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ECOLOGY LECT > General Ecology (1st ppt) > Flashcards

General Ecology (1st ppt) Flashcards

1
Q

Investigates the interactions among
organisms and between organisms and their environment.

A

Ecology

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2
Q

SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF ECOLOGY

A
  1. Nature knows best.
  2. All forms of life are equally important.
  3. Everything is connected to everything else.
  4. Everything changes.
  5. Everything must go somewhere.
  6. Ours is a finite Earth.
  7. Nature is beautiful and we are stewards of God’s creation.
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3
Q

“the comprehensive science of the relationship of the organism to the environment”

A

Ernst Haeckel 1866

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4
Q

Okologie comes from:

A

oikos - house
logia - study of

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5
Q

is the region around a
star where conditions allow life-bearing planets to exist.

A

Ecosphere

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6
Q

“scientific natural history”

A

Charles Elton 1927

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7
Q

“the study concerned with the distribution of
organisms”

A

Andrewarta, H.G. & Birch 1954

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8
Q

“the study of the structure & function of nature”

A

Eugene P. Odum 1963

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9
Q

“The scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms”

A

Charles J. Krebs 1972

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10
Q

“an ecosystem is a sum total of living organisms, the environment and the process of interaction between the various components of the ecosystem.”

A

S. Mathavan

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11
Q

“The scientific study of the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of organisms, the interaction among organisms, and the interaction between organisms and flux of energy and matter.”

A

CARY INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES

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12
Q

“study of organisms and the
environment: the study of relationships between living organisms and their interactions with the natural or developed environment.”

A

ENCARTA 2009

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13
Q

defined as the number of entities and processes in the system under study.

A

complexity

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14
Q

DISCIPLINES OF ECOLOGY (8)

A

Zoology
Botany
Evolution
Genetics
Meteorology
Sociology
Geology
Microbiology

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15
Q

COMPONENTS OF ECOSYSTEM (5)

A

Issues (Depletion of fish fauna due to pollution)

Species (Channa sps, Angulla sps, riparian flora)

Activities (Dumping Industrial effluents, fishing, irrigation)

Habitat (Pools, Runs, Riffles, Cascades, Riparian zone, dams)

People (Fishermen, industies)

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16
Q

___ level studies focus on individuals.

A

Organism

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17
Q

___ level studies examine groups of conspecific
organisms living in a particular area.

A

Population

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18
Q

Includes all of the conditions
that affects survival and reproduction.

A

Environment

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19
Q

Factors in the environment (2)

A

Abiotic (nonliving)
Biotic (living)

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20
Q

___ level studies investigate interactions
between the populations of various species in an area.

A

Community

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21
Q

___ level studies examine how a community
interacts with the physical environment.

A

Ecosystem

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22
Q

Hierarchy of Ecology (4)

A

Organism Level
Population Level
Community Level
Ecosystem Level

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23
Q

Environmental factors that are directly utilized by an
animal are ___

A

Resources

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24
Q

Example of nonexpendable resource

A

Space

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25
Q

Example of expendable resource

A

Food

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26
Q

The space where an animal lives.

A

Habitat

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27
Q

The unique
multidimensional
relationship of a
species with its
environment is its
___.

A

Niche

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28
Q

___ can withstand a variety of environmental
conditions.

___ can only tolerate a narrow range.

A

Generalists

Specialists

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29
Q

___ describes the total
potential role that an organism could fill under ideal circumstances.

___ describes the actual role an organism fills.

A

Fundamental Niche

Realized Niche

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30
Q

___ is the study of populations in
relation to environment, including environmental
influences on population density and distribution, age
structure, and variations in population size.

A

Population ecology

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31
Q

Is a reproductively interactive group of
individuals of a single species.

A

Population

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32
Q

Caused when individuals migrate between populations.

A

Metapopulation

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33
Q

Perks of individuals migrating between populations (2)

A

Adds gene flow
Prevents speciation

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34
Q

Is an age-specific summary of the survival
pattern of a population.

A

Life table

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35
Q

A group of
individuals of the same age

A

cohort

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35
Q

Is a graphic way of
representing the
data in a life table

A

Survivorship Curve

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36
Q

Survivorship curve types (3)

A

Type I – high survival
early in life indicates
PARENTAL CARE OF FEWER OFFSPRING.

