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Life on Earth > Arthropoda > Flashcards

Arthropoda Flashcards

1
Q

Do Arthropoda animals have jointed limbs

A

Yes

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2
Q

what do the joints on Arthropoda allow legs to do

A

Articulate with body and other legs

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3
Q

Why do some Arthropoda only have long legs at the back and not all over

A

It stops the long legs from tripping over each other (long legs at back won’t trip up small legs at front but would if the legs at the front were long too). This means he arthropod can run quicker

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4
Q

Do Arthropoda have a segmented body

A

Yes

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5
Q

Why does a “worm” have a through gut

A

Allows specialisation of different areas of gut

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6
Q

Does a “worm” have a distinct head and anus

A

Yes

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7
Q

Why does a “worm” have a pumping vessel

A

To create movement in circulatory fluid

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8
Q

Where is the pumping vessel in the “worm”

A

Dorsal to the through guy

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9
Q

Where is the nervous chord in the “worm”

A

Ventral to the through gut

From dorsal brain

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10
Q

What do Arthropods share with Annelida

A

Through gut
Ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia
Dorsal circulatory system

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11
Q

How do Arthropoda differ fro Annelida

A

External skeleton

Paired jointed segmented limbs

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12
Q

What is an arthropod skeleton made of

A

Chitin

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13
Q

What is chitin made of

A

A polysaccharide made of proteins and mineral salts like calcium carbonate

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14
Q

What is the amount a arthropod mineralises based on

A

Taxa

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15
Q

Why do Arthropoda have to shed their cuticle

A

To allow growth

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16
Q

How does the shedding of cuticles occur

A

Occurs through hormonally mediated process known as ecdysis

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17
Q

What stage do ladybirds have before the puper stage

A

Larval

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18
Q

How many described species of arthropod

A

1,100,000

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19
Q

What % of animal diversity are arthropod

A

85%

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20
Q

Why are the number microbes massively underestimated

A

Cannot be cultures so cannot recognise them

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21
Q

Why are terrestrial species more diverse than marine

A

Organisms are more easily isolated due to long distances and obstacles so easier to evolve

In marine environments currents move organisms around and not many obstacles so hard to become isolated

Eg requires little energy to move far in the sea due to currents but requires lots of energy to move far on land

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22
Q

Why does the graph showing the number of species of insect names not levelled off

A

Still rapid rate of species description as haven’t found them all

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23
Q

Why are beetles the most diverse order

A

Can survive in a diverse range of habitats

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24
Q

What is the elongation of face on a weevil

A

Rostrum

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25
Q

What do weevils secrete from their glands

A

Wax

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26
Q

Latin name for vent shrimps

A

Alvinocaridae

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27
Q

Common name for alvinocaridae

A

Vent shrimps

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28
Q

Snow flea Latin name

A

Boreus

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29
Q

Common name for boreus

A

Snow flea

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30
Q

Latin name for ground beetle

A

Nebria

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31
Q

Common name for nebria species

A

Ground beetle

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32
Q

Latin name for stag beetle

A

Lucanidae

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33
Q

Common name for lucanidae

A

Stag beetle

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34
Q

Another name for water bear

A

Tardigrades

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35
Q

Another name for Tardigrade

A

Water bear

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36
Q

What is a cryconite

A

Small pond on ice

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37
Q

How do cryoconites form

A

Fine sediment is blown by wind and settles on the glacier making it darker. This sediment absorber more radiation and heats up, causing the ice to melt

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38
Q

What is cryptobiosis

A

Process of drying out. Tardigrades become non functional and are carried by the wind. When they come into contact with water again they rehydrate. They can survive in the cryptobiotic stage for years

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39
Q

Latin name for cave beetle

A

Chloevidae

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40
Q

Common name for cholevidae

A

Cave beetle

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41
Q

What is the chamber on the back of cave beetles for

A

To fill it’s guts with large amounts of food and store it

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42
Q

What is a sacculina

A

Barnacle parasite of crabs

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43
Q

Latin name for fish louse

A

Argulus

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44
Q

Common name for argulus

A

Fish louse

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45
Q

Latin name for leaf mining flies

A

Agromyzidae

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46
Q

Common name for agromyzidae

A

Leaf mining flies

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47
Q

What % of extant species are arthropods

A

70%

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48
Q

What are triops

A

Arthropoda

Crustaceans

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49
Q

Where do triops live

A

In temporary water bodies

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50
Q

why do weevils have long rostrums

A

to drill into acorn to lay eggs so that when the larvae hatch they can get the the acorn before tissue

