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Exotics Master > Fish (MC) > Flashcards

Fish (MC) Flashcards

1
Q

Damage to the dermis/epidermis leads to damage of what underlying structure?

A

scales

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2
Q

**Response to insult - impact upon what 4 things

A

Ammonia excretion Gas exchange Acid-Base balance Salt Regulation

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3
Q

***Where would you want to look for pathogens that are systemic or affect the tail? Why?

A
  • Look at the kidney
    • Sinusoids of anterior kidney and peritubular capillaries are lined by renal portal MOs
      • which pick up most of the pathogens in the body and from the tail
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4
Q

Which heart layer contains coronary blood vessels? What types of fish is it best developed for?

A

Compact layer Fast-swimming, active fish

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5
Q

Spongy heart does not contain coronary blood vessels so it uses venous blood instead of oxygenated blood. Which metabolic pathway does it use?

A

Glycolytic

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6
Q

In fish, Cardiac Output is more of a fnx of ___________

A

more a fnx of stroke volume than heart rate

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7
Q

***Does ammonia by itself damage gills?

A

NO fish can adjust to increase ammonia levels; can lead to coma

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8
Q

***Why is it best to have a hospital tank set up to tx fish instead of treating the tank they are in most of the time?

A

B/c when you treat the tank –> treat filtration system –> fish may survive dz but then die from water quality problems

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9
Q

***What are the levels of free vs. ionized ammonia dependent upon

A

Dependent upon temp & pH

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10
Q

How can you remove chlorine from water

A

Aeration Zeolites (clays) Activated charcoals

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11
Q

What are melanomacrophages? Where are they found?

A

“cellular trashcans” –> lock away AG, dead cells Found in places w/high cellular turnover (spleen, kidney, liver, ovary hematopoietic tissue)

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12
Q

What is the function of retinal pigmented epithelium

A

Controls the amt of light (photoreceptors encased in melanin –> protects during day)

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13
Q

How can you tell if a fish dies in the day? night?

A

Day - photoreceptors will be tall Night - photoreceptors will be short

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14
Q

Fish tissues that regenerate

A

Muscle & Cardiac Myocytes CNS Retina

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15
Q

When does supersaturation of water occur?

A

Rapid increase in water temp or decrease pressure

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16
Q

What causes gas bubble dz? Tx?

A

Water is supersaturated w/gas Oxygen or Nitrogen –> bubbles of gas in blood cause emboli in vessels of gills, pseudo branch, &choroid gland Tx: Vigorous aeration or agitation

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17
Q

Nitrite causes _______

A

suffocation by irreversibly binding Oxygen (via methhemaglobin)

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18
Q

What agent is responsible for characteristic “hole in head”/white spot dz

A

Edwardsiella ictaluri

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19
Q

What agent is responsible for gas filled dermal & muscular lesions; emphysematous = putrid

A

Edwardsiella tarda

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20
Q

Atypical bacterial gill dz is a condition commonly affecting _____.

C/S? Lesions?

A
  • salmonids in low water temperatures
  • C/S: Lethargy/”Sleepy”, decreased fright response, will still eat
  • Lesions: atrophied/”stumpy” lamellae covered in Pseudomonas
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21
Q

Why is nitrite not as big of a concern in salt water fish?

A

Cl- competes w/nitrite in gills

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22
Q

What causes respiratory distress syndrome

A

In warm or polluted waters, where O2 levels are low, the cost of extraction by the gills may be too high (the energy required for ventilation exceeds that released by the O2 so obtained)

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23
Q

What happens if there is a build up of CO2

A

Acidiosis–> increased gas levels (swim bladder & choroid) Exophthalmia Distended swim bladder Won’t submerge properly

24
Q

What agent is responsible for Hemorrhagic Septicemia Dz

A

Aeromonas hydrophila

25
Q

What agent is responsible for Furunculosis

A

Aeromonas salmonicidia

26
Q

Pathognomonic for Furunculosis

A

Cardiomyopathy (will see bact. in spleen, kidney, and heart)

