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Exotics Master > Fish (KP) > Flashcards

Fish (KP) Flashcards

1
Q

Skin response to Bacterial injury?

A
  • Aeromonas & Vibrio → dermal localization → ulceration
  • Flavobacterium → Yellow pigmented bacteria → ulceration, yellow skin
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2
Q

Which fish tissues are capable of extreme regeneration w/ little to no scarring?

TQ

A

Cariac

Muscle

Retina

Skin

CNS

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3
Q

How much of the Gills do you have to lose before you see clinical signs?

(TQ)

A

50%

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4
Q

What are the gills responsible for & can be effected during gill insult?

(TQ)

A
  • Gas Exchange
  • Acid/base balance
  • Osmoregulation
  • Excretion of ammonia & carbon dioxide
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5
Q

How do gills respond to chronic injury?

TQ

A

Hypertrophy of the epthelial cells & fusion of the lamaelli →

increases gas diffusion distance & turbulence over the gills

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6
Q

Where does inflammation occur in the gills?

A

Mostly in the central venous sinuses b/c of large # of inflammatory cells

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7
Q

What is a Chaetoceros?

How does it harm the gills?

TQ

A
  • Filamentous diatom with backward pointing spines
    • act like burrs & fish can’t remove on it’s own
  • Cause physical damage & severe acute bronchitis
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8
Q

What is a common bacterial gill disease?

Where does it cause infection?

What drugs help?

A
  • Flavobacterium branchiophilum
  • Superficial infection of the surface of gills
  • NSAIDs - b/c prostaglandin-mediated vasoconstriction in gills
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9
Q

What is the anatomy of the fish heart?

TQ

A
  • Single chambered system
    • Atrium
    • Ventricle
    • Bulbus arteriosus
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10
Q

What is the difference between fast swimming & slow swimming fish hearts?

TQ

A
  • Fast swimming →ventricle has a compact outer layer→ coronary blood vessels ⇒ aerobic oxidative metabolism
  • Slow swimming →Spongy layer only →no coronary blood vessels →glycolytic metabolism
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11
Q

In a fish what is CO more depenent on?

CO = SV * HR

TQ

A

Stoke Volume (SV)

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12
Q

What can cause cataracts in fish eyes?

TQ

A
  • Toxins from bacteria
  • Eye flukes - Diplostomum flexicaudatum
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13
Q

What are the factors that cause gas bubble disease in fish?

What does it do to the fish?

What can help prevent it?

TQ

A
  • Causes:
    • Rapid increase in water temp or rapid decrease in pressure
    • Drop in pressure experienced by blood passing across gills
  • Gas bubbles cause emboli in the vessels of the gills, chorioid gland (eye), pseudobranch & elsewhere
  • Prevented by aerating the water
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14
Q

What is most of the kidney made up of?

TQ

A

Hemopoietic tissue

(main hemopoietic organ)

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15
Q

What is different about the fish kidney as compared to mammals?

TQ

A
  • Kidney in fish = liver in mammals
  • Fish kidney has no cortex or medulla (so no LOH) → can’t concentrate urine like mammals
  • Renal portal MØs → act to phagocytoses foreign substances
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16
Q

Which can fish tolerate better?

A rise or drop in water temp?

TQ

A
  • Drop in water temp
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17
Q

Warm water holds less O2 than cold.

How can this be harmful to the fish?

TQ

A
  • Increases in water temp → increase in metabolism → increased metabolic/developmental rate → increase in O2 demand
    • Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections
  • Once fish can no longer extract enough O2 ⇒ respiratory distress syndrome
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18
Q

What can happen to your eggs/fry kept in water that is too warm?

TQ

A
  • Spinal abnormalities
  • cardiac abnormalities
  • increase suceptibility to bacterial diseases
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19
Q

NH3 + H2O ⇔ NH4+ + OH-

pH & Temperature determine which way this equation goes

What will increase the amount of free ammonia (NH3)?

What will increase the amount of ionized ammonia (NH4+)?

