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Life on Earth > Flight > Flashcards

Flight Flashcards

1
Q

How is lift created

A

Air flowing around the wing creates low pressure on the upper surface. This sucks the wing upwards generating lift

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2
Q

What is drag

A

Force exerted on an object moving through a fluid

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3
Q

Which way is drag orientated

A

Direction of fluid flow

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4
Q

How is drag minimised

A

Streamlining

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5
Q

What is thrust

A

Force induced in the direction of flight, opposing the drag force

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6
Q

How is thrust created

A

Wing flapping

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7
Q

Why are large flight muscles needed

A

To create thrust to overcome the drag force - this is done by the flapping of wings

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8
Q

What four groups has flight evolved in

A

Insects
Pterosaurs
Birds
Bats

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9
Q

What structures are the wings of birds and bats

A

Analogous

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10
Q

Why are bird and bat wings analogous

A

Evolved through convergent evolution

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11
Q

What is convergent evolution

A

Process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of adapting to similar environments or niches

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12
Q

Explain the ground up scenario

A

Walking animals evolved to fly

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13
Q

Trees down scenario

A

Walking animals could climb trees
Jumped from tree to tree
Evolved to fly instead

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14
Q

Why did flight evolve

A 
Avoid predators
Eat flying prey
Move between places 
Access to new niches
Hind legs used as weapons
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15
Q

What implies that flight is advantageous

A

Diversity of insects birds and bats that use it

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16
Q

How did the pterosauria evolve to fly

A

Ground up

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17
Q

When did the pterosauria live

A

200-65 MYA

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18
Q

Describe the anatomy of the pterosauria

A

Keeled sternum
Preroid bone
Wing supported by elongated 4th digit

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19
Q

Describe the anatomy of pteranodon ingens

A 
7k wingspans
Wing bones thick but hollow
Large brain and optic nerves
Large crested head
Comparatively small body
12kg
20
Q

How did the pteranodon ingens fly

A

By soaring

21
Q

What modern day bird is the pteranodon ingens related to

A

The pelican

22
Q

What did the pteranodon ingens use it’s beak for

A

Scooping fish

23
Q

How did flight in aves evolve

A

Ground up

24
Q

Similarities between aves and pterosaurs

A

Hollow bones
Stout humerus
Keeled sternum

25
Q

Differences between aves and pterosaurs

A

Bird wing supported by radius
Ulna
Modified wrist bones

26
Q

What are the modified wrist bones in birdrs called

A

Carpometacarpus

27
Q

Describe the avian skeleton

A 
Keeled sternum
Unicinate processes on ribs
Bones of pelvis fused
Limbs moved by muscles near centre of body
Beak and gizzard 
Tail vertebrate reduced
28
Q

Describe the structure of flight feathers in aves

A

Stiff
Flint
Interlinked by barbules to form an efficient areofoil

29
Q

Why are flight feathers of aves interlinked by barbules

A

To form an efficient aerofoil

30
Q

What’s the oldest bat fossil

A

Eocene

31
Q

How old is the oldest bat fossil

A

55 MYA

32
Q

How did flight in bats evolve

A

Tree down

33
Q

What are bats related to

A

Dermoptera (flying lemurs)

34
Q

What do bats have a close affinity with

A

Primates

35
Q

What are Chiroptera

A

Bats

36
Q

Describe the anatomy of a Chiroptera

A

Membranous wing supported by the arm and digits 2-5
Keeled sternum - fused clavicles, scapula and sternum
Calamari which supports the uropatagium from the heel

37
Q

Why do bats have high camber

A

To generate lift

38
Q

Why do bats have low stall speed and high manoeuvrability

A

Due to high camber and low wing loading

39
Q

What is wing

loading

A

Mass/area of wing

40
Q

How much do bats weigh

A

5-10g

41
Q

Disadvantages of flight

A

Costs lots of energy

Constrains body size and morphology

42
Q

What struthiformes

A

Ostrich emus etc

43
Q

What are the 4 convergent adaptations obtained by pterosaurs birds and bats

A

Arefoil
Light body weight
Keeled sternum
Reduction/fusion of bones

44
Q

What are the wings of bats homologous to

A

Human arms

45
Q

What is the pendactyl limb inherited from

A

Common ancestor of all tetrapods

46
Q

Pterosaur bird and bat wings are analogous as wings but homologous as

A

Forelimbs

47
Q

Which forces need to be overcome to achieve flight

A

Drag and weight

Life on Earth (18 decks)

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