  • Type II – CONSTANT DEATH RATE over life
    span
  • Type III – drops sharply
    at start indicating HIGH DEATH RATE FOR YOUNG;
    lots of young, no care.
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37
Q

Populations that
contain multiple
cohorts exhibit ___.

A

Age structure

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38
Q

What indicates a growing population in the case of age structures?

A

More individuals in the younger cohorts.

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39
Q

Species that exhibit ___, or “___” reproduction reproduce a singletime and die.

A

semelparity
“big-bang”

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40
Q

Examples of organisms that exhibit semelparity.

A

Salmon
Agave

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41
Q

Species that exhibit ___, or repeated reproduction, produce offspring repeatedly over time

A

iteroparity

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42
Q

If immigration and emigration are ignored, a
population’s growth rate equals ___

A

birth rate - death
rate.

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43
Q

___ occurs when the birth rate
equals the death rate

A

Zero population growth

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44
Q

population growth equation

A

dN/dt = rN

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45
Q

Is population increase
under idealized conditions.
* Unlimited resources.

A

Exponential population growth

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46
Q

Under exponential population growth conditions, the rate of reproduction is at its maximum, called the ___.

A

intrinsic rate of increase (rmax).

47
Q

exponential population growth equation

A

dN/dt = rmaxN

48
Q

Exponential
population growth
results in a ___
curve.

It is characteristic of some
populations that are rebounding

A

J-shaped

49
Q

In reality, there are one or more ___ that prevent exponential growth.

A

limiting resources

50
Q

Is the maximum population size
the environment can support.

A more realistic population model limits growth by
incorporating it.

A

Carrying capacity (K)

51
Q

In the___, the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached

A

logistic growth model

52
Q

Logistic Growth Model Equation

A

dN/dt = rmaxN*(K-N)/K

53
Q

The logistic
model of
population
growth
produces an ___.

The growth of
laboratory
populations of
Paramecia fits this curve.

A

S-shaped curve.

54
Q

___, or density-dependent selection, selects for
life history traits that are sensitive to population density.

  • Few, but larger offspring, parental care.
A

K-selection

55
Q

___, or density-independent selection, selects for
life history traits that maximize reproduction.
* Many small offspring, no parental care.

A

r-selection

56
Q

Extrinsic Limits to Growth
Abiotic limiting factors such as a storm or a fire are ___

A

density-independent

their effect does not change with population density.

57
Q

Extrinsic Limits to Growth
* Biotic factors such as competition or predation or parasitism act in a ___ way

A

density-dependent

the effect does change with population density.

58
Q

___ examines the interactions among the various populations in a community.

A

Community ecology

59
Q

___ or ___ or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same
geographical area and in a particular time.

A

Community, Bioeconosis assemblage

60
Q

Interactions which are beneficial for one, negative for the other. (3)

A

Predation,
Parasitism,
Herbivory

61
Q

Interaction which is beneficial for one, neutral for the other

A

Commensalism

62
Q

Interaction which is beneficial for both

A

Mutualism

63
Q

Is a symbiosis wherein an organism benefits from the association but generally harms its host

A

Parasitism

64
Q

Is a type of interaction that has a
negative effect on both.

Community structure is often shaped by this.

A

Competition

65
Q

___ occurs when only one of the
competitors incurs a cost.

A

Amensalism

66
Q

___ occurs when two or more species share a limiting resource.

A

Competition

67
Q

The interaction between two species in an ecosystem can often be
influenced by a third species.

A

Interspecific

68
Q

Competition between the same species

A

Intraspecific

69
Q

The principle of ___ suggests that organisms with exactly the same niche can’t co-occur.

A

competitive exclusion

70
Q

___ occurs when the
species partition
the resource, using
different parts of it.

Appears as
differences in
morphology.

A

Character
displacement

71
Q

Species that
exploit a resource
in a similar way
form a ___.

A

guild

72
Q

These cycles are
influenced by
complex
interactions
between biotic
and abiotic
factors.

Many populations undergo regular cycles of this type.

A

boom-and-bust

73
Q

Refers to an interaction where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey.

A

Predation

74
Q

Feeding adaptations of predators (5)

A

Claws
Teeth
Fangs
Stingers
Poison

75
Q

___ or camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot

A

Cryptic coloration

76
Q

___ warns predators to stay away from prey.

A

Aposematic coloration

77
Q

Types of coloration (2)

A

Cryptic
Aposematic

78
Q

Types of mimicry (2)

A

Batesian
Müllerian

79
Q

___ a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model.

A

Batesian mimicry

80
Q

___, two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.

A

Müllerian mimicry

81
Q

They exert strong control on a community by their
ecological roles, or niches.

