General Ecology (1st ppt) Flashcards

1
Q

Investigates the interactions among
organisms and between organisms and their environment.

A

Ecology

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2
Q

SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY

A
  1. Nature knows best.
  2. All forms of life are equally important.
  3. Everything is connected to everything else.
  4. Everything changes.
  5. Everything must go somewhere.
  6. Ours is a finite Earth.
  7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God’s creation.
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3
Q

“the comprehensive science of the relationship of the organism to the environment”

A

Ernst Haeckel 1866

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4
Q

Okologie comes from:

A

oikos - house
logia - study of

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5
Q

is the region around a
star where conditions allow life-bearing planets to exist.

A

Ecosphere

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6
Q

“scientific natural history”

A

Charles Elton 1927

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7
Q

“the study concerned with the distribution of
organisms”

A

Andrewarta, H.G. & Birch 1954

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8
Q

“the study of the structure & function of nature”

A

Eugene P. Odum 1963

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9
Q

“The scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms”

A

Charles J. Krebs 1972

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10
Q

“an ecosystem is a sum total of living organisms, the environment and the process of interaction between the various components of the ecosystem.”

A

S. Mathavan

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11
Q

“The scientific study of the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interaction among organisms, and the interaction between organisms and flux of energy and matter.”

A

CARY INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES

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12
Q

“study of organisms and the
environment: the study of relationships between living organisms and their interactions with the natural or developed environment.”

A

ENCARTA 2009

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13
Q

defined as the number of entities and processes in the system under study.

A

complexity

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14
Q

DISCIPLINES OF ECOLOGY (8)

A

Zoology
Botany
Evolution
Genetics
Meteorology
Sociology
Geology
Microbiology

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15
Q

COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM (5)

A

Issues (Depletion of fish fauna due to pollution)

Species (Channa sps, Angulla sps, riparian flora)

Activities (Dumping Industrial effluents, fishing, irrigation)

Habitat (Pools, Runs, Riffles, Cascades, Riparian zone, dams)

People (Fishermen, industies)

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16
Q

___ level studies focus on individuals.

A

Organism

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17
Q

___ level studies examine groups of conspecific
organisms living in a particular area.

A

Population

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18
Q

Includes all of the conditions
that affects survival and reproduction.

A

Environment

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19
Q

Factors in the environment (2)

A

Abiotic (nonliving)
Biotic (living)

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20
Q

___ level studies investigate interactions
between the populations of various species in an area.

A

Community

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21
Q

___ level studies examine how a community
interacts with the physical environment.

A

Ecosystem

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22
Q

Hierarchy of Ecology (4)