TQ

A
  • Increases in pH shift the equation to the left = more free ammonia = danger
  • Increases in Temp. shift the eqation to the left = more free ammonia = danger
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20
Q

But wait…gills secrete ammonia, how come it doesn’t hurt the fish?

A

Gills also secrete CO2

  • CO2 +H2O → H2CO3 (carbonic acid) → Lowers pH = protective mechanism
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21
Q

Is an increased amount of ammonia secreted by the gills damaging to the fish?

A

Nope

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22
Q

Is an increase in ammonia in the body damaging to the fish?

A

Yep = interference with neurtransmitters = coma

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23
Q

What is the nitrification cycle?

How is it accomplished?

A
  • Ammonium → Nitrite → Nitrate
  • Bacteria in the environment
    • Nitrosomonas converts Ammonium → Nitrite
    • Nitrobactor converts Nitrite →Nitrate
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24
Q

What is the impact of too much CO2?

TQ

A
  • Impacts the carbonic anhydrase system → metabolic acidosis → impacts gas excretion into swim bladder (distention) and eye (exophthalmos)
    • STOP FEEDING THE GOLDFISH!!!
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25
Q

What is hemorrhagic septicemia and in what fish would you find it?

A
  • Acute gram neg bacterial dz associated with high water temps
  • Bacteria have long filamentous structure
  • Fresh water fish
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26
Q

What will you see in a fish

with hemorrhagic septicemia?

A
  • Hemorrhagic necrosis of hematopoetic tissue, kidney, spleen & intestinal mucosa
    • Congestion at base of fins & around vent
    • Intussesception
    • Swollen soft kidney & spleen
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27
Q

What 3 things are responsible for hemorrhagic septicemia?

A
  • Aeromonas hydrophilia → Zoonotic, FWF
  • Aeromonas samonicida
    • Furunculosis in salmonids & goldfish
  • Pasteurellosis→ “Yellow tail” in Japan
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28
Q

What bacteria is responsible for atypical bacterial dz in fish?

Why is it atypical?

A

Pseudomonas

Atypical because

  • hemorrhagic septicemia more common in marine environment and low temps
  • does not have long filamentous structures
    • Causes lethargy, sleepiness & stumpy gills
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29
Q

Yellow pigmented bacterial Dz or myxobacterial dz is caused by what types of gram negative bacteria?

A
  • Flavobacterium columnare (columnaris Dz)→ fresh water
  • Tenacibaculum → saltwater (jellyfish mouths)
  • Flavobacterium branchiophilum → Bacterial gill Dz
  • Flavobacterium psychrophilum → BacT Cold water Dz
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30
Q

What is the most important yellow pigmented bacterial Dz of fish?

A

Columnaris Dz (Flavobacterium columnare)

  • Necrotizing dermatitis @ > 18*C
    • Saddle patch lesion around dorsal fin
    • Cotton-wool mouth
    • Gills
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31
Q

What is peduncle Dz?

A
  • bacteral cold water Dz caused by flavobacterium psychropilum
    • Tail rot
    • loss of scales & severe dermis erosions on peduncle
    • necrotic myositis
32
Q

What gram positive bacteria casue bacterial kidney dz in fish?

A
  • Renibacterium salmoniarum → kidney & liver→spawning rash
  • Streptococcus iniae → Caribbean → ZOONOTIC
  • Vibrio
  • Tuberculosis→acid fast Mycobacterium marinum→ ZOONOTIC
    • Skin lesions = miliary granulomas (TQ)
  • Francisella (not tularenis)
  • Edwardsiella → Enteric Septicemia
33
Q

What causes Tuberculosis in fish

what does it look like?

How can it be diagnosed how?

What do you have to be careful off?

TQ

A
  • Mycobaterium marinum
  • Very common in freshwater fish
    • scales stand up & fish cannot get rid of water →ranal insuffeciency
  • Impression smears & acid fast staining
  • ZOONOTIC → skin lesions → Miliary granulomas
34
Q

What causes white spot dz in vietnamese catfish and what are the lesions?