Not necessarily abundant in their community.

A

Keystone species

82
Q

Field studies of ___ exhibit their role as a keystone species in intertidal
communities.

A

sea stars

83
Q

Observation of ___ populations and
their predation shows the effect
they have on ocean communities.

A

sea otter

84
Q

Consists of all the organisms living in a
community as well as all the abiotic factors with which
they interact.

A

Ecosystem

85
Q

Small ecosystem

A

Microcosm

86
Q

Two processes an ecosystem’s dynamics are involved with:

A

Energy flow and Chemical cycling

*energy flows through ecosystems, while matter cycles within them

87
Q

Primary Producers

Primary Consumers

Secondary Consumers

A

Autotrophs

Herbivores

Carnivores

88
Q

____ in an ecosystem is the amount of
light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period.

A

Primary production

89
Q

Types of consumers (3)

A

Herbivores
Carnivores
Decomposers

90
Q

____ mainly
bacteria and fungi, recycle essential chemical elements by decomposing organic material and returning elements to inorganic reservoirs.

A

Detritivores

91
Q

Energy flows through an ecosystem
entering as ___ and existing as ___.

A

Light

Heat

92
Q

Total primary production in an ecosystem is known as
that ecosystem’s ____

A

gross primary production (GPP)

93
Q

is equal to GPP(Gross Primary Production) minus the
energy used by the primary producers for respiration.

*only available to consumers

A

Net primary production (NPP)

94
Q

____ of an ecosystem is the
amount of chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given
period of time.

A

secondary production

95
Q

____ is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next.
* Usually ranges from 5% to 20%.

A

Trophic efficiency

96
Q

This loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain can be represented by a
___.

A

pyramid of net production

97
Q

represents the number of individual organisms in each trophic level.

A

pyramid of numbers

98
Q

Most ___ show a sharp
decrease at successively higher trophic
levels.
* Occasionally inverted

A

biomass pyramids

99
Q

highest amount of biomass in aquatic ecosystems

A

Plankton

(zooplankton and bottom fauna more biomass than phytoplankton however.)

100
Q

Nutrient circuits that cycle matter through an ecosystem involve both biotic and abiotic components and are often called ___.

A

Biogeochemical cycles.

101
Q

One of the reasons such toxins are so harmful, is that they become ____ in successive trophic levels of a food web.

A

more concentrated

102
Q

In ___,toxins concentrate at ____ trophic levels because at these levels biomass tends to be lower.

A

biological magnification

higher

103
Q

Levels of Biodiversity (3)

A

Genetic Diversity
Species Diversity
Ecosystem Diversity

104
Q

comprises:
* The genetic variation within a
population.
* The genetic variation
between populations.

A

Genetic Diversity

105
Q

Is the variety
of species in an ecosystem or
throughout the biosphere

of diff species

A

Species diversity

106
Q

Identifies the variety of ecosystems in
the biosphere.

A

Ecosystem diversity

107
Q

___ endangered species is one that is in danger of becoming extinct throughout its range.

A

endangered species

108
Q

are those that are considered likely
to become endangered in the foreseeable future

A

Threatened species

109
Q

IUCN Red List

A

EX EW CR EN VU NT LC

EX Extinct
EW Extinct in the Wild
CR CRitically endangered (<250)
EN ENdangered (<2,500)
VU VUlnerable (<10,000)
NT Near Threatened
LC Least Concern

110
Q

____ encompass all the processes through which natural ecosystems and the species they contain help sustain human life on Earth.

A

Ecosystem services

111
Q

Ecosystem services (4)

A

Purification of air and water.

Detoxification and decomposition of wastes.

Cycling of nutrients.

Moderation of weather extremes.

*and many others.

112
Q

Four Major threats to Biodiversity

A

Habitat destruction

Introduced species

Overexploitation

Disruption of “interaction networks”

113
Q

___ increases local extinction and speciation.

A

Habitat fragmentation

114
Q

Five mass extinctions

A

Cretaceous
Triassic
Permian
Devonian
Ordovician

115
Q

“It is not the strongest of the species that survives; nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is more adaptable to change.”

A

Charles Darwin

ECOLOGY LECT (12 decks)

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