27
Q

Function of gills

A

Respiration Osmoregulation Acid-Base balance Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste Salt Regulation

28
Q

***Where is a good place to look for inflammation in gills?

A

Central venous sinus of filaments (can see neutrophils pouring out)

29
Q

What is unique about the endocardial cells lining the trabecular

A

They increase surface area, highly phagocytic & have CYP-450

30
Q

Most common cause of cataracts

A

zinc deficiency

31
Q

2 most important dz affecting Koi

A

Costia (Icthyobodo neator)

32
Q

Parasites restricted to GI –> PLE –> protein casts

A

Hexamitids salmonis

33
Q

What does histozoic & coelozoic mean? Which is more damaging?

A

Histozoic –> w/in tissue –> more damaging Coelozoic –> w/in cavities & lumens

34
Q

***What feature allows Gyrodactylids to multiply fast?

A

Some are viviparous –> they give live birth –> can multiply fast

35
Q

***Which is more problematic: adult cestodes or larval cestodes?

A

larval cestodes

36
Q

What causes coffee ground nucleus w/dark cytoplasm w/in skin/gill epithelium and affected fish seem agitated and exhibit flashing? What is the major issue with this?

A

Ichthyophthirius multifillis/Ich/White spot Breaks osmoregulation of tissue

37
Q

***Fish tumors do NOT metastasize EXCEPT ________

A

Aflatoxin induced hepatic carcinoma

38
Q

Reportable dz that invades the cartilage of head & spine –> labyrinth involvement –> whirling & spinal deformities

A

Myxobolus cerebralis (Whirling Dz)

39
Q

What measures can be taken to prevent Whirling Dz?

A

parasites are mud dwelling –> keep young fish in concrete pond until >6m & cartilage ossifies to bone

40
Q

What can occur if O. pseudophyllidea cestodes get too large?

A

pressure necrosis of visceral organs & parasitic castration

41
Q

Causes gastric granulomas in people

A

Anisakis and Pseudoterronova

42
Q

Viruses reportable to OIE

A

IHN (Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis) VHS (Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia) ISA (Infectious Salmon Anemia) EHN (Epizootic Hematopoietic Necrosis) SVC (Spring Viremia of Carp) Oncorrhynchus Masou Virus (Herp 2) Koi Herpes

43
Q

Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) path.

A

Necrosis of pancreatic acinar cells & mesenteric fat

44
Q

IPN C/S

A

Anorexia, darkening, distended abdomen , exophthalmia NO myocarditis

45
Q

Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN) causes

A

acute necrosis of all cell types in the kidney and spleen Classic lesion - Melanomacrophages are totally necrotic in kidney

46
Q

Causes viral encephalopathy vacular degeneration in brain and retina

A

Nodavirus (like BSE)

47
Q

Causes hemorrhage in muscle as well as other places like choroid gland and heart –> exophthalmia and vascular damage

A

Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS)

48
Q

Carp Pox agent? Koi Herp agent?

A

Carp pox - Herp 1 Koi herp - Herp 3

49
Q

1 of 2 top dz in Koi; high mortality

A

Koi Herp

50
Q

Very common, doesn’t kill; iridovirus is the agent

A

Lymphocytosis

51
Q

Lymphocytosis pathogenesis –> C/S

A

fibroblast replicate in dermis –> cytomegaly - grapelike clusters of cysts on skin

52
Q

Alphavirus cause what dz in salt water fish? What is the “equivalent” in fresh water fish?

A

Pancrease Dz Sleeping Dz - freshwater

53
Q

Alphavirus in pancreas dz causes

A

loss exocrine pancreas rhabdomyopathy - heart and skeletal muscle

54
Q

Low Vit E associated with alpha virus leads to

A

oxidative stress

55
Q

The difference b/w pancreas dz and sleeping dz beside salt vs fresh water is that sleeping dz has really severe ____

A

red muscle necrosis (heart and skeletal)

56
Q

Infectious Salmon Anemia causes

A

hepatonecrosis, interstitial hemorrhage, & acute coagulative kidney tubular necrosis

Exotics Master (22 decks)

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