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Biology - Grade 11 > Diversity of Living Things > Flashcards

Diversity of Living Things Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Classification

A

Organize information. It’s important:
1. To examen similarities
2. Evolutionary trends and relations
3. Where to place new species

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2
Q

Taxonomy

A

Classification system created by Carolus Linnaeus. He introduced the Kingdoms.

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3
Q

What are the six kingdoms?

A
  1. Anamailia
  2. Plantae
  3. Fungi
  4. Protista
  5. Monera
  6. Archaea
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4
Q

Taxons

A

The seven levels of classification were created by Linnaeus. They are:
1. Kingdom
2. Phylus
3. Class
4. Order
5. Family
6. Genus
7. Species

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5
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

2-name system. Must identify Genus and species. Genus must be capitalized, species lowercase

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6
Q

Dichotomous Key

A

Writing down opposing characteristics in couplets. Try to identify one, then move on to the next characteristic.

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7
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history. Value of phylogeny:
- View similar species transmitting diseases.
- Medical value

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8
Q

Cladistics

A

Type of phylogeny. Uses cladograms to illustrate phylogenic trees.

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9
Q

Kingdom Monera

A

Bacteria.
- Prokaryotic cells
- Contains a Nucleoid, cell membrane, wall and capsule, flagella and pilus
- No membrane-bound organelles
- Can be an autotroph or heterotroph
- Aerobic or anaerobic
- Reproduce asexually or sexually
- Most contain plasmids (pieces of DNA), beneficial for antibiotic resistance

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10
Q

Classifying Monera by Appearance

A

By shape:
- Cocci - Round
- Bacillus - Rod-like
- Spirili - Spiral

Prefixes:
Diplo - in pairs
Staphylo - in clusters
Streplo - in chains

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11
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

A protein-based substance in the cell wall that kingdom monera contains. Discovered by Hans Gram, created the Gram Stain.
Gram-positive: thick layer of protein, pink
Gram-negative: a thin layer of protein, purple

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12
Q

Reproduction of Kingdom Monera

A

Asexually - Binary Fission:
- Chromosome replicates
- Cytoplasm pinches
- 2 cells are created

Sexually - Conjugation
- Sexual pilus is extended and a plasmid crosses into the bacteria

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13
Q

Kingdom Archaea

A

The oldest organisms.
- Prokaryotic
- Mostly anaerobic
- Mostly autotroph
- Reproduce through binary fission and conjugation

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14
Q

How are Archaea and Monera different

A
  • Their lipids are arranged differently
  • 3 types of RNA polymerase (enzyme)
  • Live in harsh environments
  • Have no peptidoglycan
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15
Q

3 types of Archaea and the harsh environments they inhabit

A
  • Methanogen - take in CO2, N2 and hydrogen sulphide to create methane. Found in swamps, marshes and intestines.
  • Halophiles - love saline. Found in oceans and volcanic sea vents.
  • Thermophiles/thermoacidophiles - Love hot and acidic environments. Found in hot sulphur springs
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16
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Heterotrophs
  • Mostly multicellular, some unicellular
  • Closest to animals
  • Lack chlorophyll
  • Cell walls made of chitin
  • Contains hyphae, thread-like filaments, mycelium is a large hyphae mass
  • Reproduce by spores(sexually) and budding(asexually)
  • Saprophytes feed on decaying matter
  • Some are parasytes
17
Q

4 Phylums of Fungi

A
  1. Sporangium / Zygospore Fungi - Mold
  2. Club Fungi - mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs
  3. Sac Fungi - Yeast, cup fungi, mildew
  4. Imperfect Fungi - ringworm, athlete’s foot, blue cheese, penicillin.
18
Q

Kingdom Protista

A
  • Mostly unicellular
  • Heterotrophic
  • Eukaryotic
  • Reproduce through binary fission
  • Found in water

