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Wildlife Biology > Plant Structure & Functions > Flashcards

Plant Structure & Functions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plants must photosynthesize, grow,
and reproduce by forming spores or
seeds. These plants are short lived and
perform these functions in days or
weeks. What are they?

A

Ephemeral

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2
Q

These plants live an entire growing
season. What are they?

A

Annuals

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3
Q

These plants live for years. What are they?

A

Perennials

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4
Q

What are the three main functions of roots?

A

Anchor, absorb and store.

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5
Q

The root _____ the plant to the substrate (soil).

A

Anchor

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6
Q

Roots _____ water and nutrients.

A

Absorb

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7
Q

Roots ____ excess food usually in the form of starch.

A

Store

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8
Q

Do roots contain vascular tissue?

A

Yes

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9
Q

_____ transports water and nutrients from the roots up
to the plant.

A

Xylem

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10
Q

_____ conducts excess food down
from the plant into the roots.

A

Phloem

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11
Q

What is starch?

A

excess food

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12
Q

______ stems are green and break easily.

A

Herbaceous

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13
Q

______ stems are stiffer and more wood-like.

A

Woody

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14
Q

Green leaves are usually where _____________ takes place.

A

most photosynthesis

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15
Q

In order to photosynthesize what must plants do?

A

Taken in carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

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16
Q

What happens when plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen?

A

Photosynthesis

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17
Q

Tiny (microscopic) _______ allow
carbon dioxide and oxygen to enter and exit the
leaf.

A

stomata

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18
Q

Do leaves contain vascular tissue?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Plants lose water vapor from their leaves in a
process called _________.

A

transpiration

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20
Q

The leaves lose water from the _______ & ________.

A

leaf surface and stomata

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21
Q

__________ can make the air cooler in the
shade of a tree than outside its shaded area.

A

Transpiration

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22
Q

How have California native plants adapted ways to minimize transpiration?

A

1.Smaller leaves 2.Waxy cuticle 3.light leaf coloration 4.spines for leaves and succulent stems

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23
Q

Flowers are what in Angiosperms?

A

Sexual reproductive structure

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24
Q

What is the male part of the flower?

A

the stamen

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25
Q

In a flower what is a seed?

A

An embryo

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26
Q

The male part of the flower has ________ that supports ________ where _____ is produced.

A

filament, anther, pollen

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27
Q

What are the modified leaves on the outer most part of the flower?

A

The sepals

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28
Q

Skip

A

Skip

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29
Q

Sepals are what typical color?

A

Green

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30
Q

What do the sepals do to the flower bud before it opens?

A

They enclose and protect

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31
Q

What do all the sepals together form?

A

The calyx

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32
Q

What number is the sepal on the diagram?

A

12

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33
Q

Which number is the ovary?

A

8

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34
Q

Where is the pollen?

A

number 5

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35
Q

Where is the filament?

A

Number 3

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36
Q

Where is the stigma?

A

Number 6

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37
Q

Where is the pollen tube?

A

Number 1

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38
Q

Where is the petal?

A

Number 10

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39
Q

Where is the style?

A

Number 7

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40
Q

Where is the anther?

A

Number 4

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41
Q

Where is the ovule?

A

Number 11

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42
Q

where is the pistil?

A

Number 9

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43
Q

Where is the stamen?

A

Number 2

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44
Q

What is the function of a petal?

A

to attract insects for pollunation

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45
Q

What are the three ways petals attract insects?

A
  1. bright colors
  2. nectar
  3. scent
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46
Q

What lies inside the sepal?

A

The petal

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47
Q

If plants depend on wind to pollinate like grass, what kind of petals do they have?

A

inconspicuous petals that are tiny

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48
Q

What is the slender stalk of the stamen called?

A

filament

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49
Q

What does the filament bear at its end?

A

an anther

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50
Q

where does pollen develop?

A

inside the anther

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51
Q

What is the female part of the flower called?

A

The pistil

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52
Q

Where is the pistil of the flower located?

A

in the center

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53
Q

What is the base of the pistil called?

A

The ovary

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54
Q

What is the elongated slender tube of the pistil called?

A

the style

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55
Q

What is the enlarged terminal portion on top of the pistil called?

A

Stigma

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56
Q

What are often rough, bristly, or sticky, all in which aid in holding pollen grains that fall on it or are brought by insects?

A

Stigma

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57
Q

During ________, pollen grains are transferred to the stigma.

A

pollination

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58
Q

When pollination happens, a ________ begins to grow through the style to the ovary

A

pollen tube

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59
Q

In a gymnosperm what does a flower become after it is pollinated?

A

a seed

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60
Q

what do the ovules of a flower become after they are fertilized?

A

a fruit

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61
Q

what are the two main functions of the fruit?

