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ECOLOGY LECT > Behavioral Ecology > Flashcards

Behavioral Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Responses of animals to Environmental cues

A

Behavior

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2
Q

Behavior is controlled by ___ and ___ systems.

A

Nervous, endocrine

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3
Q

Innate Behavioral Types (3)

A

Heritable
Stereotypic
Intrinsic
(Example: Making nests and newborn reflexes)

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4
Q

Learned Behavioral Types (3)

A

Nonheritable
Adaptable
Extrinsic

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5
Q

Founder of animal behavior
Studied instinctive behavior in animals
-principle of IMPRINTING in ground nesting birds
-Greylag geese experiment

A

Konrad Lorenz

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6
Q

Initial use of experimental methods in behavior
Studied senses of bees
Identified bee communication
-Translated meaning of the waggle dance
-Length and number of waggles=distance
– Angle of waggle run to vertical of hive = angle of
food from sun

A

Karl von Frisch

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7
Q

Questions to ask about any behavior according to Nikolass (Niko) Tinbergen (4):

A

Causation - what are the proximate causes?
Development - what is the ontogeny/development
Function - what is the survival value?
Evolution - what is the evolutionary history?

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8
Q

Originated 4 questions to ask about any behavior:
Causation
Development
Function
Evolution
Cornerstone of modern ethology
Worked with Lorenz on fixed action patterns

A

Nikolass (Niko) Tinbergen

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9
Q

Examine HOW an animal behaves
-Factors behind a biological system working at a particular time and place
-Mechanisms and structures within an animal that produce the behavior

A

Proximate causes

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10
Q

Examine WHY they behave that way
-Identify and reconstruct evolutionary history of the behavior
-Purpose of this behavior
-Evolution of the behavior
-Adaptability of the behavior

A

Ultimate causes

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11
Q

Programmed by genes
Highly stereotyped

A

Innate behaviors

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12
Q

Four categories of Innate Behaviors:

A

Kinesis: random movement in response to stimulus
Taxis: deliberate movement toward or away from a stimulus
Reflex
Fixed action pattern (FAP)

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13
Q

Stereotyped often complex series of movements
-Response to a specific stimulus = ‘releaser’
-Fully functional 1st time performed (completed fully once started)
-Not modified by experience

A

Fixed Action Patterns

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14
Q

Examples of fixed action patterns:

A

Suckling behavior of newborns
Egg retrieval of greylag goose
Courtship rituals
yawning

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15
Q

Acquired during an animal’s lifetime
Modified by experiences

A

Learned Behavior

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16
Q

Learned behavior Categories (6)

A

-Imprinting
-Habituation
-Associative learning
-Problem solving
-Spatial learning (cognitive mapping)
-Social learning

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17
Q

Occurs during a ‘sensitive’ or ‘critical’
development period

A

Imprinting

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18
Q

Decline in response to a harmless,repeated stimulus
Acts as a filter

– Prevents wasting energy on irrelevant stimuli

Adaptive

A

Habituation

Prairie dog warning calls decrease when homes near human pop.

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19
Q

Forms association between
2 stimuli

A

Associative Learning

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20
Q

Type of conditioning where Animal learns to perform old
response to new stimulus
* Stimulus 1st, behavior 2nd
* Pavlov’s dogs

A

Classical conditioning

21
Q

Type of conditioning with Trial-and-error learning
Perform behavior to receive
reward or avoid punishment
* Behavior 1st, reward 2nd
* Clicker training

A

Operant conditioning

22
Q
  • Manipulate concepts to arrive at an adaptive behavior
  • Internal memory used as additional
    sensory/information source
  • Mental trial-and-error
A

Problem solving

23
Q

Enables an animal to learn and use
information about its physical
environment
– Bees and wasps use to locate nest
* Tinbergen used digger wasp nests to test

