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2024 SEM 2 ENV SCI (LEC) > human population and demography > Flashcards

human population and demography Flashcards

1
Q

define human population ecology

A

studies how indiv in an area r affected by various factors

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2
Q

define human demography

A

study of human population and its changes overtime through statical methods

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3
Q

true or false:
prior to Industrial Revolution, birth rates and death rates were both very high, which kept the global human population relatively unstable

A

false - stable

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4
Q

what year did it reach 1 billion people

A

around 1800s

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5
Q

what played heavily in reducing mortality rates

A

modern medicine and sanitation

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6
Q

what is one unreliable way to reduce fertility

A

birth control pill
it was introduced in 1960

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7
Q

what year did human population grew to 5 million ppl and how long did it take

A

year 600 B.C.
took abt 2.5 years

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8
Q

what year did human population grew to 500 million ppl and how long did it take

A

year 1650 A.D
took 8000 years

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9
Q

what year did it reached
1 billion-
2 billion-
4 billion-
8 billion-

A

1 billion- year1850
2 billion- year 1930
4 billion- year 1970
8 billion- recent census estimate

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10
Q

in 2010, which country has the greatest and least human population

A

greatest - china
least - brazil

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11
Q

in 2050, predict which country has the greatest and least human population

A

greatest - india
least - indonesia

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12
Q

it is the annual average rate of change of population size

A

growth rate

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13
Q

what is the growth rate of human population

A

1.21%

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14
Q

why is there an increase of population

A

migration (move from one county to another)
agriculture
controlling disease spreading

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15
Q

how does population growth differs between developed countries and developing countries

A

developing countries increases 9 times than developed ones

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16
Q

what is the prediction of distribution of human population in 2050

A

95% increase in developing countries

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17
Q

briefly describe the characteristics of a population in highly developed states and developing states

birth rate
infant mortality
fertility rate
life expectancy
economic power

A

highly developed states
- low birth rate
- low infant mortality
- low fertility rate
- higher life expectancy
- higher economic power

developing states
- high birth rate
- high infant mortality
- high fertility rate
- shorter life expectancy
- lower economic power

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18
Q

what are the factors influencing human population size

A

migration
births (fertility)
deaths (mortality)

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19
Q

a measure of how many children are being born to a woman over her reproductive years

A

fertility rate

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20
Q

a measure of deaths in a population

A

mortality rate

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21
Q

a measure of the movement of people in or out of an area

A

migration

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22
Q

define
emigration:
immigration:

A

❖ Emigration: moving out (or moves away) from an area (e.g., a country) and transfer to another (A person emigrating from India to Canada for better job opportunities.)
❖ Immigration: moving into an area from another (Seasonal workers immigrating to a farming region during the harvest season.)

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23
Q

what causes humans to migrate

A

economic
quality of life
availability of resources
climate

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24
Q

what affects birth and fertility rate

A

children as part of the labor force
cost of rising and educating children
availability of private and public pension
average age of a woman at birth of first child
availability of legal abortions
religious beliefs, traditions and cultural norms

