Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2024 SEM 2 ENV SCI (LEC) > human population and demography > Flashcards

human population and demography Flashcards

1
Q

define human population ecology

A

studies how indiv in an area r affected by various factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define human demography

A

study of human population and its changes overtime through statical methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

true or false:
prior to Industrial Revolution, birth rates and death rates were both very high, which kept the global human population relatively unstable

A

false - stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what year did it reach 1 billion people

A

around 1800s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what played heavily in reducing mortality rates

A

modern medicine and sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is one unreliable way to reduce fertility

A

birth control pill
it was introduced in 1960

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what year did human population grew to 5 million ppl and how long did it take

A

year 600 B.C.
took abt 2.5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what year did human population grew to 500 million ppl and how long did it take

A

year 1650 A.D
took 8000 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what year did it reached
1 billion-
2 billion-
4 billion-
8 billion-

A

1 billion- year1850
2 billion- year 1930
4 billion- year 1970
8 billion- recent census estimate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

in 2010, which country has the greatest and least human population

A

greatest - china
least - brazil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in 2050, predict which country has the greatest and least human population

A

greatest - india
least - indonesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

it is the annual average rate of change of population size

A

growth rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the growth rate of human population

A

1.21%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is there an increase of population

A

migration (move from one county to another)
agriculture
controlling disease spreading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does population growth differs between developed countries and developing countries

A

developing countries increases 9 times than developed ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the prediction of distribution of human population in 2050

A

95% increase in developing countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

briefly describe the characteristics of a population in highly developed states and developing states

birth rate
infant mortality
fertility rate
life expectancy
economic power

A

highly developed states
- low birth rate
- low infant mortality
- low fertility rate
- higher life expectancy
- higher economic power

developing states
- high birth rate
- high infant mortality
- high fertility rate
- shorter life expectancy
- lower economic power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the factors influencing human population size

A

migration
births (fertility)
deaths (mortality)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a measure of how many children are being born to a woman over her reproductive years

A

fertility rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

a measure of deaths in a population

A

mortality rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a measure of the movement of people in or out of an area

A

migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define
emigration:
immigration:

A

❖ Emigration: moving out (or moves away) from an area (e.g., a country) and transfer to another (A person emigrating from India to Canada for better job opportunities.)
❖ Immigration: moving into an area from another (Seasonal workers immigrating to a farming region during the harvest season.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what causes humans to migrate

A

economic
quality of life
availability of resources
climate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what affects birth and fertility rate

A

children as part of the labor force
cost of rising and educating children
availability of private and public pension
average age of a woman at birth of first child
availability of legal abortions
religious beliefs, traditions and cultural norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

it is the average no. of years a newborn infant can be expected to live

A

life expectancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how does the life expectancy at birth in the Philippines improved

A

has improved from 69 to 70.4 years from 2000 to 2019

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe the life expectancy at birth worldwide

A

has improves from 66.8 to 73.3 years from 2000 to 2019

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

it is the no. of live births that die in first year

A

infant mortality rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are some ways to decrease mortality rate

A

increase food supply and distribution
better nutrition
medical advances
improved sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

it is the overview of a population’s demography

A

population composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what must be considered in accounting the population composition

A

sex ratio (ratio of men per 100 women)
population pyramid (distribution of popu in terms of sex and age)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

it is the proportion of different age groups with their sexes in a population

A

age structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

pre-reproductive ages =
reproductive ages =
post-reproductive ages =

A

pre-reproductive ages = 0-14
reproductive ages = 15-44
post-reproductive ages = 45+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

fastest growing age group

A

seniors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

give some examples of country that has a diagram of
expanding rapidly:
expanding slowly:
stable:
declining:

A

expanding rapidly:
nigeria
saudi arabia
guatemala

expanding slowly:
united states
australia
china

stable:
japan
italy
greece

declining:
germany
bulgaria
russia

36
Q

what are the 4 categories of generalized population age-structure diagram - briefly explain

