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Biology - Grade 11 > Plants > Flashcards

Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two subtypes of plants?

A

Vascular Plants (ferns)
- conductive tissues
- taller
- have roots, stems and leaves

Non-Vascular Plants (moss)
- No conductive tissue
- smaller
- No true stems, leaves or roots

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2
Q

What are the two subtypes of vascular plants?

A

Angiosperms
- flowering
- enclosed seeds

Gymnosperms
- conifers
- cone bearing
- naked seeds in cones

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3
Q

What are the two types of angiosperms?

A

Monocotyledons
- one seed leaf

Dicotyledons
- Two seed leafs

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4
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

Sticky tip for pollen to land.

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5
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

Supports stigma, passage way for the male gamete

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6
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Swollen base containing eggs. As it develops it becomes the flesh of the fruit.

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7
Q

What is the function of the ovules?

A

The eggs, that when fertilized become the seeds.

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8
Q

What is the function of the pistil?

A

All the female reproductive parts.

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9
Q

What is the function of pollen?

A

The male gamete.

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10
Q

What is the function of anther?

A

Produces and stores pollen.

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11
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

Supports the anther.

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12
Q

What is the function of the stamen?

A

All the male parts.

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13
Q

What are leaf veins like in monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: parallel
Dicots: netlike

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14
Q

What are flowers like in monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: multiples of three
Dicots: multiples of four and five

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15
Q

What is vascular tissue like in monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: scattered arrangement
Dicots: ring arrangement

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16
Q

What is the chief function of meristematic tissue?

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

What is the main function of cambium tissue?

A

Protection

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18
Q

What is the main function of parenchyma?

A

Food storage and photosynthesis

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19
Q

What is the main function of collenchyma?

A

Mechanical support for the plant

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20
Q

What is the main function of sclerenchyma?

A

Mechanical support for the plant

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21
Q

What is the main function of the xylem?

A

Transport materials from the roots to leaves, give strength.

22
Q

What is the main function of phloem?

A

Sieve tubes for material and hormone transport.

23
Q

What are the four sections of the root tip?

A

Maturation Zone: cells become differentiated
Elongation Zone: cells lengthen and push the root further into the ground
Meristematic Zone: Mitosis occurs
Root Cap: Protects delicate tissue above

24
Q

What are the two types and functions of roots?

A

Taproot: One main root
Fibrous: Roots equal in size
Roots absorb and store nutrients and water, anchors the plant and prevents erosion

25
Q

What is the pathway of H2O through the root?

A

Root hair -> Epidermis -> Cortex -> Endodermis -> Pericycle -> Xylem

26
Q

What are the two types of stems?

A

Woody
- thick tough tissue
- live for more than two years

Herbaceous
- Soft green tissue
- live less than two years

27
Q

What type of stems do monocots have?

A

Herbaceous, little growth in diameter (grass). Palm trees are woody monocots.

28
Q

What type of stems do dicots have?

A

Herbaceous, soft and green (geraniums). Woody, hard but flexible (oak and male trees).

29
Q

Annual Rings in each season.

A

Spring: Cambium has been dormant and growth is vigorous and rapid.
Summer: Growth is slowed.
Fall and Winter: Growth is dormant.

30
Q

What are the three main cylinders of plant tissue?

A
  • Central cylinder
  • Cortex
  • Epidermis
31
Q

What are the two main tissues of the central cylinder?

A

Xylem and phloem.

32
Q

How are phloem and xylem cells differentiated?

A

Phloem is smaller and arranged randomly. Xylem is larger and arranged in a circle.

33
Q

What do auxins do?

A

Inhibit the dropping of fruit. Can be used as herbicides. Used as a rooting hormone.

34
Q

What do gibberellins do?

A

Produces long stems to raise flowers. Can enlarge fruit.

35
Q

What do cytokinins do?

A

Extend shelf life.

36
Q

What does abscisic acid do?

A

Induce dormancy.

37
Q

What does ethylene do?

A

Increase fruit ripening.

38
Q

What is a tropism?

A

A plant’s response to certain stimuli

39
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Plants response to light.
Positive: growing to light (leaves)
Negative: growing away from light (roots)

40
Q

What is geotropism/gravitropism?

A

A plant’s response to gravity.
Positive: Growing towards gravity (roots)
Negative: Growing against gravity (stem, leaves)

41
Q

What is the function of the cuticle in the cross-section?

A

Waxy layer that protects from disease.

42
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis in the cross-section?

A

Single layer of cells that allow sun to pass through.

43
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll layer in the cross-section?

A

Tall cylindrical cells filled with chloroplasts.

44
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll layer in the cross-section?

A

Large cells create airspaces for gasses.

45
Q

What is the function of the vein in the cross-section?

A

Consists of the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem).

46
Q

What is the function of the guard cells in the cross-section?

A

Sausage-shaped cells that buckle when filled with water. The inner walls are thicker than the outer walls. Regulated by potassium ions, ATP is needed.

47
Q

What is the function of stomata in the cross-section?

A

The opening created by buckling of guard cells to exchange gasses. Opens during the day when CO2 is low, triggers pumping of potassium ions, ATP required. Closed at night when CO2 rises, potassium moves out of cells, and no ATP is needed.

48
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Water evaporates through stomata and lenticels, exchange of O2 and CO2, cooling effect on plants.

49
Q

What are the three types of transport in the xylem?

A
  1. Root Pressure - Water enters roots through osmosis, water is forced up, and only goes about 1m.
  2. Capillary Action - This relies on the adhesive properties of water.
  3. Cohesion - Charges create a string through xylem, and water rises slowly evaporating.
50
Q

How is transport achieved in the phloem?

A

Mass-flow theory - Rapid movement due to differences in osmotic pressure in sieve tube columns. Sieves cells have a high concentration of sugar, water pushes sugar out and move from sieve cell to sieve cell.

51
Q

What is the most accepted theory of water movement?

A

Transpiration pull

Biology - Grade 11 (12 decks)

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