other 2 Flashcards
Apneustic center - location and function
lower pon
stimulate inspiration, producing deep and prolonged inspiratory gasp (apneusis)
Pneumontaxic center - location and function
upper pons
inhibits inspiration –> regulates insiratory volume and respiratory rate
Beside chemoreceptros and central control, other types of receptors that control breathing
- Lung stretch receptor
- irritant receptors
- J (juxtacapillary receprors)
- Joint and muscles receptors
control breathing - Lung stretch receptor
when Lung strectch receptors (on SMC of the airways) are stimulated by distention –> decresea in RR (Hering-Breuer reflux)
Hering-Breuer reflux?
when Lung strectch receptors (on SMC of the airways) are stimulated by distention –> decresea in RR
control breathing - irritant receptors
located vetweein airway epithelial cells –> stimulated by noxious substance (eg. dust and polle)
control breathing - J (juxtacapillary receprors)
located in alveolar walls (close to capillaries)
engorgement of pulmon capillaries (eg. LHF) –> stimulates J receptos –> rapid, shallow breathing
control breathing - Joint and muscles receptors
movement of limbs –> activation –> early stimulation of breathing during exercise
mesothelioma - histology
papillary bodies
carletin and cytokeratin (+)
structrures that perforate diaphragm
IVC at T8
esophagus + vagus at T10
azygus, aorta, thoracic duct at T12
Sarcoidosis - steps
- bilateral hilar lymphadeopathy
- bilateral hilar lymphadeopathy with pulmonary inflitrates (esp upper)
- disappearance of hilar lymphadeonpathy
- lung fibrosis
alpha 1 antitrypsin - diagnosis / age of live disease / age of lung disease
diagnosis: measurement of serum ATT level –> followed by confirmatory genetic test
age of liver: first 2 decades
age of lung: 51 in nonsmokers, 36 in smokers
- middle meningeal artery is a branch of
- facial artery is a branch of
- occipital artery is a branch of
- opthalmic artery is branch of
- sphenopalatine artery is a branch of
- maxillary
- external carotid
- facial artery
- internal carotid
- maxillary
facial artery is branch of
external carotid
congenital torticollis
- typically at 2 to 4 weeks of age
- child prefers to hold the head tilted to one side
- due to malposition of the head in utero or birth trauma
- resolve with conservative therapy and stretching exercise
- palpable soft-tissue mass at inferior 1/3 of the affected SCM
- may also have additional musculoskeletal anomalies: hip dysplacia, metatarsus adductis etc
