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Life on Earth > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

1
Q

what is a prochloron

A

unicellular oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote

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2
Q

where are prochlorons found

A

as an extracellular symbiont on coral reefs

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3
Q

what is a chlorophyte

A

green algae

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4
Q

what are the ancestors of land plants

A

chlorophyta

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5
Q

where are chlorophyta found

A

fresh water and marine waters

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6
Q

what do chlorophyta have

A

filaments and fronds

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7
Q

what are the ancestors of true plants

A

charophytes

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8
Q

where are charophytes found

A

shallow waters

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9
Q

how are charophytes adapted to shallow waters

A

can survive drying out

ideal pressure for evolving into land plants

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10
Q

what is a Coleochaete orbicularis

A

charophyte

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11
Q

what is a Chara

A

charophyte

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12
Q

how have plants adapted to life on earth

A 
strength eg tree trunk
big eg grow tall
resist water loos eg guard cells
resist herbivores eg thorns
make msot of terrestrial vectors eg pollination
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13
Q

what are the uses of plants vacuoles

A

store excess salts to prevent shrivelling

maintain rigidity inside cell

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14
Q

what is the main conducting element in pteridophytes & gymnosperms

A

tracheids

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15
Q

what is the main conducting element in angiosperms

A

vessels

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16
Q

what type of skeleton does a vacuole have

A

hydrostatic

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17
Q

what alters the chemical properties of chloroplasts

A

Small changes in the structure of chlorophyll alter the wavelength of light absorbed

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18
Q

which way do the grana of chloroplasts move

A

toward the direction of light

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19
Q

what are the three photosynthetic pigments

A

carotenoids
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b

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20
Q

what colours do chlorophyll a absorb

A

red and violet

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21
Q

what colours do chlorophyll a reflect

A

green

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22
Q

what colours do chlorophyll b absorb

A

blue

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23
Q

what colours do chlorophyll b reflect

A

violet
yellow
red

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24
Q

what colours do carotenoids absorb

A

blue and green

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25
Q

what colours do carotenoids reflect

A

yellow and red

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26
Q

what are plant walls strengthened with

A

lignin

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27
Q

what are plant cell walls made of

A

cellulose - polysaccharide

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28
Q

what form of carbon fixation forms 3 phoshpglycerate

A

C3

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29
Q

what does C3 carbon fixation form

A

3 phosphoglycerate

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30
Q

when did C3 carbon fixation evolve

A

3 billion years ago

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31
Q

under what circumstances did C3 carbon fixation evolve

A

high CO2 low O2

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32
Q

when does C4 carbon fixation occur

A

prefaces calvin cycle

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33
Q

what does c4 carbon fixation produce

A

malate - 4c product

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34
Q

where is malate produced

A

in mesophyll cells during c4 carbon fixation

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35
Q

where is the co2 from c4 carbon fixation stored

A

in bundles of sheath cells

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36
Q

what is the gametophyte dominant in

A

bryophytes

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37
Q

what evolutionary innovations enabled seed plants to outcompete ferns and other seedless plants that dominated through the end of the carboniferous period

A

reduced, dependant gametophytes

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38
Q

what feature distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms

A

angiosperms are held within an ovary

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39
Q

why is CO2 and malate stored in mesophyll cells

A

these are used in the calvin cycle which occur in mesophyll cells

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40
Q

how does initial c-fixation occur

A

via RuBisCo - adds co2 to ribulose biphosphate

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41
Q

what happens to c3 plants on hot. dry days

A

stomata partially close so less sugar produced and decreased levels of co2 in leaves which starve the calvin cycle

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42
Q

what happens in the calvin cycle if CO2 is scarce

A

RuBisCo adds o2 to ribulose biphosphate instead of co2. A 2C compound is formed which leaves the cholorplasts

