Cardiac Systems

Question 1

What kind of transport system do simple organisms such as amoeba and planarians have?

Answer 1

Diffusion of gasses and nutrients by the streaming of cytoplasm called Cyclosis.

Question 2

What is a closed circulatory system?

Answer 2

Where blood is pumped around the body through a network of vessels. Worms have this system and pump blood through aortic arches.

Question 3

What is an open transport system?

Answer 3

Where blood bathes cells directly. Grasshoppers have this system and have an aorta which brings blood to a body cavity.

Question 4

What type of circulation system do fish have?

Answer 4

Single circulation. They have two chambers, an atrium and ventricle. In this system blood pressure is low and slows metabolism, which is good for fish as they are coldblooded.

Question 5

What type of circulation system do frogs have?

Answer 5

Incomplete Double Circ. System. This has 3 chambers, the right and left atrium and a ventricle. There is a mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood which limits efficiency.

Question 6

What type of circulation system do birds have?

Answer 6

Closed/Complete Double Circulatory System. It has 4 chambers left and right atriums and ventricles. Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are kept separate blood pressure is maximized to pump through as many capillaries as possible.

Question 7

What are the characteristics of arteries?

Answer 7

• Directs blood away from the heart
• Has a thick elastic layer, very flexible
• Narrow inner layer, pressure is very high
• Has NO valves

Question 8

What are the characteristics of veins?

Answer 8

• Directs blood toward the heart
• Thinner elastic layer, less flexible
• Wider inner layer, lower pressure
• Has valves

Question 9

What are the characteristics of capillaries?

Answer 9

• Located between arterioles and venules
• Has zero pressure
• Only one cell thick
• Has NO valves

Question 10

What are the characteristics of RBCs (erythrocytes)?

Answer 10

• Function is to carry O2 and CO2 to and from cells
• In males, there are 5.5 m/ml, in women, 4.5 m/ml
• Small, 8um, concave disc shape
• Produced by red bone marrow
• Has no nucleus
• Has a lifespan of 120 days
• Associated with sickle cell anemia

Question 11

What are the characteristics of Leukocytes (white blood cells, phagocytes)?

Answer 11

• Function is to engulf foreign particles and fight infection
• 6000 per ml
• Largest cell, 25 um
• Circular and colourless, contains a nucleus
• produced by red bone marrow
• Lifespan of a few hours - days
• Associated with leukemia

Question 12

What are the characteristics of lymphocytes (white blood cells)?

Answer 12

• Function is to help form antibodies and fight infection
• 2000 per ml
• Large, 10 um
• Circular, colourless has a nucleus
• Produced by the spleen and lymph glands
• Unknown lifespan, estimated for memory cells to be a lifetime
• Associated with AIDs

Question 13

What are the characteristics of platelets?

Answer 13

• Function is to clot blood
• 250 000 per ml
• Smallest cells, 2 um
• Round, no nucleus
• Produced by red none marrow and lungs
• Lifespan of 7-8 days
• Associated with hemophillia

Question 14

What is the composition of blood?

Answer 14

Two parts:
- Liquid part - Plasma, a straw-coloured liquid that transports ions, gasses, minerals and hormones (55% of all blood)
- Solid Part - WBC, RBC, platelets (44% RBC, 1% WBC)

Question 15

What is an Antigen?

Answer 15

Foreign matter on an RBC that acts as a protein marker.

Question 16

What is an antibody?

Answer 16

Located in plasma to identify foreign matter.

Question 17

What are the blood types and their respective antigen and antibody?

Answer 17

A - Antigen A, Antibody B
B - Antigen B, Antibody A
O - No Antigens, Antobidy A, B
AB - Antigen A, B, No Antibodies
- Blood type O is the universal donor as it has no antigens
- Blood type Ab is the universal recipient as it has no antibodies.

Question 18

What are the blood types and their respective recipients and donors?

Answer 18

A - Recives O, A, Donates to AB, A
B - Recieves O, B, Donates to AB, B
O - Recieves O, Donates to all
AB - Receives all, donates to AB

Question 19

What is the RH factor?

Answer 19

• An extra protein marker first discovered in Rhesus monkeys
• 85% of Canadians have the marker
• If a mother is Rh -, and her baby is Rh+, her blood will attack the fetus
• There is an injection that can solve this
• If a pregnancy progresses with no injection, the problem is a second pregnancy as the marker is already present

Question 20

What are the characteristics of the heart?

Answer 20

• About 2 fists big
• Made up of cardiac muscle
• Has 4 chambers and 4 valves
• Right side of the heart, pulmonary, is deoxygenated blood going to the lungs
• Left side is the systematic circuit, oxygenated blood going around the body

Question 21

What is pericardium?

Answer 21

The bag that surrounds the heart.

Question 22

What is the septum?

Answer 22

The divide that divides the ventricles.

Question 23

What is myocardium?

Answer 23

Heart Muscle.

Question 24

What is the endocardium?

Answer 24

The inner lining of the heart.

Question 25

What is the flow of blood?

Answer 25

Vena cava - rt. atrium - tricuspid valve - rt ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - lf atrium - bicuspid valve - lf ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - arterioles - capillaries - venules - vena cava

Question 26

What is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 26

Carrying deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.

Question 27

What is systemic circulation?

Answer 27

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Divided into coronary, hepatic-portal, renal

Question 28

What is coronary circulation?

Answer 28

Supplies blood to the heart muscle, when a coronary artery is blocked by clot or fat a heart attack may happen.

Question 29

What is hepatic-portal circulation?

Answer 29

Transports blood from the digestive tract to the liver

Question 30

What is renal circulation?

Answer 30

Carries blood to and from the kidneys.

Question 31

How is the heartbeat controlled?

Answer 31

The sino-atrial node (S-A node) in the right atrium, sends electrical impulses to the atrioventricular node (A-V node) in the septum, which causes the muscles to contract. The medulla-oblongata send impulses to the nervous system causing it to release noradrenaline which causes the S-A node to fire more rapidly. The medulla-oblongata can also release acetylcholine to slow the S-A node.

Question 32

How can a heartbeat be measured?

Answer 32

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Question 33

What is diastole?

Answer 33

Relaxation period of the heart muscle.
- A-V valves are open
- Blood flows from atria into ventricles
- Ventricles are 70% filled

Question 34

What is systole?

Answer 34

The contraction period of the heart muscle
- Contraction of the atria, blood flows into ventricles
- Ventricles contract
- A-V valves are forced to close
- Semi-lunar valves open.

Question 35

How is blood pressure measured?

Answer 35

• Pressure is measured in terms of the height of a column of mercury in a sphygmomanometer
• When the heart contracts, blood pressure is maxed, systolic pressure, 120mm high pressure
• When the heart relaxes, blood pressure is minimum, diastolic pressure, is 80mm high
• Average pressure is 120/80
• Pressure drop in capillaries, precapillary sphincters control blood flow in capillaries.

Question 36

What is hypertension?

Answer 36

High blood pressure, which can be caused by factors such as obesity and stress. It can be treated by reducing stress, salt intake and taking diuretics.

Question 37

Why is a high level of salt not good for you?

Answer 37

Prevents proper kidney function.