Plant Structure & Functions Flashcards
1
Q
Plants must photosynthesize, grow,
and reproduce by forming spores or
seeds. These plants are short lived and
perform these functions in days or
weeks. What are they?
A
Ephemeral
2
Q
These plants live an entire growing
season. What are they?
A
Annuals
3
Q
These plants live for years. What are they?
A
Perennials
4
Q
What are the three main functions of roots?
A
Anchor, absorb and store.
5
Q
The root _____ the plant to the substrate (soil).
A
Anchor
6
Q
Roots _____ water and nutrients.
A
Absorb
7
Q
Roots ____ excess food usually in the form of starch.
A
Store
8
Q
Do roots contain vascular tissue?
A
Yes
9
Q
_____ transports water and nutrients from the roots up
to the plant.
A
Xylem
10
Q
_____ conducts excess food down
from the plant into the roots.
A
Phloem
11
Q
What is starch?
A
excess food
12
Q
______ stems are green and break easily.
A
Herbaceous
13
Q
______ stems are stiffer and more wood-like.
A
Woody
14
Q
Green leaves are usually where _____________ takes place.
A
most photosynthesis
15
Q
In order to photosynthesize what must plants do?
A
Taken in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
16
Q
What happens when plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen?
A
Photosynthesis
17
Q
Tiny (microscopic) _______ allow
carbon dioxide and oxygen to enter and exit the
leaf.
A
stomata
18
Q
Do leaves contain vascular tissue?
A
Yes
19
Q
Plants lose water vapor from their leaves in a
process called _________.
A
transpiration
20
Q
The leaves lose water from the _______ & ________.
A
leaf surface and stomata
21
Q
__________ can make the air cooler in the
shade of a tree than outside its shaded area.
A
Transpiration
22
Q
How have California native plants adapted ways to minimize transpiration?
A
1.Smaller leaves 2.Waxy cuticle 3.light leaf coloration 4.spines for leaves and succulent stems
23
Q
Flowers are what in Angiosperms?
A
Sexual reproductive structure
24
Q
What is the male part of the flower?
A
the stamen
25
In a flower what is a seed?
An embryo
26
The male part of the flower has ________ that supports ________ where _____ is produced.
filament, anther, pollen
27
What are the modified leaves on the outer most part of the flower?
The sepals
28
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29
Sepals are what typical color?
Green
30
What do the sepals do to the flower bud before it opens?
They enclose and protect
31
What do all the sepals together form?
The calyx
32
What number is the sepal on the diagram?
12
33
Which number is the ovary?
8
34
Where is the pollen?
number 5
35
Where is the filament?
Number 3
36
Where is the stigma?
Number 6
37
Where is the pollen tube?
Number 1
38
Where is the petal?
Number 10
39
Where is the style?
Number 7
40
Where is the anther?
Number 4
41
Where is the ovule?
Number 11
42
where is the pistil?
Number 9
43
Where is the stamen?
Number 2
44
What is the function of a petal?
to attract insects for pollunation
45
What are the three ways petals attract insects?
1. bright colors
2. nectar
3. scent
46
What lies inside the sepal?
The petal
47
If plants depend on wind to pollinate like grass, what kind of petals do they have?
inconspicuous petals that are tiny
48
What is the slender stalk of the stamen called?
filament
49
What does the filament bear at its end?
an anther
50
where does pollen develop?
inside the anther
51
What is the female part of the flower called?
The pistil
52
Where is the pistil of the flower located?
in the center
53
What is the base of the pistil called?
The ovary
54
What is the elongated slender tube of the pistil called?
the style
55
What is the enlarged terminal portion on top of the pistil called?
Stigma
56
What are often rough, bristly, or sticky, all in which aid in holding pollen grains that fall on it or are brought by insects?
Stigma
57
During \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, pollen grains are transferred to the stigma.
pollination
58
When pollination happens, a ________ begins to grow through the style to the ovary
pollen tube
59
In a gymnosperm what does a flower become after it is pollinated?
a seed
60
what do the ovules of a flower become after they are fertilized?
a fruit
61
what are the two main functions of the fruit?