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43
Q

what happens in photorespiration

A

CO2 is released

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44
Q

the releasing of CO2 does what to ATP

A

is consumed not made

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45
Q

agricultural uses of c3 plants

A

rice
wheat
soybeans

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46
Q

agricultural uses of c4 plants

A

sugarcane & corn, species in Poaceae

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47
Q

c4 plants evolved as a result of plants adapting to what

A

high light intensities
high temperatures
dryness

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48
Q

how do c4 plants eliminate photorespiration

A

concentrating co2 in bundle sheath cells

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49
Q

where do c4 plants dominate

A

grassland floras & biomass production in the warmer climates of the tropical & subtropical regions

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50
Q

what does CAM stand for

A

Crassulacean Acid Metabolism

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51
Q

where do mesophyll cells store oxaloacetate

A

in the vacuole until morning

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52
Q

when does the calvin cycle occur in CAM plants

A

in the day when stomata are closed

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53
Q

what are the two life cycles of plants

A

gametophyte

sporophyte

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54
Q

how are gametophytes formed

A

haploid spores germinate producing a gametophyte via mitosis

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55
Q

how are sporophytes formed

A

gametes fuse together in the archegonia forming a zygote which grows via mitosis to form a sporophyte

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56
Q

how/where do gametophytes form gametes

A

in gametangia via osmosis

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57
Q

where are male gametophyte gametes produced

A

antheridia

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58
Q

where are female gamtophyte gametes produced

A

archegonia

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59
Q

what happens in the sporangia

A

sporophytes produce 1n spores by meisosis

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60
Q

down side to Gametophytes

A

sensitive to stress

dependant on moisture

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61
Q

advantages of Gametophyte

A

encourages outbreeding - maximises chances of new combination of genes
(1 set of same chromosomes causes vulnerability)

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62
Q

what are embryophytes

A

true plants

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63
Q

what are the charactristics of true plants

A

mutlicellular dependant embryos
apical meristems
walled spores produced in sporangia

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64
Q

what are apical meristems

A

Localised regions of cell division producing longitudinal growth in plant organs

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65
Q

how many phyla in extant land plants

A

10

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66
Q

how many phyla of Bryophytes

A

3

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67
Q

how many phyla of Pteridophytes

A

2

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68
Q

how many phyla of Gymnosperms

A

4

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69
Q

how many phyla of Angiosperms

A

1

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70
Q

the evolution of embryos in plants formed

A

Bryophytes

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71
Q

the evolution of flowers in plants formed

A

angiosperms

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72
Q

the evolution of a vascular system in plants formed

A

Pteridophytes

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73
Q

the evolution of seeds in plants formed

A

gymnosperms

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74
Q

nonvascular plants are

A

Bryophytes

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75
Q

vascular seedless plants are

A

lycophytes

pteridophytes

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76
Q

vascular seeded plants are

A

angiosperms
gymnosperms
spermatophyta

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77
Q

out of c3, c4 and cam plants, which would stand to gain more from increasing co2 levels

A

C3

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78
Q

when is chlorophyll b used

A

in autumn

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79
Q

what evolved in plants 432-476 million years ago

A

embryos evolved

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80
Q

what first appeared in fossil records 432-476 millions years ago

A

spore tetrads

cuticles

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81
Q

what does the forming of embryos and spore tetrads represent

A

extinct lineages between charophytes and liverworts

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82
Q

what happened to plants 402-432 million years ago

A

decline in spore tetra diversity

rise in dominance of individually dispersed simple spores

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83
Q

what happened to plants 256-398 million years ago

A

diversity of spores and megafossils increased

increase in vascular plant diversity

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84
Q

what is sporopollenin

A

decay resistant spore cell walls

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85
Q

why were land plants small 402-432 million years ago

A

no lignen structure

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86
Q

why did plants grow tall

A

competition for sunlight

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87
Q

what are the important trends in plants evolution

A

Less dependence on water
Increase in size, especially height
Increased exploitation of vectors for dispersal
Changes in life cycle - Increasing dominance of less vulnerable stages