A

Spatial Learning

24
Q

– Internal representation of spatial
relationships in an animal’s surroundings

A

Cognitive mapping

25
Q

Piloting and homing animals
find their way by orienting to
these landmarks

A

Migration

26
Q

Involves observing and imitating members of
the same species
– Food washing in Japanese macques
* Female learns and imitated by younger group members
– Calling by vervet monkeys
* Young vs adult
* Eagle vs snake vs any flying animal

A

Social Learning

27
Q

Types of Individual Behavior (4)

A

Foraging
Communication
Moving
Grooming

28
Q

Types of Foraging Individual Behavior

A

Eating
Searching
Recognizing
Capturing

29
Q

Types of Communication Individual Behavior

A

Visual
Auditory
Chemical
Tactile

30
Q
  • Involves interactions with members of the same species
A

Social Behavior

31
Q

Types of Social Behavior (4)

A

– Affiliative: promote group cohesion
– Agonistic (aggressive)
* Territorality
* Dominance
– Reproductive
– Parental

32
Q

Advantages of Social Behavior (4)

A

– Hunting efficiency
– Protection from predators
– Energy conservation
– Access to mates

33
Q

Disadvantages of Social Behavior (4)

A

– Increased competition within group
– Increased risk of infection
– Risk offspring being killed by group
– Risk of being spotted by predators

34
Q
  • Occur over limited resources
  • Threats, displays, or combat
    – Displays often to minimize injury
  • Reinforce social hierarchy
    – Stable for periods of time
    – Alpha individual and others understand position
A

Agonistic Behavior

35
Q
  • Establishing and maintaining a space
  • Requires maintenance of boundaries
    – Olfactory marking
    – Singing
    – Occasional physical interactions
  • Size of territory depends on required
    maintenance
  • Access to resources and mates
A

Territoriality

36
Q

Requires Communication
Conditions for Success
Mating Systems

A

Sexual Reproduction

37
Q

Sexual Reproduction Communication (3)

A

– Stereotyped displays (FAPs)
– Sexual dimorphism
– Pheromones

38
Q

Sexual Reproduction Conditions of Success (3)

A

– Identify species
– Identify opposite sex
– Identify availability

39
Q

Sexual Reproduction Mating Systems (3)

A

– Promiscuous
– Monogamous
– Polygamous

40
Q

Parental Behavior (4)

A
  • Approaches and care for
    young
    – Maternal, paternal, both, or
    none
  • Defense
    – Maternal aggression
  • Feeding
  • Nest building
41
Q
  • List of natural behaviors in an animal
    – Can be individual or social
    – Based on natural or semi-natural environmental
    observations
  • Distinguishes frequencies and durations of
    behaviors
    – Seasonal and geographic effects
    – Gender and development effects
A

Ethogram

42
Q

Preparing an Ethogram

A
  • List different behaviors expected to see
    – Organize into types
    +Solitary or social
    +Food or reproductive related
    +Affiliative or aggressive
    – Multiple individuals need identification codes
  • Prepare a chart to allow monitoring
    – Break into a given time increment (1-2 minutes good)
    – Record everything done as checks and/or letter
    designator for each period
  • Glossary explains detailed behaviors for other observers to interpret
43
Q

Sample Ethogram Glossary Solitary type Behavior (4)

A

Groom Self (GS)
Sleep (S)
Rest (R)
Locomote (L)

44
Q

Sample Ethogram Glossary Food Related Behavior (3)

A

Eat (E)
Look for Food (LF)
Drink (D)

45
Q

Sample Ethogram Glossary Social type Behavior (2)

A

Groom Others (GO)
Play (P)

46
Q

Sample Ethogram Glossary Aggressive type Behavior (2)

A

Fight (F)
Steal Food (SF)

47
Q

The main feature of the NCA is the ___, a large
volcanic caldera. The crater, which formed when a giant volcano exploded
and collapsed on itself some two to three million years ago, is 610 m
(2,000 ft) deep and its floor covers 260 km2
(100 sq mi).

A

Ngorongoro Crater (Serengeti National Park)

48
Q

What are the “Big Five”

A

Lion
African Leopard
African Elephant
Black Rhinoceros
African Buffalo

ECOLOGY LECT (12 decks)

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