A
  • Edwardiella ictaluri (enteric septicemia)
  • Multifocal granulomas
35
Q

What viruses does the OIE recoginse as important?

A
  • Infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN)
  • Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS)
  • Spring Viremia of Carp (SVP)
36
Q

What 7 viral Dz of fish are notifiable according to the OIE?

(Know the US ones)

A
  • Infectious Hemoatopoietic Necrosis (IHN) - Pacific Northwest
  • Spring Viremia of Carp (SVC) - Great Lakes
  • Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA)
  • Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS)- USA great lakes
  • Epizootic Hematopoietic Necrosis (EHN) - Down Unda
  • Oncorhynchus masou virus (Herpes salmonis serotype2) - Oncogenic
  • Koi herpesvirus (CH3)
37
Q

What does Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) do to fish?

A
  • Catarrhal enteritis
  • Exocrine pancreatic necrosis
  • Hepatic necrosis esp. in young fish
38
Q

What are the Rhabdoviruses important in fish?

A
  • Infectious hematopoietic necrosis - N. America, Europe
    • Severe necrosis of melanomacrophage in renal interstitial hematopoietic tissue
  • Viral Hemorrhagic Speticemia - European version of IHN
      • hemorrhage
  • Spring Viremia of Carp
39
Q

WHat are the Cyprinid Herpeis viruses? (3)

A
  • Cyprind herpes 1 → Carp Pox (not a pox virus since its listed under herpes duh)
  • Cyprind herpes 2 → Goldfish herpes virus
  • Cyprind herpes 3 → Koi herpes virus
40
Q

What do the Cyprinid herpesviruses do to fishes?

A
  • Targest skin & gills
  • Causes inclusion bodies
  • HIGH MORTALITY
  • Secondary Columnaris disease - koi- dz of gills
41
Q

What is Lymphocystis and what are the two types?

A

Iridovirus Infection

  • Superficial → dermal infection targeting fibroblasts = become massively enlarged
    • Mainly skin - especially fins
    • causes cytomegaly of skin cells
    • doesn’t kill fish
  • Systemic
    • Causes cytomegalic cells
42
Q

What dz causes chronic fatigue syndrome in fishes?

A
  • Alphavirus
    • Salmon - Pancreas Dz
    • Trout - Sleeping Dz
      • rhabdomyopathy: lesions starting in heart & skeletal (striated & red mm)
      • Especially severe in trout - cant maintain position in water
      • muscle will repair & regenerate itself
43
Q

What virus causes Infectious Salmon Anemia & what does it do to fish?

A
  • Orthomyxovirus
  • Necrosis of liver
  • Most blood pools in liver - “lacking blood”
  • pale gills
44
Q

What are the 3 viral Dz where there are heart lesions?

A
  • HSMI - Heart & Skeletal Muscle Inflammation
    • Peritoneal cavity w/ blood tinged fluid, patchy pallor in liver, skeletal mm lesions, NO pancreatic involvment
  • Cardiomyopathy Syndrome
    • Rupture of atrium or complete CVS failure - lesions in spongy myocardium
    • Totiviridae in big fat healthy fish NO pancreatic involvment
  • Pancrease Dz
45
Q

What virus causes Viral Encephalopathy & retinoopathy (VER)?

A
  • Nodavirus aka vacuolating encephalopathy aka spongiform encephalopathy
    • vacuolar degeration of brain & retina
    • comon in farmed fish
    • pigmentation with clinical signs of abnormal swimming
46
Q

What causes walleye dermal fibrosarcoma?

A

Retrovirus associated dermal fibrosis

47
Q

What species would you see retrovirus associated lymphoma?

A

Pike and muskiesrus

48
Q

What is the only example of a metastatic fish tumor?

A

Aflatoxin induced hepatic carcinoma

49
Q

What type of fish are most suseptible to alflatoxin induced hepatic carcinomas and what fugal infection does it result from?

A
  • Salmonids & hybridized fish
  • Aspergillus flavus
50
Q

What is not a tumor but could be confused as one?