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88
Q

what plants are in the bryophytes group

A

liverworts
hornworts
mosses

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89
Q

The first true plants (Embryophytes) to evolve

A

Bryophytes

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90
Q

byrophytes have three separate evolutionary lines meaning they are

A

not monophyletic

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91
Q

which bryophyte is most closely related to vascular plants

A

mosses

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92
Q

where is the stomata on moss

A

on the sporophyte

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93
Q

characteristics of bryophytes

A 
small
thrives in moist conditions
can survive dry periods
sporophyte grows/dependant on gametophyte
gametophyte is dominant stage
no true roots, stem or leaves
needs water for fertilisation
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94
Q

how do bryophytes use water for fertilisation

A

sperm swims in water to find egg

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95
Q

what are the three living phyla of byrophytes

A

hepatophyta
bryophyta
anthocerophyta

96
Q

what are the two types of liverwort

A

thalloid liverwort

leafy liverwort

97
Q

characteristics of thalloid liverwort

A

no leaf life structures
flat thallus
rhizoids on lower surface

98
Q

what are rhizoids

A

collection of cells which form a filament

99
Q

characteristics of leafy liverwort

A

no true stem or leaves but leaf/stem like structures

100
Q

why cant liverworts adapt to changes in the environment

A

no stomata

101
Q

how does the gametophyte of a moss start

A

protonema

102
Q

what are the two types of moss

A

arcocarpous and pleurocarpous

103
Q

characteristics of arcocarpous moss

A

archegonia and capsules borne at tips of stems and branches

once fruited, branches take over erect growth

104
Q

what are the characteristics of pleurocarpous

A

archegonia and capsuls borne on short lateral branches - not tips of branches
form carpets not erect growth

105
Q

what is the defining component of peat bogs

A

Sphagnopsida (Sphagnums)

106
Q

why are peat bogs important

A 
cover 3% of worlds area
contain 30% of all global soil carbon
fuel
occur in over 180 countries
represent 1/3 of global wetland resource
107
Q

what is the most common type of byrophyte

A

byropsida

108
Q

what is a Anthoceros

A

hornwort

109
Q

what classes make up the phyla pterophyta

A

sphenopsida
filicopsida
psilotopsida

110
Q

what are the first true vascular plants

A

pteridophytes

111
Q

what do tracheids enable

A

transport of water and mineral salts

112
Q

what are the common characteristics of pteridophytes

A

sporophyte dominant
true roots, shoot and leaves
true vascular system

113
Q

what does the xlyem in pteridophytes do

A

transports water and minerals from soil to shoot

provides woody skeleten - bigger and stronger

114
Q

what does the phloem in pteridophytes do

A

conducts photosynthate from leaves to rest of plant

115
Q

why do pteridophytes prefer shady moist conditions

A

needed for reproduction - sperm swim in water to egg

116
Q

why is the pteridophytes exploitation of drier areas limited

A

water needed for reproduction

117
Q

what phyla make up the pteridophytes

A

Lycopodiophyta

Pterophyta

118
Q

what is a Psilotopsida

A

whisk fern

119
Q

what is a Sphenopsida

A

horsetail plant

120
Q

what is a Filicopsida

A

fern

121
Q

what are the oldest extant plants

A

lycopodiophyta

122
Q

characteristics of lycophyta

A

stems on horizontal rhizomes
small microphyllous leaves - supported by a single strand of vascular tissue
sporophyte dominant

123
Q

where are sporangia found on lycophyta

A

sporophylls grouped into stoboli

124
Q

what is a Selaginella

A

lycophyta

125
Q

what is a Lycopodium

A

lycophyta

126
Q

what are the families of Psilotopsida

A

Psilotaceae and Ophioglossaceae

127
Q

what is a Psilotum

A

Psilotopsida

128
Q

what is a Tmesipteris

A

Psilotopsida

129
Q

how do Sphenopsida survive in marshy environments

A

have hollow stems which conduct air to roots growing in anaerobic environment

130
Q

what is a Equisetum arvense

A

horsetail

131
Q

what is a Equisetum telamatia

A

horsetail

132
Q

what is the largest group of pterophyta

A

ferns - filicopsida

133
Q

what is Circinate vernation

A

the manner in which a fern frond emerges

134
Q

why do fern fronds curl

A

As the fern frond is formed, it is tightly curled so that the tender growing tip of the frond (and each subdivision of the frond) is protected within a coil.

