Pleural effusions - pneumothorax

Question 1

pleural effusions - definition

Answer 1

excess accumulation of fluid between pleural layers

Question 2

pleural effusions causes

Answer 2

restricted lung expansion during inspiration

Question 3

pleural effusion treatment

Answer 3

thoracentesis to remove fluid

Question 4

pleural effusions types

Answer 4

1. transudate
2. Exudate
3. Lymphatic

Question 5

pleural effusion tranudate - pathophysiology

Answer 5

increased hydrostatic or decreased oncotic pressure

Question 6

pleural effusion tranudate - situations that cause it

Answer 6

1. Heart failure
2. nephrotic syndrome
3. hepatic cirrhosis

Question 7

pleural effusion tranudate - fluid characteristics

Answer 7

decreased protein

Question 8

pleural effusion exudate - pathophysiology

Answer 8

increased vascular permeability

Question 9

pleural effusion exudate - situations that cause it

Answer 9

1. malignancy 2. pneumonia 3. trauma

4. collagen vascular disease

Question 10

pleural effusion exudate - management

Answer 10

must be drained due to risk of infection

Question 11

pleural effusion lymphatic - also known as

Answer 11

chylothorax

Question 12

pleural effusion exudate - fluid characteristics

Answer 12

1. increased protein content

2. cloudy

Question 13

pleural effusion lymphatic - fluid characteristics

Answer 13

1. increased triglycerides

2. Milky-appearing fluid

Question 14

pleural effusion lymphatic - due to

Answer 14

thoracic duct injury from trauma or malignacy

Question 15

pleural effusion lymphatic - due to thoracic duct injury from

Answer 15

trauma or malignacy

Question 16

pneumothorax - definition

Answer 16

accumulation of air in pleural space

Question 17

pneumothorax - symptoms and signs

Answer 17

1. unilateral chest pain 2. dyspnea 3. hyperresonance
2. UNILATERAL CHEST EXPANSION 5. decreased tactile fremitus 6. diminished breath sounds
   ALL ON THE AFFECTED SIDES

Question 18

pneumothorax - types

Answer 18

1. primary spontaneous
2. secondary spontaneous
3. Traumatic spontaneous
4. Tension (can be any of the above)

Question 19

primary spontaneous pneumothorax is due to

Answer 19

rupture of apical blebs or cysts

Question 20

primary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs most often in

Answer 20

tall, thin, young males

Question 21

secondary spontaneous pneumothorax is due to

Answer 21

1. diseased lung (bullae in emphysema, infections)

2. mechanical ventilation with use of high pressures (barotrauma)

Question 22

traumatic pneumothorax is caused by

Answer 22

blunt (rib fracture) or penetrating (gunshot) trauma

Question 23

tension pneumothorax is caused by

Answer 23

any of the others (traumatic, primary or secondary spontaneous)

Question 24

tension pneumothorax pathophysiology

Answer 24

air enters pleural space but cannot exit –> increasing trapped aire –> tension pneumothorax

Question 25

tension pneumothorax - trachea

Answer 25

trachea deviates away from affected lung

Question 26

Tension pneumothorax - management

Answer 26

immediated needle decompression and chest tube placement