A

expanding rapidly: (pyramid with sides that curves inward)
large portion of young and small portion of old
high birth rate and death rate
common in low- and lower-middle-income countries, families have more children and indiv have shorter lifespans

expanding slowly: (pyramid)
large portion of young and small portion of old but the difference is not extreme as rapidly growing population
high birth rate and a declining death rate as more ppl r living into middle or old age
factors: growth due to immigration and increasing lifespans

stable: (dome/ hill)
small portion of young, middle and old ppl
declining birth rate and low death rate
seen in high income countries = fewer children and indiv live longer

declining: (dome that constricts at the bottom)
has relatively young
seen in low birth and death rates
seen in countries with long established economic development which tend to have readily available edu and health care

37
Q

what are the consequences of a large aging population in slow and rapid decline

A

slow decline:
manageable

fast decline:
severe economic probs
how pay for services for elderly
proportionally fewer young people working
labor shortage
severe social probs

38
Q

what are the potential impact of growing population in density-dependent factors and density-independent factors

A

density-dependent factors:
predation
disease
competition
toxic wastes

density-independent factors:
hurricanes
blizzards
forest fire
mudslides
volcanoes, tsunamis and earthquakes

39
Q

is a method of gauging humans’ dependence on natural resources by calculating how much of the environment is needed to sustain a particular lifestyle.

A

ecological footprint

40
Q

what does ecological footprint measures

A

the demand vs. the supply of nature

41
Q

briefly explain the ecological footprint in developing countries and developed countries

A

developing countries:
ppl overpopulation - that degrades the environment
developed countries:
consumption overpopulation - that degrades the environment

In simple terms, developing countries tend to have a larger ecological footprint due to overpopulation and the strain it puts on limited resources, while developed countries have a larger ecological footprint due to overconsumption and resource-intensive lifestyles, despite having smaller populations.

42
Q

it aims at explaining how population systems regulate themselves given available resources

A

demographic theories

43
Q

namesake of Malthusian theory

A

English clergyman Thomas Malthus 1766-1834

44
Q

it talks about the “carrying capacity” or the ability of the people to thrive in an area with respect to the resources available to sustain them

A

Malthusian theory

45
Q

what are the 3 factors that keep population in check within the bounds of carrying capacity, according to Malthusian theory

A

war
famine (shortage of food distribution and prevents tht leads to widespread hunger)
disease

46
Q

what does it mean to have positive checks in Malthusian Theory

A

increase mortality

47
Q

-

A

preventive checks

  • birth control
  • celibacy (choose not to marry or have sex)
    = reduced fertility rate
48
Q

“Malthus saw that people could produce only so much food in a given year, yet the population was increasing at an exponential rate. Eventually, he thought people would run out of food and begin to starve. They would go to war over increasingly scarce resources and reduce the population to a manageable level, and then the cycle would begin anew.”

A

Malthusian Theory

49
Q

what are the 3 factors that the sociologist believe that we do not exceed our carrying our capacity in Malthus’s theory

A

increased food production
medical advancements
contraception and family planning

= these mitigate the effects he predicted allowing the world’s population to grow without exceeding the carrying capacity

50
Q

he stated the environment play the vital role in determinig the world’s population

A

Paul R. Ehrlich (American Biologist)

51
Q

what did Ehrlich advocate to mitigate overpopulation

A

zero-population growth

52
Q

what happens to the environment if there is a high population number

A

may lead to environmental collapse

53
Q

zero net

A

may increase or decrease in a population
[no. of indiv leaving a popu (death/ emigration) = no. of indiv joining a popu (live births/ immigration)]

54
Q

Human ingenuity as the driving force to overcome environmental challenges that may affect human population. The environmental problems faced by society either do not exist or can be solved by technology or the free market

A

Cornucopian Theory

55
Q

examples of Cornucopian Theory

A

food shortage can be resolved by sci
innovations in technology for meds and foods