A

Goiters - thyroid is not encapsulated (most spp) so with hyperplasia you will find follicles all over the place

51
Q

What is “ich” ichthyophthirius multifiliis?

A
  • A parasite of fish that causes white spots that appear superficial but are below the epidermis
  • coffee-ground-like cytoplasm with horseshoe shaped micronucleus
  • can be costly and dangerous in koi- flagellated
52
Q

What do colonial parasistes indicate?

A

They are commensals and indicate low water quality

53
Q

What parasite can cause protein losing enteropathy in fish?

A
  • Heamita, spironucleus
    • 4 pair flagella
    • can go systemic
    • can get 2º bacT infections
54
Q

What are myxozoa what do they cause and how are they classified?

A
  • White muscle lesions
  • Extracellular parasites
  • classified by spores
    • Hitozoic = within tissue = more damaging
    • Coelozoic = with in caviites
55
Q

What is a notifiable parasitic dz or fish?

A

Whirling Dz of trout - Myxobolus cerebralis

56
Q

What is the IH of myxobolus cerebralis and what are the lesions?

A
  • IH = oligochaete worm Tubifex
  • Targets cartilage of head adn spine
    • mostly yound=g fish
57
Q

What causes Proliferative Kidney Dz?

A

The pre-spore stage of a myxosporean

58
Q

What are the lesions of proliferative kidney disease and when does it occur?

IH?

A
  • Kidney swells & fish die of myelopthisis like anemia
    • parasites are in the hematopoietic tissue of kidney & spleen
  • Occurs at 15*C and above
  • IH bryozoa
59
Q

What tiny intracellular parasite is acid fast?

A

Microsporidia

60
Q

What are the two classes of flukes that infect fish and what do they cause?

A
  • Class Monogenea
    • Move around vigorousley
  • Class Digenea
    • Larval digeneans - black spot dz- host melanin response
    • Diplostomum spathaceum -eye fluke- larval stage
61
Q

What is a zoonotic roundworm (nematode) that fish get?

A
  • Codworm
    • causes gastric granulomas - cooking/freezing kills it
62
Q

What type of parasite is the most devastating of freshwater fish?

How do you TX?

A
  • Crustation parasistes - O. copepoda (Anchor worm)
    • mature female is usually seen attached to fish
  • Infeed Ivermectin, organophospates or pick off w/ tweezers
63
Q

Which type of fish have thicker epidermis?

TQ

A

Scaleless fish

64
Q

Where do the lateral line sensory canales join with those on the head?

A

Supra and infra optic areas

65
Q

How do gills effeciently extract O2 from the water?

A

Via counter current exchange between water flow over gills and blood flow

66
Q

What part of the gills does most of the blood go through?

TQ

A

Central venous sinus

67
Q

What do diffuse change in the gills indicate?

A

Most likely a toxic issue and indicates poor water quality

68
Q

What typically causes infarction in the gills?

TQ

A

Fungl infections or bacterial infarctions

69
Q

Can clubbing of the gills be seen with the naked eye?

What can cause it?

TQ

A
  • Yes → multifocal lesions
  • Cochiopodium (an amoeba)
70
Q

What is the major type of fish farming?

TQ

A

Cage culture

71
Q

What are fish important?

TQ

A
  • pets
  • monitors of environmental health
  • lab animals
72
Q

Fish dont have eyelids so how do they control light coming into eye?

TQ

A
  • By using melanin from RPE is pumped up and around the photoreceptors
    • takes 30min-1hr
  • Daytime - photoreceptors contracted into RPA
  • Nightime - melanin contricted back into RPE
73
Q

What are the clinical signs of Orange chomide iridovirus?

A
  • congestion around head
  • purple color enlarged cells in microscope
74
Q

What causes Strawberry Dz?

What lesions do you see?

A
  • 2°ary Crycropalum infection
  • Full thickness, non-neutrophilic dermatitis
75
Q

What 2 bacteria have vaccines available to protect fish?

A
  • V. anguillarum
  • V. somonicida

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