1. Seed dispersal
2. Forming a covering for the seeds
62
Name two plant characteristics
1. All plants are multicellular
2. Cells have chloroplast and chlorophyl
63
What is the function of chloroplasts?
photosynthesis
64
What is chlorophyll?
green pigment
65
What imports material through the plant body?
The vascular system
66
What is the function of the vascular system?
To import materials through the plant body
67
What is xylem?
transports water from roots to stems
68
what transports water from roots to stems?
xylem
69
what is phloem?
transports food produced by photosynthesis from leaves to root
70
What transports food produced by photosynthesis from leaves to root?
phloem
71
How do plants store their excess energy?
transforming it into starch
72
what is starch?
excess energy
73
What are the four major plant groups?
bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms
74
What material makes up plant cell walls?
cellulose
75
Why do bryophytes grow close to the ground?
because they are non-vascular and can't grow tall
76
Why do bryophytes only live in moist environments?
they need to absorb water from moist soil when it rains
77
Why is it said that bryophytes lack "true" roots, stems and leaves?
because they lack a sophisticated vascular system
78
How do bryophytes reproduce?
with spores
79
Spores are single-celled or muticellular?
single-celled
80
In bryophytes where are the spores produced?
in fertile stalks
81
Moss is what kind of plant?
Byrophyte
82
What has tiny root like structures that anchor them to the ground?
moss
83
what plant holds spores in a capsule at the end of the plant?
moss
84
What ranges are moss found in?
All of CA except deserts
85
Liverwort is what kind of plant?
byrophyte
86
What plants grows flat, leathery, leaf-like lobes. Is bright green with close rows of pale, bubble-like bumps often w/tiny cups?
Liverwort
87
What plant is this?
moss
88
What plant is this?
a reproducing moss
89
What plant is this?
liverwort
90
In a liverwort what gender has a fertile stalk each topped w.flat disks?
male
91
In liverworts what gender has fertile stalks with star-shaped organs?
female
92
What habitat is liverwort in?
Streamside, wet, disturbed or burned ground
93
What range are liverworts in?
Coast Ranges and Sierras
94
How do ferns reproduce?
With spores
95
Ferns are what type of plant?
Seedless vascular plants
96
Do ferns have vascular tissue?
Yes
97
Why can ferns grow larger than bryophytes?
because they have vascular tissue
98
What is a sori in a fern?
Spores on the underside of the leaf
99
What is a spore on the underside of a leaf?
Sori
100
What is a rhizome?
Fern stems growing sideways under the ground
101
What are Fern stems growing sideways under the ground called?
rhizome
102
What is a fiddlehead?
leaves uncurling out of the ground
103
what are leaves uncurling out of the ground in ferns called?
fiddleheads
104
Are certain ferns edible? poisonous?
Some are edible but some are poisonous
105
What plant is this?
Sword fern
106
What plant is 4'. Stalks light brown, scaly robust. Fronds taper at both ends, pinnate, coarsely cut into finely toothed leaflets, evergreen?
Sword Fern
107
What plant is this?
sword fern
108
The sword ferns sori are....
covered by round shields in two rows
109
What is the sword ferns habitat?
wooded hillsides, shaded slopes
110
What are the sword ferns range?
cascades, sierras, coast ranges
111
What plant is this?
bracken fern
112
What plant is this?
bracken fern
113
Bracken ferns are what type of plant?
seedless vascular plants
114
What type of plant is this?
bracken fern
115
What plant is 4' stalks longer than fronds. fronds divided into 3 broadly triangular shaped leaf structure?
bracken fern
116
what's the bracken ferns habitat?
open areas, meadows, forest clearings
117
What plant has sori dots curled under leaflet edges?
bracken fern
118
In what range is the bracken fern?
all of CA except deserts and central valley
119
What are the tiny sacs that hold sori spores called?
sporangia
120
Are certain ferns edible? poisonous?
some fiddleheads are edible at certain times and poisonous at others
121
what kind of plant is a scouring rush?
a seedless vascular plant
122
What is in the cell walls of the scouring rush?
cilica
123
the tiny leaves at the nodes of a scouring rush do not...
photosynthesize. the stem does
124
What type of climate does the scouring rush grow in?
moist
125
What kind of plant is a horsetail?
a seedless vascular plant
126
Is a horsetail similar to the scouring rush?
yes but it has lateral stems at each node
127
What kind of plant is this?
horsetail
128
What kind of plant is this?
horsetail
129
In gymnosperms what is a seed and how is it made?
