Feeding Behavior | Optimal Foraging Behavior & Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

The animal should feed &
change their feeding in a
manner that:
1. minimizes the cost
2. maximizes the benefit

A

Optimal Foraging Theory

Charles J. Krebs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Maximization of net energy intake

Energy content of food

Handling time

A

Optimal Foraging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Optimal Foraging - Components of handling time (4)

A

Locate
Pursue
Capture
Process (eat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Optimal Foraging Can be achieved thru (5):

A

1.Optimal Diet = Food Type?

2.Optimal Foraging Time = when to eat?
when to stop eating?

  1. Optimal Patch Choice = Where?

4.Optimal Allocation of Time = How long to spend?

  1. Optimal Search Paths = directions, patterns, speed?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Feeding guilds (11)

A

1.piscivores = fishes
2.insectivores = insects
3.myrmecophagous = anteaters
4.vermivores = worms
5.folivores = foliage, young leaves
6.granivores= grains, rice, corn
7.fructivores = fruits, nuts, berries
8.carnivorous = meat eaters
9.omnivores = meat & leaves, fruits
10.blood suckers = vertebrate blood
11.coprophagous = wastes, manure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Waterbirds Bill/Beak Type based on:

Method of eating (2)

A

Type of Food item

Probing, Pecking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Waterbird habitat types: 6

A

Freshwater wetlands
Sandy Beaches
Rocky SHores
Intertidal mud/sandflats
Grasslands
Inland Salt Lakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___ monkeys of Borneo

A

Proboscis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Proboscis monkey complex stomach vs human simple stomach

A
  1. Obtain E from leaves +
  2. Deactivate poisons +
  3. Make some vitamins +
  4. Re-cycle N +
  5. Digest sweet & e-rich fruits -
  6. Digest rich easily- accessible protein e.g. insects -
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Proboscis monkeys avoid rambutans and figs, as it would give highly uncomfortable condition known as ___

A

Bloat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Highly digestible foods, the bacteria ferment them so rapidly that gas and acid build up suddenly in the stomach

A

Rambutans & figs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of Optimal Foraging TIme (3)

A

Diurnal - early am & late pm
Crepuscular - late pm
Nocturnal - 6-9 pm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The study of the biophysical, biochemical, and physiological processes

Used by animals to cope with factors of their physical environment, or employed during ecological interactions with other organisms

A discipline that combines the study of physiological and ecological processes in living organisms.

A

Physiological Ecology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Physiological ecology focuses on ___ and ___ to ever-changing environments in both laboratory and field.

A

whole-animal function
adjustments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In order to survive and reproduce successfully in their ever-changing environments organisms make

A

Short-term behavioral and long-term physiological adjustments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The study of physiological ecology begins with an understanding of the influence of ___

A

ambient temperatures

17
Q

Is an important factor in the distribution of organisms because of its effects on biological processes

A

Environmental temperature

18
Q

Is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range

A

Thermoregulation

19
Q

Affects the physiology of organisms as well as the density and state of water

A

temperature

20
Q

Mechanisms for regulating the temperature of their bodies (4)

A

High metabolic rate
Efficient circulatory system
Hibernation
Estivation

21
Q

Maintain a high internal temperature through metabolic heat generation

Most of the heat comes from metabolism in the gut and brain

A

Endothermy

22
Q

Regulation of body temperature depends on external sources, such as sunlight or a heated rock surface

A

Ectotherms

23
Q

Animals that hibernate or estivate enter a state known as ___.

A condition in which their metabolic rate is significantly lowered.

Enables animal to wait until its environment better supports survival

24
Q

Some amphibians such as the wood frog have an ___ in their cells which retains the cells’ integrity and prevents them from freezing and bursting

A

antifreeze-like chemical

25
___ solves problems related to temperature, location food, and finding a mate
Migration
26
Contributes to thermoregulation across many animal species. Includes adjusting the amount of insulation-by growing a thicker coat of fur in the winter and shedding it in the summer.
Acclimization
27
Acclimization in ___ often includes adjustments at the ___ level.
Ectotherms
28
Cholesterol reduces ___ at moderate temperatures by reducing ___ movement. At low temperatures it hinders ___ by disrupting the regular packing of ___.
membrane fluidity, phospholipid solidification, phospholipid
29
Is another major focus in physiological ecology, particularly criticial for desert dwelling organisms.
Water availability
30
Regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water. Is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment.
Osmoregulation
31
Ways an animal can maintain water balance (2)
Osmoconformer, isoosmotic with its surroundings, do not regulate their osmolarity (TYPICALLY MARINE INVERTEBRATES) Osmoregulator, controls its internal osmolarity independent of that of its environment. (TYPICALLY MARINE VERTEBRATES AND SOME INVERTEBRATES)
32
Types of animals depending on changes in external osmolarity
Stenohaline - cannot tolerate substantial changes Euryhaline - can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity
33
Saltwater fish balance water loss by ___ Freshwater animals maintain water balance by ___
Drinking seawater Excreting large amounts of dilute urine
34
Land animals manage their water budgets by ___
drinking and eating moist foods and by using metabolic water
35
Desert animals get water savings from ___
simple anatomical features