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Biology - Grade 11 > Gas Exchange / Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Gas Exchange / Respiratory Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

How do creatures like planarians and amoeba exchange gas?

A
  • Dissolved O2 from the surroundings is absorbed through the membrane.
  • Must be in contact with wet/moist environments/
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2
Q

How do worms exchange gas?

A
  • The skin is lined with many capillary vessels all over the body
  • Gasses are diffused from the air through the process of Skin Respiration.
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3
Q

How do fish exchange gas?

A
  • Water and oxygen enter through the mouth and leave through the gills
  • Fish have capillaries surrounded by gill filaments which are surrounded by the ventilating gills.
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4
Q

How do grasshoppers exchange gas?

A
  • Internal system of spores and spiracles that lead to the trachea
  • During inhalation, air pressure drops, air flows in through anterior spiracles
  • During exhalation, the reverse occurs and sir flows out posterior spiracles.
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5
Q

How do frogs exchange gas?

A

Frogs ventilate by movement of muscles in the nostrils, mouth and abdomen. They breathe through their mouth, skin and lungs.

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6
Q

How do birds exchange gas?

A

Birds have posterior and anterior air sacs. Lungs push air through these sacs.

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7
Q

What is the function of the Nasal Cavity?

A

Hairs filter air, mucus moistens air, and capillaries warm air.

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8
Q

What is the function of the Pharynx?

A

The back of the throat.

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9
Q

What is the function of the Epiglottis?

A

Flap of tissue that seals the trachea when swallowing.

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10
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A

Where the vocal chords are located.

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11
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Has horse shoe-shaped cartilage rings that add strength to the tube, and has a ciliated mucus membrane for filtering.

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12
Q

What is the function of the Bronchi?

A

Contains smaller cartilage rings and a ciliated mucus membrane.

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13
Q

What is the function of Bronchioles?

A

Even smaller cartilage rings and contains a ciliated mucus membrane.

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14
Q

What is the function of the Alveoli?

A

Grape-like sacs are covered in capillaries that are the site of gas exchange.

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15
Q

What is the function of Pleura?

A

The double membrane that surrounds the lungs.

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16
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

A sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

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17
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of a Respiratory Surface?

A
  1. Must be one cell thick for diffusion to occur
  2. Must be moist so O2 and CO2 can dissolve.
  3. Have to be in close contact to an oxygen source
  4. Must be in close contact a transport system.
18
Q

What is the control centre of breathing?

A

The brain, the medulla oblongata

19
Q

What structures are sensitive to O2 and CO2 concentrations?

A

Chemoreceptors

20
Q

Which gas actually controls breathing?

A

CO2

21
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Altitude sickness due to a lack of oxygen

22
Q

What is air like at higher altitudes and how does the body prepare for it?

A

Air is thinner, less oxygen. Breathing rate increases and more RBC is produced.

23
Q

How have people’s lungs adapted to higher altitudes?

A

Their lungs have more alveoli and capillaries.

24
Q

How is drowning achieved in freshwater?

A

Water washes away the lubricating film on the alveoli causing them to collapse and ending gas exchange.

25
Q

How is drowning achieved in saltwater?

A

A concentration gradient causes fluid to be drawn from capillaries and into the lungs, as fluid builds up it prevents oxygen from reaching the alveoli.

26
Q

What is CO?

A

An invisible odourless gas that comes from the combustion of organic materials.

27
Q

How does CO affect the respiratory system?

A

CO binds to RBC 200x more tightly than O2, it is absorbed into the bloodstream and prevents transportation of O2. This can cause headaches, weakness, dizziness, nausea and death. It is treated by administering pure O2.

28
Q

What do smoke and tar do to the respiratory system?

A

Smoke temporarily paralyzes cilia. Tar coats lungs and causes alveoli to become brittle which can lead to emphysema.

29
Q

How many chemicals make up smoke, and how many of these can cause cancer?

A

4000, 40 of which cause cancer.

30
Q

What are some airborne pollutants and how do they affect the respiratory system?

A

CO, NO’s, Cl, methane and dirt. They contribute to respiratory problems.

31
Q

Why should you avoid going outside on a hot afternoon in a big city?

A

Heat, sunlight and pollutants produce smog which is similar to smoke.

32
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath.

33
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional volume of air that can be taken in beyond a regular inhale.

34
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional volume forced out of the lungs beyond a tidal exhale.

35
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Total volume moved in and out. Tidal + Inspiratory + Expiratory = Vital.

36
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Amount of gas that remains in lungs and passageways after exhalation.

37
Q

What are some factors that affect lung capacity?

A
  • Smoking
  • Height/weight
  • Gender
  • Fitness
  • Prior respiratory problems.
38
Q

Are lungs completely empty after a normal exhale?

A

No. Expiratory volume remains.

39
Q

Are lungs completely full after a normal inhale?

A

No. Inspiratory volume remains.

40
Q

Can you use a spirometer to measure full lung capacity?

A

No, the residual volume would exist.

41
Q

How does oxygen transport occur?

A
  • O2 is transported by hemoglobin in RBC.
  • Hemoglobin combines with O2 to form oxyhemoglobin which is bright red. Lungs have high O2.
  • In capillaries, oxyhemoglobin breaks down back into O2 and hemoglobin. Capillaries have low O2.
  • O2 diffuses into cells from the blood for cellular respiration
42
Q

How does CO2 transport occur?

A
  • Cellular respiration produces CO2, which is high in cells and goes through the blood to the lungs.
  • CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid
  • Carbonic acid breaks down with an enzyme to form hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.
  • 70% of CO2 is in bicarbonate ions
  • 20% is in RBC as carboxyhemoglobin
  • 10% is in plasma

Biology - Grade 11 (12 decks)

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