A
  1. Seed dispersal
  2. Forming a covering for the seeds
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62
Q

Name two plant characteristics

A
  1. All plants are multicellular
  2. Cells have chloroplast and chlorophyl
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63
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

photosynthesis

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64
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

green pigment

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65
Q

What imports material through the plant body?

A

The vascular system

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66
Q

What is the function of the vascular system?

A

To import materials through the plant body

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67
Q

What is xylem?

A

transports water from roots to stems

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68
Q

what transports water from roots to stems?

A

xylem

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69
Q

what is phloem?

A

transports food produced by photosynthesis from leaves to root

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70
Q

What transports food produced by photosynthesis from leaves to root?

A

phloem

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71
Q

How do plants store their excess energy?

A

transforming it into starch

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72
Q

what is starch?

A

excess energy

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73
Q

What are the four major plant groups?

A

bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms

74
Q

What material makes up plant cell walls?

A

cellulose

75
Q

Why do bryophytes grow close to the ground?

A

because they are non-vascular and can’t grow tall

76
Q

Why do bryophytes only live in moist environments?

A

they need to absorb water from moist soil when it rains

77
Q

Why is it said that bryophytes lack “true” roots, stems and leaves?

A

because they lack a sophisticated vascular system

78
Q

How do bryophytes reproduce?

A

with spores

79
Q

Spores are single-celled or muticellular?

A

single-celled

80
Q

In bryophytes where are the spores produced?

A

in fertile stalks

81
Q

Moss is what kind of plant?

A

Byrophyte

82
Q

What has tiny root like structures that anchor them to the ground?

A

moss

83
Q

what plant holds spores in a capsule at the end of the plant?

A

moss

84
Q

What ranges are moss found in?

A

All of CA except deserts

85
Q

Liverwort is what kind of plant?

A

byrophyte

86
Q

What plants grows flat, leathery, leaf-like lobes. Is bright green with close rows of pale, bubble-like bumps often w/tiny cups?

A

Liverwort

87
Q

What plant is this?

A

moss

88
Q

What plant is this?

A

a reproducing moss

89
Q

What plant is this?

A

liverwort

90
Q

In a liverwort what gender has a fertile stalk each topped w.flat disks?

A

male

91
Q

In liverworts what gender has fertile stalks with star-shaped organs?

A

female

92
Q

What habitat is liverwort in?

A

Streamside, wet, disturbed or burned ground

93
Q

What range are liverworts in?

A

Coast Ranges and Sierras

94
Q

How do ferns reproduce?

A

With spores

95
Q

Ferns are what type of plant?

A

Seedless vascular plants

96
Q

Do ferns have vascular tissue?

A

Yes

97
Q

Why can ferns grow larger than bryophytes?

A

because they have vascular tissue

98
Q

What is a sori in a fern?

A

Spores on the underside of the leaf

99
Q

What is a spore on the underside of a leaf?

A

Sori

100
Q

What is a rhizome?

A

Fern stems growing sideways under the ground

101
Q

What are Fern stems growing sideways under the ground called?

A

rhizome

102
Q

What is a fiddlehead?

A

leaves uncurling out of the ground

103
Q

what are leaves uncurling out of the ground in ferns called?

A

fiddleheads

104
Q

Are certain ferns edible? poisonous?

A

Some are edible but some are poisonous

105
Q

What plant is this?

A

Sword fern

106
Q

What plant is 4’. Stalks light brown, scaly robust. Fronds taper at both ends, pinnate, coarsely cut into finely toothed leaflets, evergreen?

A

Sword Fern

107
Q

What plant is this?

A

sword fern

108
Q

The sword ferns sori are….

A

covered by round shields in two rows

109
Q

What is the sword ferns habitat?

A

wooded hillsides, shaded slopes

110
Q

What are the sword ferns range?

A

cascades, sierras, coast ranges

111
Q

What plant is this?

A

bracken fern

112
Q

What plant is this?

A

bracken fern

113
Q

Bracken ferns are what type of plant?

A

seedless vascular plants

114
Q

What type of plant is this?

A

bracken fern

115
Q

What plant is 4’ stalks longer than fronds. fronds divided into 3 broadly triangular shaped leaf structure?

A

bracken fern

116
Q

what’s the bracken ferns habitat?

A

open areas, meadows, forest clearings

117
Q

What plant has sori dots curled under leaflet edges?

A

bracken fern

118
Q

In what range is the bracken fern?

A

all of CA except deserts and central valley

119
Q

What are the tiny sacs that hold sori spores called?

A

sporangia

120
Q

Are certain ferns edible? poisonous?

A

some fiddleheads are edible at certain times and poisonous at others

121
Q

what kind of plant is a scouring rush?

A

a seedless vascular plant

122
Q

What is in the cell walls of the scouring rush?

