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GCSE Biology*** > Gaseous Exchange In Humans > Flashcards

Gaseous Exchange In Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the gaseous exchange system located in the body ?

A

Thorax

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2
Q

Describe the path of the air in the thorax

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • alveoli
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3
Q

What is the function of the ribs ?

A

Protect organs in the thorax

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4
Q

What is the function of the pleural membrane ?

A

This prevents the lungs from sticking to the thorax wall as they inflate and deflate

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5
Q

What are the functions of the intercostal muscles ?

A

They help connect with bones, and are important in moving at into and out of the lungs

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6
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm ?

A

Helping move air into and out of the lungs

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7
Q

What is ventilation ?

A

The process of moving into and out of the lungs

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8
Q

Describe inhalation

A
  • intercostals muscles contract, moving rip cage up and out
  • diaphragm contracts, moving down and flattening
  • this causes the volume of the thorax to increase and the air pressure in the thorax to fall
  • pressure in the thorax is now less than atmospheric pressure, causing air to move into the lungs
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9
Q

Describe the process of exhalation

A
  • intercostal muscles relax, moving rib cage down and in
  • rib cage relaxes , moving up and doming
  • this causes the volume of the thorax to decreases and air pressure in the thorax to rise
  • Air pressure in the thorax is now more than atmospheric pressure, causing air to move out of the lungs
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10
Q

What gas defuses into the blood during gaseous exchange in the alveoli ?

A

Oxygen defuses into the blood from a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli from a low concentration in the blood, it then binds to haemoglobin for transport

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11
Q

What gas defuses into the alveoli in gaseous exchange in the alveoli ?

A

Carbon dioxide defuses into the alveoli from a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood into a low concentration in the alveoli

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12
Q

Percentage of oxygen inhaled and exhaled ?

A

Inhaled - 21%

Exhaled - 17%

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13
Q

Percentage of carbon dioxide inhaled and exhaled

A

Inhaled - 0.04%

Exhaled - 4%

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14
Q

Percentage of nitrogen inhaled and exhaled

A

Inhaled - 78%

Exhaled - 78%

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15
Q

What are the three adaptions of the alveoli ?

A
  • large surface area
  • lots of capillaries
  • thin walls
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16
Q

What does large surface area of the alveoli help ?

A

Increases the rate of diffusion

17
Q

What does large network of capillaries help in the alveoli ?

A

This maintains a high concentration gradient and so speed up diffusion

18
Q

What do thin walls in the alveoli help ?

A

The walls of the alveoli are only one cell thick and so are the capillaries. This means gases only need to move a very small distance, speeding up diffusion

19
Q

How do we measure breathing rate ?

A

We simply count the number of breaths a person takes each minute

20
Q

How do you scientist measure the volume of air inhaled and exhaled?

A

Using a spirometer

21
Q

How many chemicals does cigarette smoke contain ?

A

4000

22
Q

What is the nicotine and what does it cause ?

A

It is a highly addictive drug in tobacco smoke, and can increase the chance of blood clots

23
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Some thing that can cause cancer

24
Q

How many carcinogens are there in tobacco smoke ?

A

17

25
Q

Where can you find tar in cigarettes ?

A

In tobacco smoke

26
Q

Where do you find carbon monoxide and a cigarette and what does this do ?

A

You can find it in tobacco smoke and this irreversibly binds to the haemoglobin, forming Carboxyhaemoglobin, and so reduces the amount of oxygen transported by the blood

27
Q

What do you chemicals in tobacco smoke destroy and what does this do ?

A

Cilia, reducing there number.
At the same time mucus production will increase-this is in response to the smoke. The mucus cannot be moved out of the airways quickly and so builds up-this causes smokers cough and increases the risk of infection

28
Q

What is bronchiolitis ?

A

A disease resulting from the buildup of infected mucus in the bronchi and bronchioles

29
Q

What happens to the alveoli when smoke reaches them ?

A

The alveoli walls breakdown, in places and fuse together, forming the larger irregular airspaces. This decreases The suface area for gas exchange, so less oxygen defuses into the blood

30
Q

What diesease is caused by the destruction of alveoli ? And how many people does it kill ?

A

Emphysema and it kills around 20,000 people in Britain every year

GCSE Biology*** (22 decks)

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