56
Q

briefly explain the demographic transition theory - population growth follows 4 predicted stages

A

Stage 1: A population may start with increased rate of birth and mortality, and lower life expectancy

Stage 2: Industrialization happens, increase birth date with low mortality, therefore increasing life expectancy

Stage 3: Birth and mortality continue to decline, life expectancy increasing

Stage 4: Societal stability

57
Q

it is the flow of huge populations into smaller areas leads to urbanization

A

population growth and urbanization

58
Q

how is a city formed
what are the following needed in order to develop an ideal city in an area & according to ____

A

according to Swedish sociologist Gideon Sjoberg in 1965
1. good enviro = good climate and resources
2. technological advancements = food and health needs
3. organized = economic and social stability

59
Q

concentric circular areas, expanding outward from the center
of the city, with various “zones” invading adjacent zones

A

concentric zone model

in simple terms:
diff types of land use and socioeconomic gro occupying each zone

60
Q

briefly describe the different zones in concentric zone model

A

A: center of business and cultural district

B: wealthy homes split into cheap apartments for new immigrants

C: homes of working class and established ethnic enclaves

D: wealthy homes and shopping centers

E: estates of upper class

61
Q

how do we interact with our surrounding

A

climate change
pollution
environmental racism

62
Q

briefly explain climate change

A

changes in global temp
increase and decrease in them (more on increase)
caused by varius human activities

63
Q

as of 2021, what years did it record the warmest global temp

A

2016
2020

64
Q

effects of climate change

A

extreme weather conditions
food insecurity
human health

65
Q

damaging contaminants leaking into various types of environment

A

pollution

66
Q

true or false:
earth is about 80% water but only a portion of it is Water Pollution usable by humans

A

false - 70%

67
Q

how many children are affected by malnutrition and various health issue due to unsafe waters

A

more than 160 million

68
Q

how many people do not have access to clean water waste for handwashing and sanitation purposes

A

approx. 3 billion ppl

69
Q

unsafe water = breeding ground of many ______ disease (examples)

A

water-borne (fever, cholera and gastrointestinal diseases)

70
Q

what are the social causes of water pollution

A

industrialization
urbanization
overpopulation

71
Q

soil being contaminated with toxic materials

A

soil pollution

72
Q

causes of soil pollution

A

agricultural causes
industrialization
improper waste management

73
Q

what are some examples of damaging contaminants in a polluted soil

A

heavy metals (lead, mercury)
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (napthalene)
pesticides

74
Q

higher population = higher ____ = high _____

A

consumption
waste products

75
Q

what are the 2 means of garbage disposal

A

landfill
incineration

76
Q

production of unwanted gases in the air that may have detrimental effect to life forms

A

air pollution

77
Q

what is the major cause and other cause

A

major cause:
fossil fuels, emission of greenhouse gases
other cause:
high popu

78
Q

give examples of air contaminants

A

soots (fine particles made up of carbon)
sulfides (sulfur gases)
hydrocarbons (aromatic hydrocarbons)

79
Q

true or false:
radioactive waste can pollute air

A

true

80
Q

what causes radioactive wastes

A

usage of nuclear energy

81
Q

examples of toxic waste

A

oil spills = unwanted release in water
petroleum and hydrocarbon products leaking into bodies of water may have detrimental effect of marine organisms

82
Q

it refers to how minorities are greatly affected by the effects of these hazards

A

environmental racism

83
Q

briefly explain environmental racism

A

higher exposuure to toxic waste
exposure to other toxic wastes and odors
creats environmentally hostile conditions for them to make a living

84
Q

true or false:
Black people lives near facilities that emits toxic wastes.

A

true

85
Q

true or false:
In US, it was found that black children are more likely to be exposed to heavy metal poisoning (lead) than white children.

A

true

2024 SEM 2 ENV SCI (LEC) (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions