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Life on Earth > Chordates > Flashcards

Chordates Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum of chordates

A

Chordata

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2
Q

Four defining characteristics of juvenile chordates

A 
Hollow dorsal nerve cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal cleft
Post anal muscular tail
Muscle segments
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3
Q

What is the notochord

A

Cartilaginous rod

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4
Q

What is the pharyngeal cleft

A

Slots between the mouth and stomach held open by cartilaginous rod

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5
Q

What is the common ancestor of chordates

A

Cephlachordata

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6
Q

How do cephalochordata feed

A

Filter feed using a mucous net

Release mucous into the water as currents waft plankton passes. Plankton gets stuck in mucus and then the mucus is ingested with the plankton

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7
Q

How do Urochordata feed

A

Sucks in water and use pharyngeal slots to filter out food and release water

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8
Q

What are tunicates

A

Urochordata

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9
Q

What are lancelets

A

Cephalochordata

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10
Q

Explain the 2R hypothesis

A

The genome of jawed vertebrates has been shaped by two rounds of whole genome duplication that took place after the emergence of Urochordata but before the emergence of jawed vertebrates

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11
Q

How many species of vertebrate chordates

A

66000

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12
Q

Differences between cephalochordata and vertebrates

A 
Vertebrates have:
Large brain
Skull
Eyes
Teeth
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13
Q

How many years ago did vertebrates evolved

A

550 MYA

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14
Q

What is a myxini

A

Hagfish

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15
Q

How do myxini eat

A

Tie themselves on a knot
Push knot up body
Motion helps rip flesh off prey

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16
Q

What does agnathans mean

A

Without jaw

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17
Q

Describe the structure of a hagfish

A

Agnathans
Cartilaginous skeleton
Well developed notochord

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18
Q

What is a petromyzontida

A

Lamprey

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19
Q

How many species of lamprey

A

35

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20
Q

How do lamprey larvae feed

A

Filter feeders

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21
Q

How do adult lamprey feed

A

Parasitic or do not feed

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22
Q

Describe the structure of a lamprey

A

Notochord
Simple vertebral column
Mineralisation along notochord - shows segments

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23
Q

What are actinopterygii

A

Fin fish

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24
Q

What are the three classes of actinopterygii

A

Chondrostei
Holostei
Teleostei

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25
Q

What are chondrostei

A

Sturgeons

Paddlefish

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26
Q

What are holostei

A

Gars

Bowfin

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27
Q

What are teleostei

A

Ray finned

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28
Q

How many species of chondrostei

A

45

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29
Q

How many species of holostei

A

9

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30
Q

How many species of teleostei

A

27000

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31
Q

Characteristics of actinopterygii

A 
Ossified endoskeleton - bones
Skin covered in scales and mucus
Swim bladder
External fertilisation - produce lots of eggs
Pelagic larvae hatch from eggs
Some show parental care
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32
Q

Characteristics of teleosts

A

Find supported by rays

Jaw modifications

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33
Q

How do actinopterygii change how much they float

A

Change the amount of gas in their swim bladder

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34
Q

What type of reproduction do guppies show

A

Ovoviviparous

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35
Q

What type of reproduction do tile perch show

A

Viviparous

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36
Q

What is an actinistia

A

Lobe finned fish

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37
Q

What are the two living species of actinistia

A

Coelacanth

Latimeria

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38
Q

Characteristics of actinistia

A

Hinges skull
Ovoviviparous
Fleshy fins

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39
Q

When were actinistia discovered

A

1938

After 80 million year absence

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40
Q

What is a dipnoi

A

Lungfish

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41
Q

What is the closest living relative to tetrapods

A

Dipnoi - lungfish

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42
Q

Where do lungfish live

A

Swamps and shallow pools

Can crawl through wet vegetation from one pool to another if the pool dries out

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43
Q

How do lungfish breath

A

Gulp air into lungs

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44
Q

How are Osteichthyes characterised

A

By jaws and mineralised skeletons

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45
Q

When did vertebrates evolves

A

In the Cambrian

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46
Q

When did dipnoi evolve

A

In lower Devonian

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47
Q

what are the advantages of jaws

A

allows efficient feeding

wider range of food can be eaten

48
Q

what were jaws derived from

A

cartilaginous structures

49
Q

what 4 clades have jaws

A

Chondrichthyes
Placoderms†
Acanthodians†
Osteichthyes

50
Q

what are Chondrichthyes

A

sharks etc

51
Q

how many species of elasmobranchii

A

1150

52
Q

how many species of holocephali

A

50

53
Q

what orders make up the chondrichthyes

A

elasmobranchii

holocephali

54
Q

what are elasmobranchii

A

sharks
skates
rays

55
Q

what are holocephali

A

chimeras

56
Q

how do chondrichthyes float

A

liver filled with oil - oil floats on top of water

57
Q

what is negative bouyance

A

means they can float on the sea bed

58
Q

characteristics of chndrichthyes

A

cartilaginous skeleton reinforced with small bone plates
no swim bladder
carnivores
well developed sense of smell and lateral line system
well developed jaws and paired fins
internal fertlisation
few offspring

