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ECOLOGY LECT > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Things you should know (3)

A
  1. How density, dispersion and demographics can
    describe a population.
  2. The differences between exponential and
    logistical models of population growth.
  3. How density-dependent and density-idenpendent
    factors can control population growth.
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1
Q

Levels of Complexity (5)

A

Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

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2
Q

Group of individuals of same species in same area at same time.

Often described by their boundaries and size

A

Population

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3
Q

Rely on same resources
Interact
Interbreed

A

Population

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4
Q

Study the factors that cause population to increase and decrease (3)

A

Input Immigration & Births
>
Population Size
> Output Emigration & Deaths

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5
Q

Why population Ecology? (2)

A

Scientific goal: understanding the factors that influences the size of populations

Practical goal: management of populations

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6
Q

Under scientific goal of population ecology (2)

A

General principles
Specific cases

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7
Q

Under practical goal of population ecology (3)

A

Increase population size (endangered species)
Decrease population size (pests)
Maintain population size (fisheries management)

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8
Q

Factors that affect Population size (3)

A

Abiotic factors
Biotic factors (behavior/interactions): other livign organisms
Intrinsic factors (adaptations)

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9
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Sunlight and Temperature
Precipitation and water
Soil and Nutrients

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10
Q

Biotic factors

A

Prey (food)
Competitiors
Predators, Parasites, Disease

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11
Q

Characterize Population: Range
Geographical Limitations

A

Abiotic and biotic factors

Habitat

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12
Q

Characterize Population: Density

A

Add: immigration, births.
Remove: emigration, deaths.

Sampling techniques more common: mark and recapture

Rare: count all individuals. Difficult to count a moving target.

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13
Q

Number of individuals per unit area of volume

A

Density

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14
Q

The number of individuals that live in a defined area.

Is a measurement of the number of individuals living in a defined space.

A

Population Density

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15
Q

Population density formula

A

of individuals / area (units^2) = population density

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16
Q

Regulation of Population Size

A

Density Dependent:
Competition (food, mates, nesting sites)
Predators, parasites, pathogens.

Density Independent:
abiotic factors

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17
Q

Characterize Population: Dispersion (3)

A

Clumped Pattern (most common)

Uniform (rare)

Random

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18
Q

Spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the popultion

Provides insight into the environmental associations and social interactions of individuals in population.

A

Dispersion

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19
Q

Individuals are aggregated in clumps. Why? (3)

A

Microenvironment satisfies organism’s requirements

May be associated with mating behavior

May increase effectiveness of predation (wolves)

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20
Q

May result from direct interactions between individuals in the population (ex. territoriality)

A

Uniform

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21
Q

The position of each individual is independent of other individuals. (ex. dandelion seeds dispersal)

A

Random

22
Q

Population growth patterns (2)

A

Changes in a population’s size are determined by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths.

Population growth is based on available resources.

23
Q

Factors that affect the size of a population (4)

A

Immigration
Births
Emigration
Deaths

24
Q

Is a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources.

A

Exponential growth

25
Q

Population growth models (2)

A

Exponential growth model
Logistic growth model

26
Q

Growth rate formula

A

Growth rate = number of offspring - deaths

27
Q

Under ideal conditions (with unilimited resources) each species has a particular:

the max for that species

A

intrinsic growth rate

28
Q

Model calculates the maximum rate and displays it as a ___ (because there are no limits)

A

J-shaped curve

29
Q

Includes environmental limits on the population growth

A

Logistic growth model

30
Q

As the population reaches the ___, the growth slows and then stops.

A

carrying capacity

31
Q

The logistic growth model produces a ___

A

S-shaped curve

32
Q

Some populations cycle above and below the carrying capacity - this is ___ followed by ___

A

overshoot, die-off

33
Q

___ (K): Number of individuals in a population that the environmental resources can support

A

Carrying capacity

34
Q

When population reaches carrying capacity, growth rate is zero (N=K, r= 0)

A

Zero population growth (ZPG): when r = 0

35
Q

Exponential (___)
Logistic (___)

A

Un-restricted
Restricted

36
Q

is due to a population facing limited resources

A

Logistic growth

37
Q

A ___ is a dramatic decline in the size of a population over a short period of time.

A

Population crash

38
Q

____ limit population growth

A

Ecological factors

39
Q

A ___ is something that keeps the size of a population down.

A

Limiting factor

40
Q

___ limiting factors are affected by the number of individuals in given area

A

Density-dependent

(predation
competition
parasitism and disease)

41
Q

____ limiting factors limit a population’s growth regardless of the density.

A

Density-independent

(Unusual weather
Natural disasters
Human activity)

42
Q

Reproductive strategies (2)

A

K-selected

R-Selected

43
Q

Late reproduction

Few offspring

Invests a lot in raising offspring

A

K-selected

(ex. Primates, walnut trees)

44
Q

Early reproduction

Many offspring

Little parental care

A

r-selected

(ex. Insects, many plants)

45
Q

Study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time.

A

Demography

46
Q

Age specific summaries of the survival pattern of a population.

A

Life tables

(ex. Belding ground squirrels - Spermophilus beldingi)

47
Q

Graphic representation of life table

A

Survivorship curve

48
Q

In survivorship curves, relatively straight lines of the plots indicate ___ rates of death

A

relatively constant

49
Q

3 types of survivorship curves generalized strategies

A

Type 1. High death rate in post-reproductive years (large mammals, humans)

Type 2. Constant mortality rate throughout life span (lizards, invertebrates, annual plants)

Type 3. Very high early mortality but the few survivors then live long/stay reproductive (long-lived plants, oysters)

50
Q

Relative number of individuals of each age

A

Age structure

51
Q

Factors affecting population growth rate (3)

A

Sex ratio

Generation time

Age structure

52
Q

Characteristics of K-selected species

A

Large
Later maturing
Few offspring
Substantial parental care

ECOLOGY LECT (12 decks)

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