Separated into 3 groups based on nutrition:
- Animal-like heterotrophs, Protozoa
- Plant-like autotrophs, Algae
- Fungus-like heterotrophs, Slime and Wtaer-moulds

19
Q

Protozoa

A

4 phyla based on locomotion:
1. Flagellates: move by flagella
2. Sarcodates: move by pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extension)
3. Cilliates: move by cilia
4. Sporozoans: use spores

20
Q

Algae

A

6 phyla based on pigmentation:
3 multicellular- red, brown, green
3 unicellular- diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids

21
Q

Slime and Water Moulds

A

Have characteristics of fungi, protozoa and plants. Difficult to classify.

22
Q

Viruses

A
  • Very small, measured in nanometers
  • No cellular structures
  • No organelles or metabolism
  • Viruses contain DNA or RNA
  • Viral RNA (retrovirus) uses an enzyme called Reverse Transcriptase to turn into viral DNA (provirus)
  • Bacteriophages attack bacteria
  • Viruses are non-living, no organelles or metabolism
  • Viruses are living because they reproduce
  • Only have a Nucleotide (DNA or RNA) and a Capsid (protein coat).
23
Q

How are Viruses classified?

A
  • Shapes, all are different
  • Sizes
  • Which nucleic acid do they contain
  • Diseases they cause
24
Q

How do Viruses reproduce?

A

Litic cycle:
- A virus attaches to a cell
- Its nucleic acid is injected into the cell
- Virus multiplies in the cell
- Cell bursts and the cycle repeats

Lysogenic cycle (dormant stage):
The virus uses reverse transcriptase to incorporate into DNA. It lays dormant until triggered by an outside force, then it will go through the lytic cycle.

25
Q

What is an Autoclave?

A

A pressure-cooker-like device used to sterilize substances.

26
Q

What is an Incubator?

A

An oven that provides a warm environment.

27
Q

What is the first line of our defence system?

A

Physical barriers. Eyes (lashes, lids), nose (hair, mucus), mouth (saliva and good bacteria), ears (wax), stomach (HCl acid).

28
Q

What is the second line of our defence system?

A

The inflammatory response.
- Cells become distressed and send out a histamine signal.
- Macrophages (big eaters) are attracted to the signal
- They consume the bacteria until they break creating pus, if they can’t they send out their histamine calling for help.

29
Q

What do histamines do?

A
  • Increase tissue fluid, swelling
  • Increase blood flow, redness
  • Increase sensitivity
30
Q

What do macrophages do?

A
  • Respond to a histamine signal
  • Identify bacteria as a non-self cell or anitgen
  • Engulf bacteria
  • If unable to engulf bacteria, they release histamine to call for help
31
Q

What is the third line of our defence system?

A

The immune system. Other white blood cells, lymphocytes (helper t-cells) arrive and identify the antigen. They bring in killer t-cells (cytotoxic) that engulf self-cells that failed to consume the bacteria. They also bring in B-cells that make antibodies, which are specific to one antigen. Some t and b-cells are stored as memory cells to keep you immune.

32
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Active - antibodies you make (b-cells)
Passive - ‘borrowed’ antibodies (injection)

33
Q

What are some other means of defence?

A
  • Drugs/antibiotics - Stick to bacteria cell membranes preventing reproduction, and catch bacteria outside of the cell. Don’t work well against viruses.
  • Vaccines - Work against viruses. Weakened version of the microbe
34
Q

Active acquired immunity involves…

A

Antibodies your body makes in its lifetime

35
Q

What is the best way to protect yourself from microbes?

A

Hand washing

36
Q

How can you be absolutely certain a cell is from kingdom Archaea and not from kingdom Monera?

A
  • Lipid arrangement
  • RNA polymerase
  • No peptidoglycan
37
Q

What colour will appear with a positive Gram stain?

A

Purple

38
Q

What colour will appear with a negative Gram stain?

A

Pink

Biology - Grade 11 (12 decks)

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