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GCSE Biology*** > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe factors of Asexual reproduction

A
  • only one parent
  • no gametes
  • offspring are genetically identical to their parent
  • quick Reproduction
  • mitosis
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2
Q

Describe the factors of sexual reproduction

A
  • two parents
  • gametes are needed
  • offspring are genetically varied
  • offspring can cope with change in environment
  • meiosis
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3
Q

What is an artificial asexual reproduction ?

A

Cuttings, where the stem or roots of the plant are cut off, and planted again and develop into a new plant

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4
Q

Describe fertilisation

A

• pollination occurs
• then the nucleus of the male gamete, the pollen grain, must fuse with the nucleus of the female gamete,
the ovum, which is inside the ovule in the ovary
• to transfer the nucleus to the ovum, The pollen grain grows a tube, the down through the style to the ovary
• here it passes through the gap in the ovary called the micropyle
• then it fertilises the ovums nucleus
• the then fertilised egg, called a zygote undergoes cell division by meiosis and develops into an embryo

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5
Q

What is pollination

A

The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

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6
Q

What species is asexual reproduction useful for ?

A

If the species environment is stable

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7
Q

What are Natural methods of asexual reproduction ?

A

Runners

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8
Q

What part of the flower is the stamen ?

A

Male part

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9
Q

What part of the flower is the carpel ?

A

Female part

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10
Q

What is the male sex cell ?

A

Pollen grain

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11
Q

What is the female sex cell ?

A

The Ova

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12
Q

Where are pollen grains formed ?

A

At the anthers

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13
Q

Where is the ova produced ?

A

In the ovules

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14
Q

What is self-pollination ?

A

when the pollen grains are transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of the same flower

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15
Q

What is cross-pollination ?

A

When pollen grains are transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of another flower

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16
Q

Features of an insect pollinated flowers

A
  • Large and brightly coloured petals to attract insects
  • presence of nectaries to give nectar award to insects
  • small and sticky pollen grains
  • position of stamen and stigma are inclosed within the flower so that insect must make contact
  • sticky stigma so pollen grains attached to insects
17
Q

Features of a wind pollinated flower ?

A
  • small and dull petals
  • large inflated pollen grains to carry in the wind
  • stamen and stigma are exposed so that wind can easily blow pollen away and to catch pollen blowing in the wind
  • they have a feathery stigma to catch pollen blowing in the wind
  • no nectaries
18
Q

What occurs after fertilisation

A

• the ovule turns into the seed and the ovary will become a fruit

19
Q

Describe the process that occurs after fertilisation

A
  • Zygote develops into an embryonic plant with a small root called a radicle and a shoot called a plumule
  • The other contents of the ovule develop into cotyledons which will be food store for the young plant when the seed germinates
  • the ovule wall becomes the seed coat called a testa
  • the ovary wall becomes the fruit coat
20
Q

What are cotyledons made of ?

A

Starch and protein

21
Q

Why are seeds dispersed ?

A

If all the seeds produced germinate in the same place, there would be too much competition for the available resources such as water and mineral irons

22
Q

How are seeds dispersed ?

A

By wind or animals

23
Q

Features of a wind dispersed seed

A
  • Wings

* Parchute

24
Q

Features of an animal dispersed seed

A
  • hairs

* hooks

25
Q

What does a seed containing a plant embryo consist of ?

A
  • radicle (root)
  • plumule (shoot)
  • cotyledons
26
Q

What is the root called in a plant embryo ?

A

Radicle

27
Q

What is a shoot called in a plant embryo ?

A

Plumule

28
Q

When is germination over ?

A

Once the seed is able to photosynthesise

29
Q

What do cotyledons help the plant do ?

A

They provide food for the plant embryo to grow allowing the radicle to grow down on the plumule to grown upwards, until the plant can photosynthesis

30
Q

Why may a seed become dormant ?

A

If there are not the right conditions for germination

31
Q

What conditions are needed for germination ?

A
  • warm temperatures : so the enzymes can act efficiently
  • water : for chemical reactions to take place in solution
  • oxygen : for aerobic respiration
32
Q

How is dormancy broken when a seed germinates ?

A

The seeds food store is broken down by enzymes and respired aerobically

GCSE Biology*** (22 decks)

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