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25
it is the average no. of years a newborn infant can be expected to live
life expectancy
26
how does the life expectancy at birth in the Philippines improved
has improved from 69 to 70.4 years from 2000 to 2019
27
describe the life expectancy at birth worldwide
has improves from 66.8 to 73.3 years from 2000 to 2019
28
it is the no. of live births that die in first year
infant mortality rate
29
what are some ways to decrease mortality rate
increase food supply and distribution better nutrition medical advances improved sanitation
30
it is the overview of a population's demography
population composition
31
what must be considered in accounting the population composition
sex ratio (ratio of men per 100 women) population pyramid (distribution of popu in terms of sex and age)
32
it is the proportion of different age groups with their sexes in a population
age structure
33
pre-reproductive ages = reproductive ages = post-reproductive ages =
pre-reproductive ages = 0-14 reproductive ages = 15-44 post-reproductive ages = 45+
34
fastest growing age group
seniors
35
give some examples of country that has a diagram of expanding rapidly: expanding slowly: stable: declining:
expanding rapidly: nigeria saudi arabia guatemala expanding slowly: united states australia china stable: japan italy greece declining: germany bulgaria russia
36
what are the 4 categories of generalized population age-structure diagram - briefly explain
expanding rapidly: (pyramid with sides that curves inward) large portion of young and small portion of old high birth rate and death rate common in low- and lower-middle-income countries, families have more children and indiv have shorter lifespans expanding slowly: (pyramid) large portion of young and small portion of old but the difference is not extreme as rapidly growing population high birth rate and a declining death rate as more ppl r living into middle or old age factors: growth due to immigration and increasing lifespans stable: (dome/ hill) small portion of young, middle and old ppl declining birth rate and low death rate seen in high income countries = fewer children and indiv live longer declining: (dome that constricts at the bottom) has relatively young seen in low birth and death rates seen in countries with long established economic development which tend to have readily available edu and health care
37
what are the consequences of a large aging population in slow and rapid decline
slow decline: manageable fast decline: severe economic probs how pay for services for elderly proportionally fewer young people working labor shortage severe social probs
38
what are the potential impact of growing population in density-dependent factors and density-independent factors
density-dependent factors: predation disease competition toxic wastes density-independent factors: hurricanes blizzards forest fire mudslides volcanoes, tsunamis and earthquakes
39
is a method of gauging humans' dependence on natural resources by calculating how much of the environment is needed to sustain a particular lifestyle.
ecological footprint
40
what does ecological footprint measures
the demand vs. the supply of nature
41
briefly explain the ecological footprint in developing countries and developed countries
developing countries: ppl overpopulation - that degrades the environment developed countries: consumption overpopulation - that degrades the environment In simple terms, developing countries tend to have a larger ecological footprint due to overpopulation and the strain it puts on limited resources, while developed countries have a larger ecological footprint due to overconsumption and resource-intensive lifestyles, despite having smaller populations.
42
it aims at explaining how population systems regulate themselves given available resources
demographic theories
43
namesake of Malthusian theory
English clergyman Thomas Malthus 1766-1834
44
it talks about the “carrying capacity” or the ability of the people to thrive in an area with respect to the resources available to sustain them
Malthusian theory
45
what are the 3 factors that keep population in check within the bounds of carrying capacity, according to Malthusian theory
war famine (shortage of food distribution and prevents tht leads to widespread hunger) disease
46
what does it mean to have positive checks in Malthusian Theory
increase mortality
47
the positive checks in Malthusian theory are opposed by ______ that control population through reduced fertility rate - -
preventive checks - birth control - celibacy (choose not to marry or have sex) = reduced fertility rate
48
“Malthus saw that people could produce only so much food in a given year, yet the population was increasing at an exponential rate. Eventually, he thought people would run out of food and begin to starve. They would go to war over increasingly scarce resources and reduce the population to a manageable level, and then the cycle would begin anew.”
Malthusian Theory
49
what are the 3 factors that the sociologist believe that we do not exceed our carrying our capacity in Malthus's theory
increased food production medical advancements contraception and family planning = these mitigate the effects he predicted allowing the world's population to grow without exceeding the carrying capacity
50
he stated the environment play the vital role in determinig the world's population
Paul R. Ehrlich (American Biologist)
51
what did Ehrlich advocate to mitigate overpopulation
zero-population growth
52
what happens to the environment if there is a high population number
may lead to environmental collapse
53
zero net
may increase or decrease in a population [no. of indiv leaving a popu (death/ emigration) = no. of indiv joining a popu (live births/ immigration)]
54
Human ingenuity as the driving force to overcome environmental challenges that may affect human population. The environmental problems faced by society either do not exist or can be solved by technology or the free market
Cornucopian Theory
55
examples of Cornucopian Theory
food shortage can be resolved by sci innovations in technology for meds and foods
56
briefly explain the demographic transition theory - population growth follows 4 predicted stages
Stage 1: A population may start with increased rate of birth and mortality, and lower life expectancy Stage 2: Industrialization happens, increase birth date with low mortality, therefore increasing life expectancy Stage 3: Birth and mortality continue to decline, life expectancy increasing Stage 4: Societal stability
57
it is the flow of huge populations into smaller areas leads to urbanization
population growth and urbanization
58
how is a city formed what are the following needed in order to develop an ideal city in an area & according to ____
according to Swedish sociologist Gideon Sjoberg in 1965 1. good enviro = good climate and resources 2. technological advancements = food and health needs 3. organized = economic and social stability
59
concentric circular areas, expanding outward from the center of the city, with various “zones” invading adjacent zones
concentric zone model in simple terms: diff types of land use and socioeconomic gro occupying each zone
60
briefly describe the different zones in concentric zone model
A: center of business and cultural district B: wealthy homes split into cheap apartments for new immigrants C: homes of working class and established ethnic enclaves D: wealthy homes and shopping centers E: estates of upper class
61
how do we interact with our surrounding
climate change pollution environmental racism
62
briefly explain climate change
changes in global temp increase and decrease in them (more on increase) caused by varius human activities
63
as of 2021, what years did it record the warmest global temp
2016 2020
64
effects of climate change
extreme weather conditions food insecurity human health
65
damaging contaminants leaking into various types of environment
pollution
66
true or false: earth is about 80% water but only a portion of it is Water Pollution usable by humans
false - 70%
67
how many children are affected by malnutrition and various health issue due to unsafe waters
more than 160 million
68
how many people do not have access to clean water waste for handwashing and sanitation purposes
approx. 3 billion ppl
69
unsafe water = breeding ground of many ______ disease (examples)
water-borne (fever, cholera and gastrointestinal diseases)
70
what are the social causes of water pollution
industrialization urbanization overpopulation
71
soil being contaminated with toxic materials
soil pollution
72
causes of soil pollution
agricultural causes industrialization improper waste management
73
what are some examples of damaging contaminants in a polluted soil
heavy metals (lead, mercury) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (napthalene) pesticides
74
higher population = higher ____ = high _____
consumption waste products
75
what are the 2 means of garbage disposal
landfill incineration
76
production of unwanted gases in the air that may have detrimental effect to life forms
air pollution
77
what is the major cause and other cause
major cause: fossil fuels, emission of greenhouse gases other cause: high popu
78
give examples of air contaminants
soots (fine particles made up of carbon) sulfides (sulfur gases) hydrocarbons (aromatic hydrocarbons)
79
true or false: radioactive waste can pollute air
true
80
what causes radioactive wastes
usage of nuclear energy
81
examples of toxic waste
oil spills = unwanted release in water petroleum and hydrocarbon products leaking into bodies of water may have detrimental effect of marine organisms
82
it refers to how minorities are greatly affected by the effects of these hazards
environmental racism
83
briefly explain environmental racism
higher exposuure to toxic waste exposure to other toxic wastes and odors creats environmentally hostile conditions for them to make a living
84
true or false: Black people lives near facilities that emits toxic wastes.
true
85
true or false: In US, it was found that black children are more likely to be exposed to heavy metal poisoning (lead) than white children.
true

2024 SEM 2 ENV SCI (LEC) (13 decks)

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