Through pollination. Male part produces pollen. Female part produces the ovule,
130
What is the most successful group in gymnosperms?
conifers
131
What is the pine family?
needle like leaves
132
what is the cypress family?
scale-like leaves
133
What is the function and structure of female cones?
they're bigger and produce the ovule that becomes the seed
134
what is the function and structure of the male cone?
it's smaller and produces the pollen
135
what kind of gymnosperm is a coulter pine?
conifer, pine family
136
how tall is a coulter pine?
50 feet
137
what conifer has 10 inch long needles in bundles of 3?
coulter pine
138
what conifer is called a "true pine"?
coulter pine
139
What conifer is this?
coulter pine
140
what conifer's cone is this?
coulter pine
141
what family is the incense cedar?
cypress family
142
What conifer is this?
incense cedar
143
Which conifer's cone is this?
incense cedar
144
what conifer has flattened branches with leaves in whorls of 4?
incense cedar
145
what conifer has cones that look like oblong wooden flowers?
incense cedar
146
what is the incense cedar habitat?
mixed evergreen and yellow pine forest
147
What family is the giant sequoia?
cypress family
148
what habitat is the giant sequoia in?
moist basis
149
what conifer relies on fire to open cones?
the giant sequoia
150
what conifer grows on the western slopes of the sierras?
the giant sequoia
151
where can you find giant sequoias?
yosemite, sequoia, king's canyon
152
What is CA state tree?
Redwood
153
What tree has flat scale like needles in two rows on either side of branches?
redwood
154
which tree has 1" cones?
redwood
155
what tree likes fog and grows in the coast ranges?
redwood
156
what conifer is this?
redwood
157
what conifer is this?
redwood
158
What conifer is a desert tree/brush? has berry like cones? scale like leaves? and lives in dry slopes and flats
California Jupiter
159
What is a tree?
trees have a single trunk and can grow atleast 16 feet
160
What is a shrub?
usually less than 20 feet and has stems instead of a trunk
161
What is a gymnosperm?
first vascular plant to evolve a seed
162
Are all conifers gymnosperms?
yes
163
gymnosperms are...
naked seed plants
164
Are gymnosperms native to CA?
no
165
Cycads are _____ gymnosperms.
not
166
What looks like a palm tree but isn't and has been around since the age of the dinosaurs?
Cycads
167
What gender of a cycad grows a tall cone which releases pollen?
male
168
which gender of a cycad grows a low bushy seed cone which contains the ovules that will become seeds when pollinates?
female
169
What plant is this?
cycad
170
Ginkgo trees are ____ conifers
not
171
What the oldest genus of living tree?
Ginkgo
172
Which tree has leaves with ancient design with a fan shape and dichotomous ventilation like fossil?
Ginkgo
173
What is dichotomous?
shedding leaves for the winter
174
In a cactus what are their areoles?
small spots on the stems from which the spines arrive
175
what is a broadleaf tree or shrub?
who's leaves are broad and flat not needle-like leaves like most conifers
176
how are the stems and roots of cacti adapted to arid conditions?
1. Stems are adapted for water storage
2. the roots lay close to the surface in case it rains
177
In a cactus plant, where does most photosynthesis take place?
In the stem
178
What's the most successful group of plants?
Angiosperm
179
Where is the pollen and seeds produced in an angiosperm?
in a flower
180
What happens to the flower after it is pollinated in an angiosperm?
becomes a fruit
181
How does the fruit assist the seed?
1. Protects
2. Helps dispense
182
How can you tell if a plant is an angiosperm?
if it has a flower