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51
Q

why does dispersal reduce likelihod of allopatrci speciation

A

not reproductively isoladted

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52
Q

how do arthropods reduce waterloss

A

secrete epicuticular waxes onto cuticle

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53
Q

at what point does water loss increase in arthropods

A

when the temperature gets so high it melts the wax on the cuticle

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54
Q

how does the flexibility of cuticle allow some arthropods to occupy different niched

A

can make cuticle softer, more rigid, flexible in certain places etc

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55
Q

what is the name given to different segments on arthropoda

A

tagmata

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56
Q

what is tagmosis

A

Arthropod bauplan has undergone various forms of regional specialization

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57
Q

how many tagmata do centipedes have

A

2

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58
Q

what are the first segment of the trunk in centipedes

A

poison claws

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59
Q

what is the first segment of the head in centipedes

A

antennae

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60
Q

why are there no appendages on the abdomen of insects

A

suppressed during development

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61
Q

what are the three tagmata of a locust

A

head
thorax
abdomen

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62
Q

how many segemnts are fused in the head tagmata of a locust

A

5

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63
Q

what is a crustacea

A

group of arthropoda

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64
Q

what is a hexapoda

A

group of arthropoda

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65
Q

what is a Trilobitomorpha

A

group of arthropoda

66
Q

what is a Cheliceriformes

A

group of arthropoda

67
Q

what is a Myriapoda

A

group of arthropoda

68
Q

arthropoda are monophyletic - what does this mean

A

a group which contains ALL the
descendants of a particular common
ancestor

69
Q

Hi

70
Q

how many head segments do crustacae have

71
Q

how many tagmata in crustacae trunks

72
Q

what are the 5 segments on a crustacae head

A

2 x antennae
mandibles
2 x maxillae (secondary mouth parts)

73
Q

explain crustacae mate guarding

A

when females ready to mate they secrete hormones. males grab hold of females and holds them/hides them from other males until she malts so that he can mate with her

74
Q

what are the two trunk tagmata in crustaceans

A

thorax and abdomen

75
Q

how do isopods gain moisture

76
Q

why do isopods have two gill plates

77
Q

what are biramous limbs

A

two branched

78
Q

what does a Basipodite do

A

attached biramous limb to body

79
Q

remipedia are the sister group to what

80
Q

remipedia have what sort of appendages

81
Q

where to remipedia live

A

in coastal caves with fresh water covering salt water

82
Q

what is salt water low in

83
Q

what is the carapace

A

Extension of dorsal plate of first thoracic segment after head

84
Q

what larvae do crustacea have

85
Q

describe the anatomy of a nauplius larvae

A

small medium eye

3 pairs of setose appednages

86
Q

what are setose appendages used for

A

maintain position in water column

87
Q

what are advantages of a brood pouch

A

can reproduce on land - dont need water so no planktonic stage

88
Q

what are the three aspects of crustacean diversity

A

segments of same species - 14 different types of segments in one species
segments of different species
segment morphology during ontogeny

89
Q

what are maxillipeds

A

mouth parts

90
Q

what is the dactylus

A

segment 5 on a leg

91
Q

what is the peopodus

A

segemnt 4 on leg

92
Q

what is the carpus

A

segment 3 on leg

93
Q

what is the merus

A

segment 2 on leg

94
Q

what is the ischium

A

segment 1 on leg

95
Q

give an example of diversity of segment morphology during ontogeny

A

3 pairs of setose appendages of nauplius larva become 2 pairs of antennae and mandibles

96
Q

what causes the three aspects of diversity in crustacea

A

homeotic gene expression

97
Q

how does malting allow growth

A

cuticle fills with body tissue, this causes strecth receptors on joints of the exoskeleton to trigger ecdysis. this is a hormonal response that causes the old cuticle to be malted. marine organisms fill space with water before new cutcile grows so there is space for growth when it does. land animals do this with air

