Male & Female Reproductive Strategies

Question 1

Male & Female Reproductive Strategies (2)

Answer 1

1.Females Allocate more Energy per gamete than males

2.Parental Investment—very substantial for the females, while male sometimes leave the female.

Question 2

Attributes that females use in selecting males (2)

Answer 2

1.Indicators of high genetic quality

2.Indicators of high capacity to provide useful resources

Question 3

1. High Genetic Quality (A. B.)

Answer 3

A. Genetic Complementarity

B. Capacity to dominate rivals

Question 4

A. Genetic complementarity (2) HIGH GENETIC QUALITY

Answer 4

1. male signals that he is non-relative
2. Ability to provide large sample of gametes

Question 5

B. Capacity to dominate rivals (2) HIGH GENETIC QUALITY

Answer 5

1. evidence of high social ranking
2. female’s incitation of male-maleaggression

Question 6

2. High Capacity to provide resources (A. B. C.)

Answer 6

A. Material benefits offered by potential mate
B. Paternal services offered by the male
C. The capacity for prolonged survival

Question 7

A. Material benefits offered by potential mate (2) HIGH CAPACITY TO PROVIDE RESOURCES

Answer 7

1. nutritional nuptial gifts provided to or during copulation
2. access to valuable resources controlled by male

Question 8

B. Paternal services offered by the male (2) HIGH CAPACITY TO PROVIDE RESOURCES

Answer 8

1. indicators of foraging skill
2. readiness to defend mate & offspring

Question 9

C. The capacity for prolonged survival (2) HIGH CAPACITY TO PROVIDE RESOURCES

Answer 9

1. Behavioral or morphological cues
   associated with old age.
2. Male’s sound physiological condition

Question 10

How to pick up a dominant male (3)

Answer 10

1.High male status, large body size,good foraging ability, superiorsurvival skills & good physical condition.
2. Sexual advertisement (readiness to mate)
3. Aggressive competition

Question 11

Testing Male Dominance (3)

Answer 11

1. Only a truly dominant male can subdue and mate with noisy female without sexual interference from his rivals
2. Lengthy interaction with the partner
3. Territorial capacities thru scent

Question 12

Mating Systems (2)

Answer 12

Monogamy
Polygamy (Polygyny one male, Polyandry one female)

Question 13

Polygyny defense types (2)

Answer 13

1. Female defense polygyny
   –live in permanent groups which male defend directly (lions, gorillas)
2. Resource defense polygyny
   –not living in permanent groups, but are specially concentrated at food, nesting sites or other sources which some males control (Impala controlling a rich grazing pasture, streamer-tail controlling the whole tree for the flowers)

Question 14

Resource defense Polygyny (a. b.)

Answer 14

• a. sometimes males wait for females
  —for water holes or rich sources of food (topi, Grevy’s Zebra)

b. sometimes males to follow females (mountain sheep, african elephants)

Question 15

Types of Polygyny Harems (2)

Answer 15

Seasonal Harems
Permanent Harems

Question 16

Polygyny where males cannot economically monopolize females (2)

Answer 16

Lek Polygyny - males compete for high dominance ranking within a group

Scramble competition polygyny - females may be clustered spatially or temporally but can not be defended because of high male density
- males race to contact as many receptive females as
possible without engaging in territorial defense

Question 17

Polyandry without Sex Reversal (2)

Answer 17

1. Sperm replenishment polyandry –females may mate more than once to secure an additional sperm with which to fertilize a new
   clutch of eggs
2. Prostitution polyandry –females may mate with more than one male in order to
   gain access to the male’s resources

Question 18

Polyandry with sex role reversal (2)

Answer 18

1. Resource Defense Polyandry
   –females control resources attractive to more than one male, males may provide even greater parental care per offspring than females
2. Lek Polyandry
   –females provide neither resources nor parental care but males compete for dominance positions in
   female aggregations because paternal males select high ranking females as their mates

Question 19

Imprinting

Answer 19

George Archibald

Question 20

Dr. Archibald founded the ___ in Baraboo, Wisconsin

he heads a ___ commission on crane survival. Forty years later, the world’s cranes are still in a perilous situation.

Answer 20

International Crane
Foundation

World Conservation Union