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Biology - Grade 11 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA Replication Process

A
  • An enzyme moves in and splits DNA
  • New nucleotides move in and pair up with the original strands
  • This is a Semi-conservative Process, half of the DNA is new, half is conserved
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2
Q

What are the two types of genetic mutations?

A
  • Base Pair Substitution - When base pairs flip (A+T becomes G+C)
  • Frame Shift Mutation - A base is deleted or added ( CAT WHO become ATW HO)
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3
Q

How can DNA be amplified?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Machine.

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4
Q

Gel Electrophoresis Process

A
  • A restrictive enzyme cuts DNA into fragments which are placed in agarose gel and separated based on size or charge
  • When settled they form a pattern which is your DNA finger print
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5
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which no genetic material is exchanged and all daughter cells are identical to parent cells. Mitosis occurs in all Stomatic cells (body cells).

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6
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A
  • Replacing cells
  • New growth
  • Regenerate damaged cells
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7
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle in mitosis?

A
  • Interphase, the longest phase, the cell prepares for mitosis, DNA and centrioles duplicate
  • Prophase, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, chromatin coil up
  • Metaphase, chromatin line up in the middle, spindle fibres attach to the centromeres
  • Anaphase, chromosomes are pulled apart, and centromeres split in half
  • Telophase, pinching of cytoplasm, nuclear membrane and nucleolus, chromatids uncoil and become chromatin, spindle fibres disappear, 2 identical cells form each has 46 chromasomes.
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8
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

A form of sexual reproduction in which 2 parent cells are required to exchange genetic information, and all daughter cells look different. Occurs in reproductive organs.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of Meiosis?

A
  • To receive half of your chromosomes
    from each parent.
  • Haploid: half the number of chromosomes (23 or n)
  • Diploid: total number of chromosomes (46 or 2n)
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10
Q

Phases of Meiosis?

A
  • Interphase, same as mitosis
  • Prophase I, homologous pairs pair up, and centromeres attach forming a tetrad, crossing over occurs
  • Metaphase I, homologous pairs line up randomly
  • Anaphase I, chromosomes separate
  • Telophase I, DNA is replicated and needs a 2nd division
  • Each process repeats until 4 varied cells are produced
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11
Q

What is Gametogenesis?

A
  • The production of gametes
  • Spermatogenesis, making of sperm, 4 sperm are produced from a germ cell called the Spermatogonium
  • Oogenesis, making of eggs, 4 eggs are produced, 1 is dominant, 3 are polar bodies, produced from a Germ cell called the Oogonium.
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12
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

An image or illustration of the chromosomes in a stomatic nucleus.

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of changes in chromosomes?

A
  • Deletion
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
  • Translocation
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14
Q

What is Non-Disjunction?

A
  • When chromosomes fail to separate properly
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15
Q

What is Trisonomy?

A
  • When a gamete contains an extra chromosome, Down Syndrome is an example of Trisonomy
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16
Q

Genotype definition

A
  • Pair of alleles represented by 2 letters. Ex. Bb, TT, mm
17
Q

Phenotype definition

A
  • Characteristics of an organism
18
Q

Homozygous definition

A
  • Two identical alleles, BB, bb
19
Q

Heterozygous definition

A
  • Two non-identical alleles, Bb
20
Q

Testcross definition

A

Crossing a subject using a known homozygous recessive organism

21
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A
  • The father of genetics
  • A monk who bred pea plants until he obtained a pure tall and short subject
22
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Dominance?

A

When an organism is a hybrid of contrasting traits only the the dominant trait will show (Bb)

23
Q

What is Mendel’s Law of Segregation?

A

Factors that occur in pairs are separated in gamete formation and recombined at fertilization.

24
Q

What is a Monohybrid Cross?

A

Crossing one pair of contrasting traits. (Bb x bb)

25
Q

What is a Dihybrid Cross?

A

Crossing two pairs of contrasting traits. (BbLl x bbLL)

26
Q

Incomplete Dominance definition

A

A blending of traits ( YY(yellow) x WW(white) = YW (cream)

27
Q

Codominance definition

A

No blending of traits (BB (black) x WW (white) = white and black)

28
Q

Multiple Alleles definition

A

Where more than 2 alleles exist. Blood groups are a good example of multiple alleles.

29
Q

Blood Groups

A

A and B are dominant over O, but not over each other
- Can have Ao, AA, Bo, BB, AB, OO

30
Q

Sex Linked Traits

A
  • X chromosomes are larger than Y and thus carry more genes.
  • Sperm cells can be X or Y and determine sex.
  • Any gene on the X in males will show, x-linked traits are found more in males
  • These traits can skip generations
31
Q

Who was Thomas Morgan?

A
  • Scientist of Sex Linked traits
  • Crossed fruit flies
  • Determined eye colour must be on the x chromosome when crossing red and white-eyed flies
  • Hemophilia and colour blindness are sex-linked traits
32
Q

What is a Pedigree Chart?

A
  • A family tree used to determine the probability of an alleles appearance in a progeny
  • It can be used to study both recessive and dominant alleles.
  • Square represents male, circle represents female
  • Filled an allele is present, half is a carrier.
  • Can be used in genetic counselling or to predict future generations.
33
Q

What is our autosomal chromosome count?

A

44 (46 - 2 sex chromosomes =44)

34
Q

Crossing over appears in what phase?

A

Prophase 1

35
Q

A problem occurring in miotic division mostly likely occurred in what phase?

A

Anaphase

36
Q

Why are chromosomes arranged side by side in metaphase 1?

A

They form a tetrad or a homologous pair.

37
Q

When doing an incomplete dominance cross what type of lettering would be used?

A

Example: R - red, W - white, RW - Pink
DON’T use the same letter.

Biology - Grade 11 (12 decks)

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