population biology Flashcards by claire perez

a group of interacting organisms of the
same species living in a particular space

Population

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Micro population:
Macro population:

Micro population: Aeta population (local population)
Macro population: human population

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All the individuals of
a species that live
together in an area

Population

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How to know one’s species in a population

Size - how many
Dispersion - interact w each other
Density - distributed/ dispersed

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Briefly explain population dynamics

Study how and why population size changes over time
Study the factors affecting the growth, stability and decline of populations

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What are the 3 phases that all populations undergo

Growth
Stability
Decline

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It is the no. of individuals in a population

Size

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What are the factors affecting the size of a population over time

Births - increase
Deaths - decrease
Migration
- immigration: live in a country that is not the country of origin
-emigration.: leave the country of origin and live someplace else

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It is the no. of individuals per unit of area at a given time (example)

Density
(ex: 100 bunnies per acre of land in an island)

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True or false:
Measuring density of population is a difficult task

True

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It is used to estimate the size of a population where it is impractical to count every individual

Mark and recapture method

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Briefly explain mark and recapture method

It captures a small no. of individuals, put a harmless mark on them and release them back into the population

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It is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the geographic boundaries

Dispersion

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What are the 3 general patterns of dispersion

Clumping
Uniform
Random
* most species live in clumps or groups

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individuals in a population are clustered together, creating some patches with many individuals and some patches with no individuals

Clumped dispersion

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occur when resources are concentrated in small areas within a larger habitat or because of individuals forming social groups

Clumped dispersion

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Individuals of a population are spaced more or less evenly

Uniform dispersion

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Uniform dispersion is a result of interactions between individuals like ____ and ____ . It occurs where individuals must compete for a _____

Competition and territory
limiting resource

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Individuals are distributed randomly, without a predictable pattern

Random dispersion

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Examples of random dispersion

Dandelions and other plants that have wind-dispersed seeds

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It explains how fast a given population grows

Population growth rate

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How does population growth rate is being measured in different ways

Microorganisms (provide direct measure)
Plants/ animals (estimate population sizes and growth rates)

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What are the 2 kinds of population growth

Exponential growth
Logistic growth

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“J”-shaped population growth pattern

Exponential growth

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”S”-shaped population growth pattern

Logistic growth

Population growth usually stops due to ______

Lack of resources - food - water - shelter - space

True or false: Population growth usually stops due to build up of waste products which poison the organisms

True

It is the number of organism of one species that an environment can support

Carrying capacity ( s-shaped growth)

This growth is slow at first because the no. Of reproducing organism is small

Exponential growth (j-shaped curve)

What is the strategist for J: S:

J: “r” strategist S: “k” strategist

What are the living conditions and environment in R strategist: K strategist:

R strategist: unstable and unpredictable enviro K strategist: more stable enviro

Which growth pattern produces more offspring

J-shaped population growth patterns (r strategist)

What are some examples in J-shaped: S-shaped:

J-shaped: dogs cats insects fish S-shaped: humans lions whales

What are the 2 types of limiting factors

Density dependent factor Density independent factors

What are the population relationships in density dependent factor

Prey-predator relationship Competition Disease

prey relationships often show a cycle of population increases and decreases over time

Predator

How does high density affect the environment

Crowding cause stress = decrease in population size

What are some density-independent factors

Severe storms and flooding Sudden unpredictable severe cold spells Earthquake and volcanoes Catastrophic meteorite impacts

true or false: populations growth and speed is usually linear

false - not

briefly explain Density dependent factors Density independent factors

Density dependent factors: limiting factors that bcm more intense as the population density increases (overcrowding and competition) Density independent factors: limiting factors that can cause popu decline or growth but impact is not directly related to hoe crowded/ sparse the population is (external enviro that affects popu regardless of its size and density)

why did the industrial revolution increase population size

due to advances in medicine, technology and cleanliness

how does industrial revolution helped in food production

by leading to an increase in pesticides and fertilizer use

true or false: the human population increased relatively slowly until about 1600 and then began to decline slowly

false - until abt 1650 and then GROW exponentially

it is a model that states that the population will eventually stop growing when the country transitions from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and death rates, stabilizing the population.

demographic transition

population change is governed by the balance between ____ and ____

birth rates and death rates

what happens if the birth rate stays the same and the death rate decreases

population numbers will grow

what happens if the birth rate increases and the death rate stays the same

population numbers will grow

most of the current global population growth is concentrated in _____ countries

developing world's current population growth is happening in developing countries, rather than developed nations

what is more a factor of industrialized nations, death rates or increasing birth rates

death rates (life expectancy keeps increasing ) death rate is higgh in industrilized nation

what is zero population growth

birth rate equals death rate

true or false: It is very difficult for ecologists to calculate human carrying capacity.

true

refers to the maximum number of individuals of a particular species (in this case, humans) that the Earth's resources can sustain indefinitely without causing irreversible damage or degradation to the environment and ecosystems

global carrying capacity

briefly explain global carrying capacity

an estimate of how many people the planet Earth can support with the available natural resources, living space, and ability to recycle waste products without depleting or destroying those resources beyond recovery

estimates involve making predictions about future trends in demography, resource availability, technological advances and economic development

carrying capacity

true or false: the carrying capacity of Earth for humans is certain

false - uncertain

what is the average estimate of the carrying capacity of Earth for human

10-15 billion people

it is the study of human population growth characteristics

demography

what is one important demographic factor in present and future growth trends in a country

age structure

it is the relative number of individuals at each age

age structure

what is the infant mortality rate in industrialized countries and less-industrialized countries

less-industrialized countries have a greater infant mortality rate than industrialized countries

what is the life expectancy in industrialized countries and less-industrialized countries

industrialized countries has greater life expectancy than less-industrialized countries

briefly explain immigration and emigration

immigration: live in a country that is not the country of origin emigration.: leave the country of origin and live someplace else

from year 2009 to 2020, has the Philippine population been growing or declining over these years?

growing

what is the ph population in Dec 2020, Dec 2019 and Dec 1950

109.6 million people in 2020 108.1 million people in 2019 18.6 million people in 1950

ph population data is updated _____ and available from ____ to ____

yearly available from Dec 1950 to Dec 2020.

it is the study of how various factors impact population growth, rates of survival and reproduction, and risk of extinction

population ecology ( understand how populations fluctuate, how they respond to environmental changes, and how they interact with other species in an ecosystem )