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Public Health > Population Growth and its consequences > Flashcards

Population Growth and its consequences Flashcards

1
Q

Since reaching 1billion pop. in 1800 what have we seen

A

exponential growth over the last 2 centuries

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2
Q

what is the rule of 70

A

Also referred to doubling time, divide 70 by the expected rate of growth an estimate in years is produced

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3
Q

what is population growth rate

A

rare at which no. individuals increases in a population over a given time. currently 1.09% a decrease foremother years

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4
Q

population is affected by what 3factors

A

births
deaths
migration(for country or regions)

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5
Q

crude birth or death rate =

A

no./1000peopl/year

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6
Q

what is replacement level fertilitiy

A

no. kids a couple has to replace themselves, 2.1 in high and 2.5 in low middle economic countries

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7
Q

why is replacement level fertility higher in lower economic countries

A

as some females die before reproductive years

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8
Q

what is total fertility rate

A

average no. kids born if a woman passed through reproductive years 15-44
latest estimate 2.4 uk-1.7

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9
Q

what are some factors effecting birth rate

A 
education/affluence 
labour force
urbanisation
education and employment for women
age of marriage
birth control availability
religion and culture
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10
Q

some factors effecting death rate

A 
sanitation
nutrition
disease
income
urbanisation
education
health care
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11
Q

what is neo- malthusianism

A

pessimistic view on population growth, leads to unsustainable pressure on resources

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12
Q

anti-malthusianism

A

optimistic, human ingenuity will enable us to find solutions

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13
Q

hans rosling possibilitist idea

A

raise global standard of living means people have less children

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14
Q

what is demographic transition

A

from high birth and high death rates to low birth and low death rates as country becomes an industrialised economic system

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15
Q

differences after a demographic transition

A

lower birth and death rates
higher life expectancy
larger population
population growth low or declining]

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16
Q

what is epidemiological transition

A

long term shift in disease pattern form infectious towards degenerative

17
Q

4 stages of demographic transition

A

1-pre modern
2-urbanising and industrialising
3-mature industrial
4-post industrial

18
Q

key aspects of stage 1

A

high birth, infant mortality rate and death rate
young population
children as ‘insurance’
limited female education

19
Q

key aspects of stage 2

A

death rates decrease rapidly
decrease in disease deaths and in infant mortality rates
still high birth rate

20
Q

key aspects stage 3

A 
growth levels off n stabilises
education for women
access to contraception
urbanisation increases cost of having children
ageing population
21
Q

key aspects stage 4

A

low birth and death rates birth rates may drop below replacement rates
older age structure

22
Q

proposed stage 5 aspects

A

industrial to service industry
below replacement rates
emigration
population decline

23
Q

problems with demographic transition model

A

its complex not unidirectional and some countries take different paths
ie japan accelerated model

24
Q

compression of mortality

A

more people die at small window at the upper limit of life

25
Q

compression of morbidity

A

optimistic
live long healthy life die after short period of ill health
not likely as health declines gradually over years

26
Q

extension of morbidity

A

people live longer but still in a long physiological state of decline with age leading to poor function and disease

27
Q

evolutionary ageing

A

fewer beneficial genes for older age as reproduction happens young

28
Q

wear and tear

A

body as a mechanical system breaks down over use

29
Q

healthy ageing

A

slowing the rate of decline as age is associated with progressive generalised impairment of function

30
Q

ER

life expectancy is different from life span, what have we seen in regards to this

A

upper limit of human life span not increasing rapidly, but more people are living longer increasing life expectancy
also many ‘natural deaths’ are hidden within complication or disease statistics

31
Q

ER

Compression of morbidity aims to

A

compress the period of disease or senescence which in turn could reduce medical costs and have reduced illness burden on society

32
Q

ER

smokers and drinkers often cost how much more than moderate users

A

4x more and tend to die earlier

33
Q

ER

older populations are growing rapidly in which countries

A

at the moment europe has highest median age but in developing countries the ageing population is on track to explode over the next few decades especially in subsaharan africa

Public Health (13 decks)

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