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ECOLOGY LECT > Concepts of Speciation > Flashcards

Concepts of Speciation Flashcards

1
Q

Latin word which means “having similar appearance”

A

Species

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2
Q

Biological Species Concept (2 items)

A

-Having similar genetic and morphologic traits.
-organisms that are capable of reproducing viable offsprings.

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3
Q

Is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms.

Happens when a change in the environment creates new challenges. Organisms have to adapt to stressors.

A

Adaptive Radiation

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4
Q

Responses made by an organism that help it to survive/reproduce.

A

Behavioural Adaptation

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5
Q

A body process that helps an organism to survive/reproduce.

A

Physiological adaptation

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6
Q

A feature of an organism’s body that helps it to survive/reproduce.

A

Structural Adaptation

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7
Q

Individuals with favourable genetic traits are naturally selected to reproduce.

A

Natural Selection

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8
Q

Process by which the most adaptive traits for an environment become more common generation after generation.

A

Natural Selection

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9
Q

Frequencies of traits in a population change purely by chance.

A

Genetic drift

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10
Q

Happens when a random subset of a population dies. The remaining individuals are left to pass their traits to later generations. Thus, genetically, the population has changed.

A

Genetic drift

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11
Q

-Selection that acts collectively on all members of a given group. For instance, cooperation within a population to increase hunting success rate, survivability and fertilization are among such acts.

A

Group Selection

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12
Q

Process by which certain organisms or characters are reproduced and perpetuated in the species in preference to others.

A

Individual Selection

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13
Q

Selective pressures select against the two extremes of a trait, the population experiences ___

A

Stabilizing selection

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14
Q

One extreme of the trait distribution experiences selection against it. The result is that the population’s trait distribution shifts toward the other extreme.

A

Directional selection

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15
Q

Selection pressures act against individuals in the middle of the trait distribution.

A

Diversifying Selection

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16
Q

Happens when the size of a population is severly reduced. The remaining individual regardless of genetic traits are left to reproduce the succeeding generation.

A

Bottleneck Effect

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17
Q

Occurs when a small group of individuals breaks off from a larger population to establish a colony. The new colony is isolated from the original population, and the founding individuals may not represent the full genetic diversity of the original population.

A

Founder’s Effect

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18
Q

Is the creation of a new species.
Involves the splitting of a single evolution lineage into two or more genetically independent lineages.
All species on earth thought to share single common ancestor.

A

Speciation

19
Q

The place or type of site where an organism or population naturally occurs.

A

Habitat

20
Q

Restricted to a particular area: used to describe a species or organism that is confined to a particular geographical region, for example, an island or river basin.

A

Endemic species

21
Q

are those which have an extremely high impact on a particular ecosystem relative to its population.

A

Keystone species

22
Q

Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from such groups.

A

Biological species concept

23
Q

Focuses on mechanisms that maintain species as discrete phenotypic entities. Each species is defined by its complex of genes and set of adaptations. Applicable to organisms that reproduce without sex.

A

Cohesion species concept

24
Q

A species is a single lineage of ancestral and descendant populations that are evolving independently of other such groups.

A

Evolutionary species concept

25
Q

Defined species by measurable anatomical differences (morphological criteria). It is practical to apply in the field, even to fossils.

A

Morphological species concept

26
Q

A species is the smallest monophyletic group of common ancestry

A

Phylogenetic species concept

27
Q

Emphasizes mating adaption’s that become fixed in a population as individuals “recognize” certain characteristics of suitable mates.

A

Recognition species concept

28
Q

As a lineage of populations between two speciation events (phylogenetic branch points), based on the branch points not on how much change has occured between them.

A

Cladistic Species Concept

29
Q

Populations form the discrete phenetic clusters that we recognize as species because the ecological and evolutionary processes controlling how resources are divided up tend to produce those clusters.

A

Ecological Species Concept

30
Q

populations are separated by geographical isolation.
As great distance or a physical barrier - prevents two or more groups from mating.

A

Allopatric speciation

31
Q

isolation occurs within a single population without geographic isolation.
Genetic divergence can happen within a population of individuals that are continually interacting.

A

Sympatric

32
Q

5 Prezygotic Barriers

A

Habitat Isolation
Behavioral Isolation
Temporal Isolation
Mechanical Isolation
Gametic Isolation

33
Q

Opulations live in a different habitat and do not meet

A

Habitat Isolation

34
Q

Little to no sexual attraction between males or females

A

Behavioral Isolation

35
Q

Mating or flowering occurs in different season or times of day

A

Temporal Isolation

36
Q

Structural differences in genatalia or flowers that prevent copulation of pollen transfer

A

Mechanical Isolation

37
Q

Male and female gametes fail to attract each other or are inviable

A

Gametic Isolation

38
Q

3 Postzygotic Barrier

A

Reduced Hybrid Viability
Reduced Hybrid Fertility
Hybrid Breakdown

39
Q

Zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach sexual maturity

A

Reduced Hybrid Viability

40
Q

Hybrids fail to produce functional gametes

A

Reduced Hybrid Fertility

41
Q

Offspring of hybrids have reduced viability and fertility

A

Hybrid Breakdown

42
Q

Is the ultimate fate of a species. It is a natural or unnatural irreversible process of eliminating a species.

A

Extinction

43
Q

The past great extinctions shared some important commonalities (4):

A

1 They caused a catastrophic loss of global biodiversity
2 They unfolded rapidly
3 Taxonomically, their impact was not random
4 The survivors were often not previously dominant evolutionary groups

44
Q

7 Drivers of Extinction

A

1 Natural and Extra-terrestrial causes
2 Deforestation
3 Overexploitation
4 Disease
5 Pollution
6 Invasive Species
7 Climate Change

ECOLOGY LECT (12 decks)

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