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respiratory > embryology > Flashcards

embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Lung development occurs in

A

5 periods

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2
Q

Lung development - initial development includes

A

development of lung bud from distal end of respiratory diverticulum during week 4

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3
Q

Lung bud formation - next step

A

lung buds divides into 2 bronchial buds that branch off into bronchi

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4
Q

Lung development occurs in 5 period - periods and time

A
  1. embryonic (wk 4-7)
  2. Pseydogandular (wk 5-16)
  3. Canalicular (wk 16-26)
  4. Saccular (wk 26-birth)
  5. Alveolar (wk 32-8 yrs)
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5
Q

Lung development - embryonic stage time and events

A 
wk4-7
Lung bud (divides into 2 bronchial buds that branch off into bronchi) --> trachea --> mainstem bronchi --> secondry (lobar) bronchi --> tertiary (segmantal) bronchi
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6
Q

Lung development - Pseudoglandular stage time and events

A

wk 5-16
Endodermal tubules –> terminal bronchioles
Surrounded by modest capillary network

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7
Q

Lung development - Canalicular stage time and events

A

wk 16-26
terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts
Surrounded by prominent capillary network
(AIRWAYS INCREASE IN DIAMETER)

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8
Q

Lung development - Saccular stage time and events

A

wk 26-birth

  • Alveolar ducts –> terminal sacs
  • Terminal sacs separated by 1ry septae
  • Pneumonocytes develop
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9
Q

Lung development - Alveolar stage time and events

A

wk32-8yrs

- Terminal sacs –> adult alveoli (due to 2ry septation)

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10
Q

breathing in utero vs breathing at birth

A
  1. utero –> via aspirattion and expulsion of amniotic fluid
    - -> increased vascular resistance through gestation
  2. birth –> fluids get replaced with air –> decreased in pulmonary vascular resistance
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11
Q

number of aveoli according to according to age

A

at birth 20-70 milion

8 years 300-400 milion

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12
Q

Surfactant synthesis - time

A

begins around week 26 of gestation, but mature levels are not achieved until arround week 35 (peak at 1 wk after birth)

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13
Q

Screening test for fetal lung maturity

A
  1. lecithin/sphingomyelin ration in amniotic fluid –>
    - if more than 2 –> healthy
    - if less than 1.5 –> predictive of NRDAS
  2. foam stability test
  3. surfactant/albumin ratio
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14
Q

tracheoesophangeal fistula - errors at … (time)

A

Embryonic stage of lung development (wk4-7)

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15
Q

lung development - respiration capable at

A

25 wks

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16
Q

Respiration at pseudoglandular stage of lung development

A

impossible –> incompatible with life

17
Q

Congenital lung malformations

A
  1. Pulmonary hypoplasia

2. Bronchogenic cysts

18
Q

Pulmonary hypoplasia - definition

A

Poorly developed bronchial tree with abnormal histlogy with involving right lung

19
Q

Pulmonary hypoplasia - Poorly developed bronchial tree with abnormal histlogy with involving

A

right lung

20
Q

Pulmonary hypoplasia is associated with

A
  1. congenital diaphragmatic hernia

2. bilateral renal agenesis (Potter sequence)

21
Q

Bronchogenic cysts - is caused by (and clinical presentation)

A

abnormal budding of the foregut and dilation of terminal or large bronchi –> drain poorly and cause chronic infection

22
Q

Bronchogenic cysts - appearance

A

Discrete, round, shaprly defined and air-filled densities on CXR

23
Q

Bronchogenic cysts - clinical presentation

A

drain poorly and cause chronic infection

24
Q

Lung development - stages, time, mechanism (all)

A
  1. embryonic (wk 4-7) –> Lung bud (divides into 2 bronchial buds that branch off into bronchi) –> trachea –> mainstem bronchi –> secondry (lobar) bronchi –> tertiary (segmantal) bronchi
  2. Pseydogandular (wk 5-16) –> Endodermal tubules –> terminal bronchioles. Surrounded by modest capillary network
  3. Canalicular (wk 16-26) –> terminal bronchioles –> respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar ducts
    Surrounded by prominent capillary network
  4. Saccular (wk 26-birth) –> - Alveolar ducts –> terminal sacs. Terminal sacs separated by 1ry septae. Pneumonocytes develop
  5. Alveolar (wk 32-8 yrs) –> Terminal sacs –> adult alveoli (due to 2ry septation)
25
Q

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome - mechanism/CXR/risk factors/Complications

A

surfactant deficinecy –> increased surface tension –> alveolar colapse
CXR: ground glass appearance of fields
RF: preamturity, maternal diabetes, C section delivery
Complications: metabolic acidosis, PDA,necrotizing enterocolitis
treatment: maternal sterid before birth, artificial surfactant for infant

respiratory (27 decks)

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