A

Organism Level
Population Level
Community Level
Ecosystem Level

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23
Q

Environmental factors that are directly utilized by an
animal are ___

A

Resources

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24
Q

Example of nonexpendable resource

A

Space

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25
Example of expendable resource
Food
26
The space where an animal lives.
Habitat
27
The unique multidimensional relationship of a species with its environment is its ___.
Niche
28
___ can withstand a variety of environmental conditions. ___ can only tolerate a narrow range.
Generalists Specialists
29
___ describes the total potential role that an organism could fill under ideal circumstances. ___ describes the actual role an organism fills.
Fundamental Niche Realized Niche
30
___ is the study of populations in relation to environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size.
Population ecology
31
Is a reproductively interactive group of individuals of a single species.
Population
32
Caused when individuals migrate between populations.
Metapopulation
33
Perks of individuals migrating between populations (2)
Adds gene flow Prevents speciation
34
Is an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population.
Life table
35
A group of individuals of the same age
cohort
35
Is a graphic way of representing the data in a life table
Survivorship Curve
36
Survivorship curve types (3)
Type I – high survival early in life indicates PARENTAL CARE OF FEWER OFFSPRING. * Type II – CONSTANT DEATH RATE over life span * Type III – drops sharply at start indicating HIGH DEATH RATE FOR YOUNG; lots of young, no care.
37
Populations that contain multiple cohorts exhibit ___.
Age structure
38
What indicates a growing population in the case of age structures?
More individuals in the younger cohorts.
39
Species that exhibit ___, or "___” reproduction reproduce a singletime and die.
semelparity "big-bang"
40
Examples of organisms that exhibit semelparity.
Salmon Agave
41
Species that exhibit ___, or repeated reproduction, produce offspring repeatedly over time
iteroparity
42
If immigration and emigration are ignored, a population’s growth rate equals ___
birth rate - death rate.
43
___ occurs when the birth rate equals the death rate
Zero population growth
44
population growth equation
dN/dt = rN
45
Is population increase under idealized conditions. * Unlimited resources.
Exponential population growth
46
Under exponential population growth conditions, the rate of reproduction is at its maximum, called the ___.
intrinsic rate of increase (rmax).
47
exponential population growth equation
dN/dt = rmaxN
48
Exponential population growth results in a ___ curve. It is characteristic of some populations that are rebounding
J-shaped
49
In reality, there are one or more ___ that prevent exponential growth.
limiting resources
50
Is the maximum population size the environment can support. A more realistic population model limits growth by incorporating it.
Carrying capacity (K)
51
In the___, the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached
logistic growth model
52
Logistic Growth Model Equation
dN/dt = rmaxN*(K-N)/K
53
The logistic model of population growth produces an ___. The growth of laboratory populations of Paramecia fits this curve.
S-shaped curve.
54
___, or density-dependent selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density. * Few, but larger offspring, parental care.
K-selection
55
___, or density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction. * Many small offspring, no parental care.
r-selection
56
Extrinsic Limits to Growth Abiotic limiting factors such as a storm or a fire are ___
density-independent their effect does not change with population density.
57
Extrinsic Limits to Growth * Biotic factors such as competition or predation or parasitism act in a ___ way
density-dependent the effect does change with population density.
58
___ examines the interactions among the various populations in a community.
Community ecology
59
___ or ___ or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area and in a particular time.
Community, Bioeconosis assemblage
60
Interactions which are beneficial for one, negative for the other. (3)
Predation, Parasitism, Herbivory
61
Interaction which is beneficial for one, neutral for the other
Commensalism
62
Interaction which is beneficial for both
Mutualism
63
Is a symbiosis wherein an organism benefits from the association but generally harms its host
Parasitism
64
Is a type of interaction that has a negative effect on both. Community structure is often shaped by this.
Competition
65
___ occurs when only one of the competitors incurs a cost.
Amensalism
66
___ occurs when two or more species share a limiting resource.
Competition
67
The interaction between two species in an ecosystem can often be influenced by a third species.
Interspecific
68
Competition between the same species
Intraspecific
69
The principle of ___ suggests that organisms with exactly the same niche can’t co-occur.
competitive exclusion
70
___ occurs when the species partition the resource, using different parts of it. Appears as differences in morphology.
Character displacement
71
Species that exploit a resource in a similar way form a ___.
guild
72
These cycles are influenced by complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. Many populations undergo regular cycles of this type.
boom-and-bust
73
Refers to an interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey.
Predation
74
Feeding adaptations of predators (5)
Claws Teeth Fangs Stingers Poison
75
___ or camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot
Cryptic coloration
76
___ warns predators to stay away from prey.
Aposematic coloration
77
Types of coloration (2)
Cryptic Aposematic
78
Types of mimicry (2)
Batesian Müllerian
79
___ a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model.
Batesian mimicry
80
___, two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.
Müllerian mimicry
81
They exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches. Not necessarily abundant in their community.
Keystone species
82
Field studies of ___ exhibit their role as a keystone species in intertidal communities.
sea stars
83
Observation of ___ populations and their predation shows the effect they have on ocean communities.
sea otter
84
Consists of all the organisms living in a community as well as all the abiotic factors with which they interact.
Ecosystem
85
Small ecosystem
Microcosm
86
Two processes an ecosystem's dynamics are involved with:
Energy flow and Chemical cycling *energy flows through ecosystems, while matter cycles within them
87
Primary Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers
Autotrophs Herbivores Carnivores
88
____ in an ecosystem is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period.
Primary production
89
Types of consumers (3)
Herbivores Carnivores Decomposers
90
____ mainly bacteria and fungi, recycle essential chemical elements by decomposing organic material and returning elements to inorganic reservoirs.
Detritivores
91
Energy flows through an ecosystem entering as ___ and existing as ___.
Light Heat
92
Total primary production in an ecosystem is known as that ecosystem’s ____
gross primary production (GPP)
93
is equal to GPP(Gross Primary Production) minus the energy used by the primary producers for respiration. *only available to consumers
Net primary production (NPP)
94
____ of an ecosystem is the amount of chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given period of time.
secondary production
95
____ is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. * Usually ranges from 5% to 20%.
Trophic efficiency
96
This loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain can be represented by a ___.
pyramid of net production
97
represents the number of individual organisms in each trophic level.
pyramid of numbers
98
Most ___ show a sharp decrease at successively higher trophic levels. * Occasionally inverted
biomass pyramids
99
highest amount of biomass in aquatic ecosystems
Plankton (zooplankton and bottom fauna more biomass than phytoplankton however.)
100
Nutrient circuits that cycle matter through an ecosystem involve both biotic and abiotic components and are often called ___.
Biogeochemical cycles.
101
One of the reasons such toxins are so harmful, is that they become ____ in successive trophic levels of a food web.
more concentrated
102
In ___,toxins concentrate at ____ trophic levels because at these levels biomass tends to be lower.
biological magnification higher
103
Levels of Biodiversity (3)
Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecosystem Diversity
104
comprises: * The genetic variation within a population. * The genetic variation between populations.
Genetic Diversity
105
Is the variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the biosphere of diff species
Species diversity
106
Identifies the variety of ecosystems in the biosphere.
Ecosystem diversity
107
___ endangered species is one that is in danger of becoming extinct throughout its range.
endangered species
108
are those that are considered likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future
Threatened species
109
IUCN Red List
EX EW CR EN VU NT LC EX Extinct EW Extinct in the Wild CR CRitically endangered (<250) EN ENdangered (<2,500) VU VUlnerable (<10,000) NT Near Threatened LC Least Concern
110
____ encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and the species they contain help sustain human life on Earth.
Ecosystem services
111
Ecosystem services (4)
Purification of air and water. Detoxification and decomposition of wastes. Cycling of nutrients. Moderation of weather extremes. *and many others.
112
Four Major threats to Biodiversity
Habitat destruction Introduced species Overexploitation Disruption of “interaction networks"
113
___ increases local extinction and speciation.
Habitat fragmentation
114
Five mass extinctions
Cretaceous Triassic Permian Devonian Ordovician
115
"It is not the strongest of the species that survives; nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is more adaptable to change."
Charles Darwin