd most numerous inflammatory cell
Lymphocyte
58
Which 2 birds most commonly get Pituitary Adenomas? CS? TX?
* Bugies & Cockatiels * Neuro signs * _+_ retrobulbar mass * Exopthalmia * NOT PRACTICAL to TX
59
Is CBC a useful tool in avian medicine?
Yes
60
Is serum biochemistry useful?
May be if interpreted correctly
61
Zoonotic and Reportable bacterial dz in birds
Chlamydiophila
62
Where in the cell is Chlamidiophila psittaci found? C.S? DDx: Tx:
* Intranuclear organism * C.S.: URT, depression, anorxia, PU, biliverdinuria, dehydration,dyspnea * DDx: Ag/Ab testing; culture of ocular/liver.URT/blood (often difficult) * Tx: Doxycycline - injectable formulation must be specific for IM injection; oral tx most commonly used * 45 day regimen is recommended
63
Why are ALL seed diets bad for birds?
seeds are deficient in Vit. A, Ca2+ & fatty acids
64
Which 2 birds are notorious for "Feather Picking"?
CAPTIVE African Greys & Cokatoos
65
Bumblefoot is often associated with what vitamin deficiency?
Vit. A deficiency
66
Which air sac is most commonly ruptured? Cause?
* Cervicocephalic air sac * infection/inflammation OR * Trauma * Iatrogenic
67
Facts about **Aspergillus fumigatus** How do they become infected? What animals is it most commonly noted in? C.S Dx Tx
* **Ubiquitous** in environment * inhaled spores * Most commonly stressed/ill/immunosuppressed individuals * C.S: URT/LRT, dypsnea, anorexia, wt loss, secondary to other problems, **voice change** * Dx: absolute monocytosis * Tx: Itraconazole; surgical removal * nebulization possible * **No long term curefor the granulomatous** dz
68
C.S. of a Ruptured Air Sac? TX?
* SQ emphysea * SX placement of Cutaneous Teflon stent
69
How do you TX a Broken Blood Feather? | (1° feather)
1. Anesthesia 2. Place forcepts as close to skin as possible → base of the feather shaft 3. Support bone 4. Twist & pull shaft from follicle ## Footnote (only way to stop, bird will bleed out if do anything different)
70
What should you look out for when trimming wing feathers for clients?
BEWARE of a feather with a DARK quill | (could be a blood feather)
71
Circulatory parasites of birds
* Heamoproteus * Leucocytozoon * Plasmodium * Atoxoplasma
72
C.S. of *Cryptosporidium* infections | (Protozoa)
* GI signs * Respiratory signs * Urinary * Canaries & Finches
73
Plasmodium is of concern for which birds in captivity
Penguins
74
Cochlosoma (Flagellete) C.S.
* Adult birds are usually asymptomatic carriers * Dz most commonly affects young birds 10d - 6w of age * Dehydration, D+, undigested food droppings, yellow staining nest/nest mates, death
75
C.S of **CHRONIC** Toxoplamosis ? | (most are subacute)
* Blindness * Ataxia * Torticollis * Cats in home?
76
What is another name for Syngamus trachea (roundworm)? Where are the adult worms found? C.S Tx
* Gapeworm or Redworm * Adult worms live in permanent copulation in lumen of the trachea * C/S = head shaking, sometimes see "gaping" * Tx: adults can often be pulled from trachea
77
Which *Coccidia* has its **ENTIRE LC in the GIT** of birds?
***Isospora* spp.** ## Footnote (UNLIKE Atoxoplasma)
78
How do you Dx tracheal mites in the bird?
Visulization of "black spots" within the lumen
79
What *Coccida* causes **"Big Liver Dz"**?
*Atoxoplasma lankastrella*
80
What are the 2 types of blood sucking mites in birds?
* Dermanyssus gallinae (red mite) * Ornithonyssus sylviarium (northern fowl mite)
81
What parasitic agent causes **Palpable Hepatomegaly**?
*Atoxoplamsa* | (Big Liver Dz)
82
Can you get rid of *Atoxoplamsa*?
* NO * Can TX w/ Toltrazuril

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