A

cilica

123
Q

the tiny leaves at the nodes of a scouring rush do not…

A

photosynthesize. the stem does

124
Q

What type of climate does the scouring rush grow in?

A

moist

125
Q

What kind of plant is a horsetail?

A

a seedless vascular plant

126
Q

Is a horsetail similar to the scouring rush?

A

yes but it has lateral stems at each node

127
Q

What kind of plant is this?

A

horsetail

128
Q

What kind of plant is this?

A

horsetail

129
Q

In gymnosperms what is a seed and how is it made?

A

Through pollination. Male part produces pollen. Female part produces the ovule,

130
Q

What is the most successful group in gymnosperms?

A

conifers

131
Q

What is the pine family?

A

needle like leaves

132
Q

what is the cypress family?

A

scale-like leaves

133
Q

What is the function and structure of female cones?

A

they’re bigger and produce the ovule that becomes the seed

134
Q

what is the function and structure of the male cone?

A

it’s smaller and produces the pollen

135
Q

what kind of gymnosperm is a coulter pine?

A

conifer, pine family

136
Q

how tall is a coulter pine?

A

50 feet

137
Q

what conifer has 10 inch long needles in bundles of 3?

A

coulter pine

138
Q

what conifer is called a “true pine”?

A

coulter pine

139
Q

What conifer is this?

A

coulter pine

140
Q

what conifer’s cone is this?

A

coulter pine

141
Q

what family is the incense cedar?

A

cypress family

142
Q

What conifer is this?

A

incense cedar

143
Q

Which conifer’s cone is this?

A

incense cedar

144
Q

what conifer has flattened branches with leaves in whorls of 4?

A

incense cedar

145
Q

what conifer has cones that look like oblong wooden flowers?

A

incense cedar

146
Q

what is the incense cedar habitat?

A

mixed evergreen and yellow pine forest

147
Q

What family is the giant sequoia?

A

cypress family

148
Q

what habitat is the giant sequoia in?

A

moist basis

149
Q

what conifer relies on fire to open cones?

A

the giant sequoia

150
Q

what conifer grows on the western slopes of the sierras?

A

the giant sequoia

151
Q

where can you find giant sequoias?

A

yosemite, sequoia, king’s canyon

152
Q

What is CA state tree?

A

Redwood

153
Q

What tree has flat scale like needles in two rows on either side of branches?

A

redwood

154
Q

which tree has 1” cones?

A

redwood

155
Q

what tree likes fog and grows in the coast ranges?

A

redwood

156
Q

what conifer is this?

A

redwood

157
Q

what conifer is this?

A

redwood

158
Q

What conifer is a desert tree/brush? has berry like cones? scale like leaves? and lives in dry slopes and flats

A

California Jupiter

159
Q

What is a tree?

A

trees have a single trunk and can grow atleast 16 feet

160
Q

What is a shrub?

A

usually less than 20 feet and has stems instead of a trunk

161
Q

What is a gymnosperm?

A

first vascular plant to evolve a seed

162
Q

Are all conifers gymnosperms?

A

yes

163
Q

gymnosperms are…

A

naked seed plants

164
Q

Are gymnosperms native to CA?

A

no

165
Q

Cycads are _____ gymnosperms.

A

not

166
Q

What looks like a palm tree but isn’t and has been around since the age of the dinosaurs?

A

Cycads

167
Q

What gender of a cycad grows a tall cone which releases pollen?

A

male

168
Q

which gender of a cycad grows a low bushy seed cone which contains the ovules that will become seeds when pollinates?

A

female

169
Q

What plant is this?

A

cycad

170
Q

Ginkgo trees are ____ conifers

A

not

171
Q

What the oldest genus of living tree?

A

Ginkgo

172
Q

Which tree has leaves with ancient design with a fan shape and dichotomous ventilation like fossil?

A

Ginkgo

173
Q

What is dichotomous?

A

shedding leaves for the winter

174
Q

In a cactus what are their areoles?

A

small spots on the stems from which the spines arrive

175
Q

what is a broadleaf tree or shrub?

A

who’s leaves are broad and flat not needle-like leaves like most conifers

176
Q

how are the stems and roots of cacti adapted to arid conditions?

A
  1. Stems are adapted for water storage
  2. the roots lay close to the surface in case it rains
177
Q

In a cactus plant, where does most photosynthesis take place?

A

In the stem

178
Q

What’s the most successful group of plants?

A

Angiosperm

179
Q

Where is the pollen and seeds produced in an angiosperm?

A

in a flower

180
Q

What happens to the flower after it is pollinated in an angiosperm?

A

becomes a fruit

181
Q

How does the fruit assist the seed?

A
  1. Protects
  2. Helps dispense
182
Q

How can you tell if a plant is an angiosperm?

A

if it has a flower

Wildlife Biology (31 decks)

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