135
Q

where are sporangia on ferns

A

under leaves
leaf msrgins
special branches

136
Q

what do some sporangia of ferns do with spores

A

catapult spores away from leaves into airstream

137
Q

what is a Azolla

A

water fern

138
Q

what is a Marsilea

A

water fern

139
Q

what is a Salvinia

A

water fern

140
Q

what is a Osmunda

A

fern

141
Q

what is a Ophioglossum

A

fern

142
Q

do angiosperms have naked or enclosed seeds

A

enclosed

143
Q

do gymnosperms have naked or enclosed seeds

A

naked

144
Q

what are angiosperms enclosed in

A

ovary

145
Q

how many living plants are angiosperms

A

90%

146
Q

Why did the gymnosperms begin to outcompete seedless vascular plants?

A

their stomata closed preventing water loss

147
Q

describe the vascular system of spermatophyta

A

phloem has companion cells and sieve tubes

secondary xylem - wood for trees

148
Q

how do spermatophyta reproduce

A

pollen carried to stigma then get carried by wind or animals

149
Q

advantages of reproducing by seeds

A

full exploitation of terrestrial areas

150
Q

what protects the gametophyte of spermatophytes

A

sporophyte

151
Q

where is the male gametophyte in spermatophytes

A

integrated into pollen grain - microspore

152
Q

where is the female gametophyte in spermatophytes

A

integretaed into ovule - megaspore

153
Q

describe the seed structure of gymnosperms

A

on layer of integument - no protection

154
Q

describe the seed structure of angiosperms

A

two layers of integuments inside an ovary - protection

155
Q

5 traits of seed plants

A 
ovules
seeds
pollen
heterospory
reduced gametophytes
156
Q

advantages of seeds over spores

A

survive better than unprotected spores

can be transported long distances

157
Q

advantages of seed plants using pollen

A

dont need water for reproduction

can survive away from water

158
Q

what is a cycad

A

gymnosperm

159
Q

what is a gingko

A

gymnosperm

160
Q

what is a conifer

A

gymnosperm

161
Q

gnetophyta

A

gymnosperm

162
Q

gymnosperms have no true flowers so have no

A

petals

163
Q

where are microsporophylls arranged

A

in male cones in gymnosperms

164
Q

where are megasporophylls arranged

A

in female cones in gymnosperms

165
Q

where are seeds borne in gymnsperms

A

megasporophylls

166
Q

what shurbs and trees

A

gymnosperms

167
Q

how are gymnosperms often pollinated

A

by wind

168
Q

what is a Ginkgo biloba

A

Gingkophyta - gymnosperm

169
Q

what is the only species of Gingkophyta

A

ginkgo biloba

170
Q

cycadophyta plants are dioecious - what does this mean

A

plant is either all male or all female

171
Q

how many genera of gnetophyta

A

3

172
Q

what is a Welwitschia

A

gnetophyta - gymnosperm

173
Q

what is a Gnetum

A

gnetophyta - gymnosperm

174
Q

what is a Ephedra

A

gnetophyta - gymnosperm

175
Q

how are the sporophylls in Welwitschia mirabilis organised

A

male and female strobili

176
Q

what is a Welwitschia mirabilis

A

gnetophyta

177
Q

characteristics of gnetum

A

broad leaves
woody stems
seeds not borne in cones

178
Q

what is the gnetum the genus of

A

tropical vines and trees

179
Q

characteristics of conifers

A

needle like leaves

thick cuticles

180
Q

is a conifer a xerophyte

A

yes

181
Q

what conditions are conifers adapted to

A

frozen soil

hot and dry

182
Q

what is the oldest living organism

A

Pinus longaeva - conifer

183
Q

tallest living organism

A

Sequoiadendron gigantum - conifer

184
Q

what is a bitegmic ovule

A

angiosperm

185
Q

what is an endosperm

A

angiosperm

186
Q

what is a carpel

A

angiosperm

187
Q

what is the closest living relative to angiosperms

A

gnetophyta

188
Q

what is the name of the only phyla of angiosperms

A

anthophyta

189
Q

what two groups are angiosperms split into

A

Dicotyledons

Monocotyledons

190
Q

describe the embryo of monocots

A

one cotyledon

191
Q

