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Life on Earth > Entropy > Flashcards

Entropy Flashcards

1
Q

Ectotherm definition

A

An organism in which internal physiological sources of heat are of negligible importance in controlling body temperature

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2
Q

Endotherm is

A

An organism whose body temperature is maintained using the heat released by metabolic processes

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3
Q

What happens when hummmingbirds enter torpor at night

A

Their body temperature drops close to ambient temperature

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4
Q

Why does the body temperature of ectothermic deep sea fish hardly vary

A

Live in stable conditions

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5
Q

Turtles are gigantotherms - what does this mean

A

Can keep a constant body temperature more easily than smaller organisms

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6
Q

Bigger the animal the smaller the SA to V ration so

A

Get hotter quicker

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7
Q

Are human mammals and birds endothermic

A

Yes

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8
Q

What is a poikilotherm

A

Animal whose body temperature varies within its environment

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9
Q

What is a homeotherm

A

Animal that has a relatively constant body temperature

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10
Q

Is an otter a heometherm

A

Yes

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11
Q

Is a largemouth bass a poikilotherm

A

Yes

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12
Q

How much more food does an otter need than a bass

A

10 times

100 times when it’s close to freezing

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13
Q

What is the metabolic rate of endotherm a compared to ectotherms, independent of body size

A

10 times more

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14
Q

Metabolic rate is proportional to body size

A

Bigger the organism the higher the metabolic rate

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15
Q

Explain the second law of thermodynamics

A

During every transformation some energy is converted to thermal energy and released as heat
This heat warms up the organism and makes the universe more disordered - increasing entropy

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16
Q

At rest how much heat do humans produce each

A

100W

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17
Q

What does the production and use of ATP generate

A

Heat which the animal eventually gives off to its surroundings

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18
Q

What do animals use as chemical energy

A

Food

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19
Q

How is food digested

A

By enzymatic hydrolysis

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20
Q

What are nutrient molecules absorbed by cells use for

A

To make ATP

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21
Q

What is the energy form ATP production used for

A

Biosynthesis
Synthesis of storage material
Production of ganetes

22
Q

What does biosynthesis doc

A

Grow and repair cells

23
Q

How many KJ if energy is related per gram of glucose broken down

A

15.94

24
Q

What is the Gibbs free energy of 1 gram of glucose being broken down

A

-2870 KJ/mol

25
Q

What % of energy stored in glucose molecule is transferred to ATP

A

34 - the rest is lost to heat

26
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

27
Q

Explain the leaky membrane thing in endotherm a

A

Less efficient electron transport chains, generating more heat

28
Q

What happens during oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron transport chains covert the chemical energy to ATP via chemiosmosis

29
Q

How do normal mitochondria produce ATP

A

Electrical current of protons across their membrane - need an intact membrane to act as an insulator

30
Q

What is non shivering themogenesis

A

When certain hormones cause cause mitochondria to increase their metabolic activity and produce heat instead of ATP
This occurs in brown adipose tissue when the mitochondria have protein pores allowing protons to leak out

31
Q

Brown adipose tissue is

A

Brown fat

32
Q

What does the red muscle in tuna and lamnid sharks have a similar function to

A

Brown fat

33
Q

How much energy does the hydrolysis of ATP produce per mol

A

30.5

34
Q

How much energy from the the hydrolysis of ATP fuels cellular processes

A

40%

35
Q

How many grams of atp is in humans

A

250g

36
Q

What does muscular activity generate a lot of as a by product

A

Heat

37
Q

Why is aerobic capacity an advantage of endothermy

A

Lizards are great sprinters but build up lactic acid quickly
Mammals have ten times more aerobic capacity
Selection for maximal metabolic rate dragged up basal metabolic rate because they are intrinsically linked
Selection for stamina leads to hotter bodies

38
Q

Parental care is the driver for

A

Increased stamina

39
Q

What are the 4 advantages of endothermy

A

Aerobic capacity
Parental care
Permian extinctions
Vegetarianism

40
Q

Explain Permian extinctions

A

High CO2 low o2 calls volcanic winters and temperature fluctuations
Selected for endothermy

41
Q

How long did lystrosaurs dominate the terrestrial environment

A

50 million years in the Triassic

42
Q

What do the respiratory turbinates of lystrosaurs indicate

A

Endothermy

43
Q

What did klaassen and biker suggest about endothermy

A

It evolved in herbivores as a way of burning off excess carbon when feeding on a nitrogen poor diet

44
Q

Many archosaurs and lystrosaurs were what

A

Herbivores

45
Q

How much of human body mass is brain

A

2%

46
Q

How much energy does the human Brian consume

A

20%

47
Q

How much energy does the baby/foetus human brain consume

A

Up to 60%

48
Q

What did the evolution of a large brain in mammals and birds coincide with

A

Development of endothermy

49
Q

Endothermy requires lots of what

A

Energy

50
Q

Most heat produced is a what of metabolism

A

By product

51
Q

What are the advantages of endothermy

A

Stamina
Respiratory efficiency
Burn off excess carbon

52
Q

What did endothermy permit

A

Evolution of a large brain

Life on Earth (18 decks)

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