59
Q

how do dogfish reproduce

A

ovipary

60
Q

how do bronze whaler sharks reproduce

A

vivipary

61
Q

how do sharks reproduce

A

vivbrous

male uses pelvic fin to transfer sperm to female
eggs fertilised
female gives birth to live young

62
Q

How did the limbs of tetrapods evolve

A

From the fina of lobe finned fish

63
Q

How old are amphibians

A

375 MYA

64
Q

What tetrapods include

A

Amphibians
Amniotes
mammalia

65
Q

When did mammals and birds radiate

A

Tertiary - 65 MYA

66
Q

When did dinosaurs become dominate

A

Cretaceous- 135 MYA

67
Q

When did birds evolve

A

Jurassic - 192 MYA

68
Q

When did the first amphibians evolve

A

Devonian - 410 MYA

69
Q

When did the first reptiles evolve

A

Carboniferous- 350 MYA

70
Q

When did reptiles radiate and amphibians decline

A

Permian - 290 MYA

71
Q

When did the first dinosaurs evolve

A

Triassic - 230 MYA

72
Q

What are the three orders of amphibia

A

Urodela
Anura
Apoda

73
Q

What are urodela

A

Beets and salamanders

74
Q

What are Anura

A

Frogs and toads

75
Q

What are apoda

A

Caecilians

76
Q

How many species of urodela

A

650

77
Q

How many species of Anura

A

6200

78
Q

How many species of apoda

A

190

79
Q

Characteristics of amphibians

A 
Thin skin with limited keratinisation
Skin permeable to oxygen and water
Most restricted to damp environments 
Fertilisation generally external
Eggs have no shell
Fish like larvae
80
Q

What are the results of amphibian eggs having no shell

A

Prone to desiccation and need physical support

81
Q

Describe the larvae of amphibians

A 
No legs
No lungs
Have gills
Aquatic herbivores
Lateral line system
82
Q

Describe adult amphibians

A

Terrestrial carnivores
4 legs
Lungs

83
Q

When did amniotes evolve

A

In the Carboniferous

84
Q

What four specialised membranes make up an amniotic egg

A

Amnion
Allantois
Yolk sac
Chorion

85
Q

What do the four specialised membranes of amniotic eggs allow

A

Protection from desiccation
Gas exchange
Store food and waste

86
Q

What is desiccation

A

State of extreme drying out

87
Q

What does the specialised amniotic egg allow amniotes to be

A

Truly terrestrial

88
Q

What is the oldest known amniote

A

Hylonomus

89
Q

What is older than hylonomus and may be an amniote

A

Westlothiana

90
Q

How old is hylonomus

A

312 MYA

91
Q

How old is westlothiana

A

338 MYA

92
Q

What are the two main classes of amniotes

A

Reptilia

Mammalia

93
Q

What is an ondotochelys semitestacea

A

Toothed turtle with a half shell

94
Q

Where is the shell on odontochelys

A

Underside

95
Q

How old are odontochelys

A

220 MYA

96
Q

What are testudines

A

Turtles

97
Q

How many species of testudines

A

327 species

98
Q

What reptilian characteristics are shown by Testudines

A

Skull morphology
Scales of beta keratin
Internal fertilisation but lay eggs
Ectothermic

99
Q

What are crocodilia

A

Crocodiles and alligators

100
Q

How many species of crocodilia

A

24

101
Q

Crocodilia have a secondary palate - what does this mean

A

Can breathe from their nose and mouth

102
Q

Why do people believe archaeopteryx was the first bird

A

Has a mixture of reptilian and avain characteristics

From Jurassic period about 150 MYA

103
Q

How many species of birds

A

10000

104
Q

How many orders of birds

A

23

105
Q

Characteristics of birds

A 
Beta keratin feathers
Large, keeled sternum
Fore-limbs modified for flight
Hind limbs for bipedal walking
Internal fertilisation but lay hard shelled eggs
Endothermic
106
Q

What is the only species in the class sphenodontia

A

Lizard like carnivorous reptile

107
Q

Where was the only species of sphenodontia found

A

Island off of New Zealand

108
Q

Why is there only one species in the class sphenodontia

A

Most went extinct 65 MYA

109
Q

How does the one species of sphenodontia differ from lizards

A

Different skull but has ancestral features

110
Q

What are Squamata

A

Snakes and lizards

111
Q

How many species of Squamata

A

9800

112
Q

Characteristics of snakes

A

Limbless
Elongate
Modified jaw and skull

113
Q

What is a hadrocodium wui

A

Mammal

114
Q

When was hadrocodium evolved

A

195 MYA - early Jurassic

115
Q

Describe the hadrocodium wui

A

Large brain

Malleus and incus in ear

116
Q

How many species of mammalia

A

5450

117
Q

Characteristics of mammals

A 
Alpha keratin hair
Specialised teeth
Articulation of jaw between dentary and squamosal bones
Endothermic
Internal fertilisation 
Amniotic eggs
Mammary glands

Life on Earth (18 decks)

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