describe the veins of monocots

A

parallel

192
Q

describe the vascular bundle arrangement in monocots

A

complex

193
Q

describe the roots in monocots

A

fibrous

194
Q

describe the floral parts o monocots

A

mutliples of three

195
Q

describe the embryo of dicots

A

two cotyledon

196
Q

describe the veins of monocots

A

netlike

197
Q

describe the vascular bundle arrangement in dicots

A

ring

198
Q

describe the roots in dicots

A

taproot

199
Q

describe the floral parts in dicots

A

multiples of four or five

200
Q

1/3 of angiosperms are

A

monocots

201
Q

2/3 of angiosperms are

A

dicotsw

202
Q

describe double fertilisation in angiosperms

A

Two sperm cells are discharged into the female gametophyte
1 sperm fertilizes the egg (forms diploid zygote)
1 sperm fuses with 2 nuclei in large central cell of the female gametophyte (forms a triploid cell, i.e. the endosperm)

203
Q

what is the triploid cell in angiosperms

A

endosperm

204
Q

characteristics of angiosperms

A

colourful petals

205
Q

why do angiosperms have colourful petals

A

signal to vectors for pollination

206
Q

structure of flowers

A

sepals
petals
stamens
carpels

207
Q

role fo stamens

A

produce pollen

208
Q

role of carpels

A

produce ovules

209
Q

what do ovaries ripen in to

A

fruits

210
Q

advatnages of animal vectors over wind

A

animals more likely to go to female flowers whereas wind is random - reduces pollon waste
not weather dependant
exploits greater ecological niches

211
Q

how does the corpse flower pass on its pollen

A 
emits smell which attarcts insects
insects enter
flowee rises and traps them
projection emits heat
3 days later it delfates releasing insects containing its pollen
212
Q

how many petals do cruciferae have

A

4

213
Q

what is a cruciferae

A

angiosperm family

214
Q

what is a leguminosae

A

angiosperm family

215
Q

what is A Compositae

A

angiosperm family

216
Q

what is the largest plant family

A

Compositae

217
Q

what is a Orchidaceae

A

angiosperm family

218
Q

what is a Graminae

A

angiosperm family

219
Q

what crops make up the Graminae family

A

wheat
barley
maize
rice

220
Q

what are parenchyma cells packed with

A

chloroplasts

221
Q

how do butterworts feed

A

sticky stuff on leaves smell nice attracting insects
insects get stuck to leaf
plant ingests insect juice

222
Q

why do the hairs on Venus fly traps need to be triggered twice

A

stops them wasting energy opening and closing for no reason

223
Q

how do leaves minimise self shading

A

by arranging themselves in foliar mosaics

224
Q

why is nitrogen hard for plants to obtain

A 
quired in large amounts
No mineral source
Just liberated from decaying organic material
Very soluble
Easily lost by leaching from sandy soils
Denitrification
Loss from nitrate as nitrogen gas 
A feature of anaerobic soils (e.g. bogs)
225
Q

how do root nodules help plants get nitrogen

A

nodules contain rhizobia which fix nitrogen, giving some to the plant

226
Q

what do rhizobia get from their symbiosis

A

sugars from plant

227
Q

what type of plant host rhizobia

A

legumes

228
Q

how do carnivorous plants gain nitrogen

A

eating insects

229
Q

where are carnivorous plants found

A

bogs

230
Q

how do bladderworts catch prey

A

suck them in

231
Q

how do Hemiparasites obtain organic compounds

A

photsynthesis and via haustoria attached to hosts roots

232
Q

what are Orobanche

A

angiosperm parasites

233
Q

what are Striga

A

angiosperm parasites

234
Q

what is a Rafflesia

A

angiosperm parasite

235
Q

how do Coralroot orchid get energy

A

Gets energy and nutrients via fungi that live in a lumpy mass at the base of its stem
some chloroplasts in stem so slight photosynthesis

236
Q

how does Bird’s-nest orchid get energy

A

growing on the roots of trees

Life on Earth (18 decks)

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