98
Q

what are the most diverse organisms

99
Q

how many pairs of walking limbs do insects have

100
Q

how many tagmata do insects have

101
Q

what are the tagmata of insects

A

head
thorax
abdomen

102
Q

what are hexapoda

103
Q

what hexapods need to have to be classed as an insect

A

special arrangement around mouth

104
Q

how many described extant species of insect

105
Q

what is a Odonata

A

dragonflies & damselflies

106
Q

what is a Hemiptera

107
Q

what is a Coleoptera

108
Q

what is a Hymenoptera

A

ants
bees
wasps

109
Q

what is a Diptera

A

true flies

110
Q

what is a Lepidoptera

A

butterflies and moths

111
Q

how many wings do bees have

112
Q

how many wings do true flies have

113
Q

what are behind the wings on a fy

A

balancing organs

114
Q

how many species in coleoptera

115
Q

how many species in hymenoptera

116
Q

how many species in diptera

117
Q

how many species in lepioptera

118
Q

how many species in paraneoptera

119
Q

how many species in polyneoptera

120
Q

what is Mantophasmatodea

A

new insect order

121
Q

what is Mantophasmatodea related to

A

Grylloblattodea

122
Q

what are the advantages of insects being able to fly

A

escape predators

if food patchy doesnt matter as can fly across to next source

123
Q

how insects out beat bats and birds

A

Energetic efficiency
Wing beat frequency
Agility

124
Q

what did insect wings evolve from

125
Q

what is hemimetabolous insect metamorphesis

A

incomplete metamorphesis - juveniles resemble adults but lack fully developed wings and sexual structures

126
Q

what is Holometabolous insect metamorphesis

A

complete metamorphises

127
Q

advantages of complete insect metamorphesis

A

allows adults and young to exploit different areas of niche space

128
Q

which insect orders dominate

A

holometabolous orders

129
Q

what increases the success of insects

A 
cuticle
flexible bauplan
body size
flight
metamorphesis
130
Q

how does a maggot become a fly

A

during larval stage – large proportion of maggot tissue broken down and hormones released in pupil stage cause discs to be formed

131
Q

what is a haltere

A

balancing organ behind the wings of a fly

132
Q

how is oxygen supplied to tissues in insects

A

through diffusion straight into tissue

133
Q

why is size a problem for big insects

A

large size means long diffusion paths - takes longer to get oxygen

134
Q

how do big insects over come he large diffusion paths

A

Larger species devote proportionately more body volume to tracheal system
Legs lack spiracles so rely entirely on trachea entering them from the body

135
Q

disadvantage of having trachae in legs

A

become so packed with trachae cannot function as legs

136
Q

why did insects used to be bigger than now

A

used to have higher oxygen levels in atmosphere

137
Q

why not many marine insect taxa

A

flight is so advantageous on land, no need or chance to try to survive in water

138
Q

why are Trilobitomorpha called triliobites

A

due to the three body segments

139
Q

why might the tips of spines of triliobites be flat

A

for floatation

140
Q

why are triliobites though to have good vision

A

eyes made up of many lenses

141
Q

what does the feathery locomotive branch of limb suggest about triliobites

A

could be gills

142
Q

what is the use of a gnathobase

A

is a jaw for grinding up food

143
Q

why is it hard to group triliobites

144
Q

what are Cheliceriformes

145
Q

Where is cheliceriforme silk produced

A

In spinnerets at the end of the abdomen

146
Q

What are spinnerets

A

Appendages on the end of apisteroma of cheliceriforme

147
Q

Why does the spitting spider have forward facing eyes

A

To judge distance and movement

148
Q

Where are the silk glands on the spitting spider

A

Front of thorax

149
Q

What is a chilopoda

A

Centipede (myriapod)

150
Q

What is a Diplopoda

A

Millipede (myriapod)

151
Q

What is a pauropoda

152
Q

What is a symphyla

153
Q

How many legs do centipedes have

A

One pair per segment

154
Q

Scutigeromorpha is

155
Q

Geophilomorpha is

156
Q

Scolopendromorpha is

157
Q

Lithobiomorpha is

158
Q

Why do dorsal cuticle plates on the scutigera overlap segments

159
Q

Why are poison claws on lithobiomorpha serrated

A

To get inbetween segments of prey and open the body

160
Q

How many limbs do millipedes have

A

Two pairs per segment

Life on Earth (18 decks)

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