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Life on Earth > Amphibians > Flashcards

Amphibians Flashcards

1
Q

What are life history strategies

A

Patterns of resource acquisition and allocation exhibited by organisms during their lives

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2
Q

How did life history strategies evolve

A

Through natural selection to maximise individual fitness

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3
Q

How many generations did it take to grow from a mouse to an elephant

A

24 million

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4
Q

What are components of life history

A 
Growth
Development
Maintenance
Survival 
Reproduction

Factors which influence fitness

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5
Q

What is the Darwinian demon

A

Hypothetical organism that can maximise all aspects of fitness simultaneously

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6
Q

Why do biologists use the Darwinian demon

A

To understand different life history strategies of different organisms

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7
Q

Why are not all resources maximised

A

Think of it as you’ve only got a certain amount of money but you’ve got to maximise reproductiion, growth, Maintenance etc

Don’t have enough money to maximise all at the same time

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8
Q

What is the idea of trade off

A

Energy is limited so energy allocated to one function is not available for another

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9
Q

What is a iteroparous

A

Atlantic salmon

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10
Q

What is the semelparous

A

Sockeye salmon

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11
Q

How does the Atlantic salmon allocate its energy

A

In reproduction and survival

Reproduces many times

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12
Q

How does the sockeye salmon invest its energy

A

All into reproduction

Reproduces ones then dies - no energy left for survival

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13
Q

In breeding attempts what is there a trade off between

A

Quality and quantity

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14
Q

Explain the trade off between quality and quantity for ocean sunfish

A

They produce millions of eggs
Most eggs will be eaten or die
Because lots are produce high chance a couple will survive

Focuses of quantity not quality

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15
Q

Describe the breeding trade off for Lemon sharks

A

Gives birth to a few live young
Invest a lot into offspring so they survive

Focuses on quality over quantity

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16
Q

Rhinatrematidae

A

Caecilians

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17
Q

How many species of rhinatrematidae

A

9

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18
Q

Ichthyophidae

A

Caecilians

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19
Q

How many species of ichthyophidae

A

36

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20
Q

Uraeotyphlidae

A

Caecilians

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21
Q

Have many species of uraeotyphlidae

A

4

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22
Q

Scolecomorphidae

A

Caecilians

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23
Q

How many species scolecomorphidae

A

5

24
Q

Caeciliidae

A

Caecilians

25
Q

How many species of caeciliidae

A

100

26
Q

Land preference of rhinatrematidae

A

Terrestrial with aquatic larvae

27
Q

Land preference of ichthyophidae

A

Terrestrial with aquatic larvae

28
Q

Land preference of uraeotyphlidae

A

Terrestrial

29
Q

Land preference of scolecomorphidae

A

Terrestrial

30
Q

Type of reproduction of scolecomorphidae

A

Viviparous

31
Q

Land preference of caeciliidae

A

Terrestrial with aquatic oviparous and viviparous species

32
Q

How big are caecilians at birth

A

30-60% of the mothers body length

33
Q

What is the initial growth of the caecilians supported by

A

Yolk

34
Q

How to embryos of caecilians feed

A

Scraping the oviduct walls with specialised embryonic teeth

35
Q

What does the epithelium of the oviduct in caecilians mother’s oroduce

A

Creamy substance

36
Q

Explain how caecilians focus on quality trade off rather than quantity

A

Produce 1 or 2 offspring
Huge energy investment by mum
Maximises survival of offspring

37
Q

What % of salamanders have external fertilisation

A

10

38
Q

What % of salamanders have internal fertilisation

A

90

39
Q

Do salamanders have an intromittent organ

A

No

40
Q

How do salamanders reproduce

A

Male produces spermatophore which sticks to sediment
Male waltz with female
Male places female cloaca over spermatophore

41
Q

How do male salamanders turn on females

A

Bites female to release hormones
Or
Releases hormones into the water

42
Q

How do most salamanders give birth

A

Lay eggs in water

43
Q

Are the larvae of salamanders gill and aquatic and then turn into terrestrial adults

A

Yes

44
Q

How many species of salamander are viviparous

A

4

45
Q

How does the European salamander give birth

A

Gives birth to small larvae which get their nutrition from yolk

Yolk pouch is carried around

46
Q

How do alpine salamanders give birth

A

Larvae retained in female

Female gives birth to fully developed young

47
Q

Where does the young of alpine salamanders get their nutrition from

A

Oviductal secretions

48
Q

What is paedomorphosis

A

Has juvenile features as adult

49
Q

How do axolottles turn into adukts

A

Add iodine to their water

50
Q

How many species of anurans have internal fertilisation and are viviparous

A

6

51
Q

What % of anurans don’t have a tadpole stage

A

20%

52
Q

Explain anuran parental care

A

Yolk eggs to nourish larvae
Lay eggs on leaves or in nests
Adults guard eggs

53
Q

How do dart poison frogs show parental care

A

1-3 offspring
Carry tadpoles on back
Feed them unfertilised eggs

54
Q

How do pygmy marsupial frogs show parental care

A

Skin is spongy on back
Female brooks eggs on her back under the skin until developed into a well formed tadpole
Goes into water
Tadpoles emerge from skin on back

Produces 8-10 off spring

55
Q

What do variations in life history reflect

A

Differing allocations of resources to competing life functions

56
Q

What are life history strategies

A

Adaptive strategies that maximise individual fitness

Life on Earth (18 decks)

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